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Kasaysayan ng Saligang-Batas

Saligang-Batas ng Biyak-na-Bato (1896) – Ang Wikang Tagalog ang magiging opisyal na wika ng Pilipinas.

Saligang-Batas ng 1935 – Ang Kongreso ay gagawa ng mga hakbang tungo sa pagpapaunlad at pagpapatibay ng isang wikang pambansa na batay sa isa sa mga umiiral na katutubong wika. Hanggang hindi nagtatadhana ng iba ang batas, ang Ingles at Kastila ay patuloy ng gagamiting mga wikang opisyal.

Saligang-Batas ng 1973 – Ang Batasang Pambansa ay dapat gumawa ng mga hakbang tungo sa paglinang at pormal na adopsyon ng isang panlahat na wikang pambansa na tatawaging Filipino

Saligang-Batas ng 1987 – Ang Wikang Pambansa ng Pilipinas ay Filipino. Samantalang nililinang, ito’y dapat payabungin at pagyamanin pa salig sa umiiral na mga wika ng Pilipinas at sa iba pang mga wika.

saligang batas ng La Liga Filipina

Ang isang maikling buhay na saligang batas na hinanda ng makabayang si Jose Rizal para sa samahang La Liga Filipina ngunit nabuwag nang si Rizal ay ipinatapon sa Dapitan.

Saligang Batas ng Biak-na-Bato (1897)

Ang himagsikang Katipunan ay nagdulot ng pagpupulong Tejeros kung saan ang unang pampangulo at pang ikalawang pangulong mgahalalan ay isinagawa noong 22 Marso 1897 sa San Francisco de Malabon, Kabite. Gayunpaman, tanging mga kasapi lamang ngKatipunan ang nakalahok at hindi ang buong mamamayan. Ang kalaunang pagpupulong ng rebolusyonaryong pamahalaan na isinagawa noong 1 Nobyembre 1897 sa Biak-na-Bato sa bayan ng San Miguel de Mayumo sa Bulacan ay lumikha ng Republika ng Biak-na-Bato. Ang republikang ito ay may saligang batas na isinulat nina Isabelo Artacho at Félix Ferrer at binatay sa unang Saligang Batas ng Cuba. Ito ay nakilala bilang "Constitución Provisional de la República de Filipinas"(Pansamantalang Saligang Batas ng Republika ng Pilipinas) at orihinal na isinulat at pinalaganap sa mga wikang Kastila at Tagalog.

Saligang Batas ng Malolos (1899)

Ang Saligang Batas ng Malolos ang unang republikanong saligang batas sa Asya. Ito ay naghayag ang soberanya ay eksklusibong tumatahan sa mga tao, nagsaad ng mga pangunahing karapatang pantao, naghiwalay ng simbahan at estado at tumawag para sa pagkakalikha ng Kapulungan ng mga Representatibo na umasal bilang katawang lehislatibo. Ito ay tumawag rin para sa isang anyong pampanguluhan (presidential) ng pamahalaan na ang pangulo ay inihahalal ng mayoridad ng kapulungan para sa isang termino ng apat na taon. Ito ay pinamagatang "Constitución política" at isinulat sa Kastila kasunod ng kalayaan mula sa Espanya at pinroklama noong 20 Enero 1899. Ito ay isinabatas at pinagtibay ng Kongresong Malolos na isinagawa sa Malolos, Bulacan.

Mga Akto (batas) ng Kongreso ng Estados Unidos

Ang Pilipinas ay naging Teritoryo ng Estados Unidos mula 10 Disyembre 1898 hanggang 24 Marso 1934. Dahil dito, ang Pilipinas ay nasa ilalim ng hurisdiksiyon ng pederal na pamahalaan ng Estados Unidos sa mga panahong ito. Ang dalawang akto(batas) ng Kongreso ng Estados Unidos na ipinasa nang panahong ito ay maaaring ituring na mga Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas dahil ang mga aktong ito ay naglarawan ng pundamental na mga prinsipyong pampolitika at lumikha ng istraktura, mga pamamaraan, mga kapangyrihan at mga tungkulin ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas.

The Philippine Organic Act of 1902

Ang Philippine Organic Act of 1902 na minsang tinatawag na "Philippine Bill of 1902" ang unang organikong batas para sa Pilipinas naisinabatas ng Kongreso ng Estados Unidos. Ito ay nagbibigay ng pagkakalikha ng hinalal ng mga taong Kapulungan ng Pilipinas at tumukoy na ang lehilatibong kapangyarihan ay ibibigay sa isang bikameral na lehislatura na binubuo ng Komisyong Pilipino(mataas na kapulungan) at Asembleyang Pilipino(mababang kapulungan). Ang mga pangunahing probisyon nito ay kinabibilangan ng listahan ng mga karapatan(bill of rights) para sa mga Pilipino at pagkahirang ng dalawang hindi bumobotong residenteng komisyoner na kakatawan sa Pilipinas sa Kongreso ng Estados Unidos.

The Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916

Ang Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 na minsang tinatawag ring "Jones Law" ay nagbago ng istraktura ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas sa pamamagitan ng pag-aalis ng Komisyong Pilipino bilang mataas na kapulungan ng lehislatura at pinalitan ng senado na hinalal ng mga botanteng Pilipino. Ang aktong ito ay hayagang nagsaad na palaging layunin ng Estados Unidos na hugutin ang soberenya nito sa Pilipinas at kilalanin ang independiyente ng Pilipinas sa madaling panahon na ang isang matatag ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas ay maitatag.
Bagaman hindi saligang batas sa sarili nito, ang Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 ay nagbigay ng kapangyarihan at naglarawan ng mga mekanismo para sa pagkakalikha ng isang pormal na saligang batas sa pamamagitan ng isang konbensiyong konstitusyonal.

Saligang Batas ng 1935 (Komonwelt at Ikatlong Republika)

Isinulat ang Saligang Batas 1935 noong 1934, at pagsasaád ng Komonwelt ng Pilipinas (1935-1946) at ginamit sa Ikatlong Repulika ng Pilipinas (1946-1972).
Itinadhana ang orihinal na Saligang Batas 1935 para sa isang Kongreso na may isang Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan. Sinusugan ito noong 1940 upang magkaroon ng parehongSenado at Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan. Sa saligang batas na ito, may hangganan ang Pangulo sa terminong apat na taon at maaari lamang maupo sa dalawang termino.
Isang Pagpupulong ng Saligang Batas ang ginanap noong 1971 upang baguhin ang Saligang Batas ng 1935. Nabahiran ang pagpupulong ng mga pagsuhol at korupsiyon. Marahil ang pinakakontrobersiyal ang isyu ng pagtanggal sa hangganan ng termino ng isang pangulo dahil sa gayon maaaring tumakbo si Ferdinand Marcos sa ikatlong termino. Sa anumang usapin, sinuspinde ng pagpapahayag ng batas militar ang Saligang Batas 1935.

Saligang Batas ng 1943 (Ikalawang Republikang Sinang-ayunan ng mga Hapon)

Pinagtibay ang 1943 Saligang Batas noong Ikalawang Republika (1943-1945) sa panahon ng pananakop ng mga Hapon noong Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig. Hinirang si Jose P. Laurel bilang pangulo dahil tinitingala siya ng mga Hapon sa pagpuna niya sa paraan ng pamamalakad ng Estados Unidos sa Pilipinas at dahil may titulo siya sa Tokyo International University.
Nagbigay ng matibay na tagapagpaganap ang 1943 Saligang Batas. Binubuo ito ng mga tagapagbatas sa Pambansang Kapulungan at iyon lamang mga di sang-ayon sa Estados Unidos ang kinukunsidera para ihalal, bagaman karamihan hinihirang ang mga tagapagbatas sa halip na inihalal.
Naging instrumento ng mga Hapon ang 1943 Saligang Batas upang gawing lehitimo ang pagsakop nila sa pamamagitan ng papet na pamahalaang Pilipinas.

Saligang Batas ng 1973 (Panahon ng Batas Militar at Bagong Republika)

Ipinakilala ang Saligang batas 1973 bilang parliamentong-uri ng pamahalaan. Ipinagkaloob ang kapangyarihan ng tagapagbatas sa isang Pambansang Kapulungan na hinahalal ang mga kasapi sa anim na taong termino. Inihalal ang Pangulo bilang masagisag na pinuno ng estado mula sa mga Kasapi ng Pambansang Kapulungan at maaaring mahalal ng ilang ulit. Kapag nahalal, hindi na kasapi ang Pangulo sa Pambansang Kapulungan. Sa panahon ng termino, hindi pinapahihintulang maging kasapi ng isang partidong pampolitika o maupo sa puwesto ng ibang tanggapan. Nasa Punong Ministro ang kapangyarihan ng tagapagpaganap na inihalal ng mga Kasapi ng Pambansang Kapulungan. Ang Punong Ministro ang pinuno ng pamahalaan at Punong Tagapag-utos ng hukbong sandatahan. Binago ng ikatlong ulit ang saligang batas na ito.

Susog ng 1981

Noong 1981, itinatag muli ang parliamentong anyo ng pamahalaang kasama ang diretsong pagboto ng mga tao sa pangulo.

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