...David does a great job at directing the viewer’s eyes where he wants. Upon first looking at Gerard David’s lamentation (or as stated in the syllabus his deposition) the viewers eyes are directed towards St. John then to Christ himself. The main emphasis of the painting is the lamentation of Christ. The lamentation is emphasized by placing the characters in the fore ground in the center of the painting. The composition of the painting allows the viewer to see the whole painting while focusing on Christ’s lamentation. David made the painting so the viewer will see the background and the foreground as one then drawing the viewer’s attention to the foreground where St. John, Mary and Christ are. There are a few objects that are fascinating or attractive. One of the objects is the white lily in the foreground with a yellow flower. Another thing that attracts the eyes is the circular object to the left of the lamentation, which looks like the thorny crown Christ wore. There are also the nails that held Christ to the cross and the tools used to pull out the nails. Some objects are puzzling like the city in the background most likely Jerusalem or the heavenly Jerusalem. This is a huge beautiful city coming out of the hills behind St. John. Another is Joseph of Arimathea wearing a turban and exotic clothing. Joseph of Arimathea clothing is the only clothing of that style in the painting. There are many first responses to David’s painting discussed in the first paragraph...
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...The halo was incorporated into Christian art sometime in the 4th century[citation needed] with the earliest iconic images of Christ, initially the only figure shown with one (together with his symbol, the Lamb of God). Initially the halo was regarded by many as a representation of the Logos of Christ, his divine nature, and therefore in very early (before 500) depictions of Christ before his Baptism by John he tends not to be shown with a halo, it being a matter of debate whether his Logos was innate from birth (the Orthodox view), or acquired at Baptism (the Nestorian view). At this period he is also shown as a child or youth in Baptisms, though this may be a hieratic rather than age-related representation [20] Nativity and Transfiguration of Christ, with cross haloes; the apostles, angels and prophets have plain ones. (1025-50, Cologne). A cruciform halo, that is to say a cross within, or extending beyond, a halo is used to represent the persons of the Holy Trinity, especially Jesus, and especially in medieval art. In Byzantine and Orthodox images, inside each of the bars of the cross in Christ's halo is one of the Greek letters Ο Ω Ν, making up ὁ ὢν — "ho ōn", literally, "the Existing One" — indicating the divinity of Jesus.[21] At least in later Orthodox images, each bar of this cross is composed of three lines, symbolising the dogmas of the Trinity, the oneness of God and the two natures of Christ. In mosaics in Santa Maria Maggiore (432-40) the juvenile Christ has...
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...Job satisfaction is one of the most important work attitudes in organizational behavior, and the important issue for workers in organizations. The determinants of job satisfaction are pay, promotion opportunities, supervision, coworkers, and the work itself. There is many factor are affecting its levels. First of all ,the work situation is the main factor determinant of job satisfaction .the most notable situational influence on job satisfaction is the nature of the work itself, which includes job challenges, autonomy, variety and scope, the another component of any work situation is pay. Pay is therefore an obvious sources of job satisfaction (or dissatisfaction), however, people will sometimes take lower-paying job with meet needs they might have. Job promotion is the other factor to impact on the satisfaction levels , A promotion implies higher pay and recognition for work well done, and is an indication of status and regard. Supervisors who may earn less than their subordinates, which sometimes happens because subordinates are paid overtime or bonuses which are not paid to management are often understandably dissatisfied. Besides, the superior-subordinate relationship, in addition to the relationship coworkers, also has an important influence on job satisfaction in the workplace, The way in which an employee perceives a supervisor’s or coworker’s behavior can positively or negatively influence job satisfaction. Mood and emotions form the affective element of...
