...Chapter 3 Substance of Transactions 1. Objectives 1.1 Understand the meaning of substance of transactions. 1.2 Understand and apply the principle of substance over form. [pic] 2. Introduction 2.1 Both the HKICPA’s framework and HKAS 1 state that transactions and events should be accounted for and presented in accordance with their substance and economic reality, and not merely their legal form. 2.2 As yet the HKICPA does not have one standard that brings together all aspects of substance over form. However, many existing standards base their accounting treatment on the concept of substance over form. 2.3 The basic thrust is that the substance of a transaction should be determined by identifying all aspects and implications and giving priority to those more likely to have a commercial effect in practice. This usually means considering the effect of the transaction on the assets and liabilities of the enterprise. Therefore, it is important to be clear on exactly what is meant by the term “asset” and what is meant by the term “liability”. 3. Off Balance Sheet Finance (不入帳的融資) (A) The advantages perceived from schemes of off balance sheet finance |3.1 |Definition | | |Off balance finance is the organization of transactions such that financial commitments are not included in the | | |statement of financial position of a company...
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...What Is Organizational Communication?[edit] L ike defining many aspects of communication study, many of the definitions of organizational communication share common elements. Stanley Deetz (2001) argues that one way to enlighten our understanding of organization communication is to compare different approaches. However, for the purpose of this text, we want to define organizational communication so you have a frame of reference for understand this chapter. Our definition is not definitive, but creates a starting point for understanding this specialization of communication study. We define organizational communication as the sending and receiving of messages among interrelated individuals within a particular environment or setting to achieve individual and common goals. Organizational communication is highly contextual and culturally dependent, and is not an isolated phenomenon. Individuals in organizations transmit messages through face-to face, written, and mediated channels. Organizational communication largely focuses on building relationships, or repeated interpersonal interactions, with internal organizational members and interested external publics. Goldhaber (1990) identified a number of common characteristics in the variety of definitions of organizational communication -- Organizational communication 1) occurs within a complex open system which is influenced by, and influences its internal and external environments, 2) involves messages and their flow, purpose...
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...INTERNET VS STORE-BASED SHOPPING: THE GLOBAL MOVE TOWARDS OMNICHANNEL RETAILING Euromonitor International August 2014 INTERNET VS STORE -BASED SHOPPING: THE GLOBAL MOVE TOW ARDS OMNICHANNEL RETAILING Passport I LIST OF CONTENTS AND TABLES Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... 1 Growth Drivers .......................................................................................................................... 1 Internet Retailing Trends .......................................................................................................... 2 Chart 1 Global Internet Sales by Category 2013....................................................... 2 Behaviour and Characteristics of Online Shoppers .................................................................. 3 Retailer Strategies .................................................................................................................... 4 Outlook ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Summary 1 Opportunities and Threats to Retailers ......................................................... 6 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 7 A New Way of Shopping ...................................................
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...INTERNET VS STORE-BASED SHOPPING: THE GLOBAL MOVE TOWARDS OMNICHANNEL RETAILING Euromonitor International August 2014 INTERNET VS STORE -BASED SHOPPING: THE GLOBAL MOVE TOW ARDS OMNICHANNEL RETAILING Passport I LIST OF CONTENTS AND TABLES Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... 1 Growth Drivers .......................................................................................................................... 1 Internet Retailing Trends .......................................................................................................... 2 Chart 1 Global Internet Sales by Category 2013....................................................... 2 Behaviour and Characteristics of Online Shoppers .................................................................. 3 Retailer Strategies .................................................................................................................... 4 Outlook ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Summary 1 Opportunities and Threats to Retailers ......................................................... 6 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 7 A New Way of Shopping ...................................................
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...FRONTLINE JANUA RY 1 3, 2 012 WWW.FRONTLINE.IN INDIA’S NATIONAL MAGAZINE RS.25 WORLD AFFAIRS IRAQ FOOD SECURITY PDS CLIMATE CHANGE DURBAN Exit America 49 What people say 96 Uncertain stand 114 Remembering TAGORE On his 150th birth anniversary VOLUME 28 NUMBER 27 TH E STAT E S Fiery trap in Kolkata 41 SC IE NCE Higgs signal? 44 WOR L D A F F A I R S Iraq: Exit America War crimes in the trash Russia: December Revolution Pakistan: Volatile state India & China: Troubled equations DECEMBER 31, 2011 - JANUARY 13, 2012 C O V ER S T O RY 49 52 ISSN 0970-1710 Timeless Tagore As an activist, thinker, poet and rural reconstructionist, Rabindranath Tagore continues to be relevant. A tribute on the 150th anniversary of his birth. 4 WWW.FRONTLINE.IN Jayati Ghosh: Mess in eurozone R.K. Raghavan: A lost battle? 108 118 BOOKS LE TTE R S 73 127 54 57 61 TR AVE L Jungles of Borneo 64 AR T Achuthan Kudallur’s journey 85 H ISTOR Y Of Quit India, Nehru & Communist split 89 FOOD SEC UR I T Y Understanding the PDS Kerala: Power of literacy Bihar: Coupon fiasco Jharkhand: Strong revival Chhattisgarh: Loud no to cash E CONOM Y Losing momentum Interview: C. Rangarajan, Chairman, PMEAC CL IM A TE C H A N G E Uncertain stand in Durban CONTR OV E R S Y Mullaperiyar dispute: Deep distrust Fallout of fear OBITU A R Y Humble genius: Mario Miranda Korea’s...
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...CHAPTER 1 ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENT POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, LEGAL, TECHNOLOGICAL LECTURE OUTLINE General Outline Opening Profile: India Becoming a Crucial Cog in the Machine at I.B.M. The Global Business Environment Management in Focus: A Small Company, A Global Approach Regional Trading Blocks Comparative Management in Focus: Opening Economy Revitalizes India Information Technology The Globalization of Human Capital The Global Manager’s Role The Political and Economic Environment The Legal Environment The Technological Environment Chapter Discussion Questions Application Exercises Experiential Exercise End-of-Chapter Case Study: Under Pressure, Dubai Company Drops Port Deal Additional Cases: India: The Employment Black Hole? Mecca Cola Student Stimulation Questions and Exercises Opening Profile: India Becoming a Crucial Cog in Machine at I.B.M. The opening profile reports on the growing importance of India as a source of low-cost services in the IT market. The Indian labor market is attractive not only due to its low wages, but also because of the scientific and managerial talent found in the country. IBM’s Indian facility in Bangalore is now the company’s second largest worldwide operation. While IBM has laid off thousands of workers in the United States, its Indian operation has greatly increased employment. Some of IBM’s competitors have also begun to move their operations to India. The opening profile raises the question of the...
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