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...Six Factors That Distort Performance Appraisals Multiple psychological factors can sway evaluators to rate employees a certain way. Most companies use performance appraisals, also known as job evaluations, to determine whether employees are meeting expectations, and to get some clues about how the employee could improve for the benefit of the business. Even so, performance appraisals have a major flaw in that they are not completely objective. Six major factors cause distortions in performance appraisals. 1. Stereotyping * People usually can fall into at least one general category based on physical or behavioral traits, and performance evaluators sometimes let stereotypes associated with those categories sway their employee appraisals. For example, a boss might assume that because many Asians excel, an Asian worker who doesn't meet a performance objective simply isn't working hard enough, even if the worker tried his best. Similarity * Often, people tend to seek out and rate more positively those who are similar to themselves. This tendency to approve of similarity may cause evaluators to give better ratings to employees who exhibit the same interests, work methods, points of view or standards. A major problem with this cause of distortion is that it can stifle innovation in a company, as "different" people must struggle to rise in the ranks. Leniency * Leniency, sometimes referred to as inflation, is the tendency of evaluators to give employees higher...
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... C) they reward employees on an objective basis D) they help to promote product quality 2) This term refers to a difference between the output of a human judgment processes and that of an objective, accurate assessment. This difference could be due to bias, prejudice, or other subjective, extraneous influences. 2) _______ A) content validity B) a first-impression effect C) rating error D) the performance appraisal process 3) In 2009, employees were expected to earn average merit increases of what percent? 3) _______ A) 8.3% B) 2.9% C) 5.2% D) 1.3% 4) Management by objective is part of which type of performance appraisal system? 4) _______ A) behavioral observation scale B) behaviorally-anchored rating scale C) goal-oriented system D) trait system 5) This occurs when a rater generalizes good performance behavior in one aspect of the job to all aspects of the job. 5) _______ A) negative halo effect B) positive halo effect C) first-impression effect D) similar-to-me effect 6) Which comparison system requires the rater to place a specific number of employees into groups that represent the entire range of performances? 6) _______ A) the critical incident technique B) hierarchical C) paired comparison D) forced distribution 7) Among the various performance appraisal techniques, this appraisal...
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...of their lives, especially social ones. However if the biggest part of their free time is occupied with job, do they have to sacrifice their social life in order to keep high grades and be productive at work? Usually, part time jobs does not require deep knowledge or experience, so are students taking these jobs only for financial purposes, or they also have career perspectives in the field/company they are working in part-time? Lastly, have students ever considered leaving their jobs if studying results were decreasing, or maybe they had thoughts to drop- out of university as salary was satisfying enough not to seek further degree? To find out these answers 20 random university students will be surveyed. First, and most common error is stereotyping. Companies loose qualified and skilled workers only because of this kind of unintentional discrimination. Grouping and labeling people according to one of their characteristics can warn managers about incompetent candidate, but also can be a false judgment. In this case we can take very simplistic examples: person having facial piercing is not a suitable for a manager position, even if having all the qualities and experience needed, he will not be able to represent company in a solid way. On the other hand female can be not hired for a taxi...
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...Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW: HALO EFFECT 1 Literature Review: HALO EFFECT NO NAME GIVEN HERE Liberty University BUSI 600-B04 21 January 2013 LITERATURE REVIEW: HALO EFFECT Abstract 2 The term “Halo Effect” has several definitions. In conducting business research, it is important to understand which definition is to be used and apply that definition to the problem at hand. In this paper, we will attempt to define the correct version of the halo effect as it applies to this literature review. This paper will then look at the history of the halo effect in business and define how it is being used today. During the writing, examples and studies regarding the halo effect that have already been completed will also be reviewed to see if the halo effect can genuinely and repeatedly be used in business to increase profits or generate revenues. LITERATURE REVIEW: HALO EFFECT Literature Review: Halo Effect Introduction Definition When discussing and researching the term “Halo Effect” the various definitions of the 3 phrase must be reviewed. Once reviewed, the researcher then has the responsibility to determine which definition best fits their research question at hand in order to best formulate the research design and subsequent answer. One of the definitions of halo effect is from the textbook Business research methods by Donald Cooper. It is defined as “error caused when prior observations influence perceptions of current observations” (Cooper & Schindler...
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...usually relatively unstructured. Recent literature reviews suggest that the interviewer’s judgmental errors, along with numerous errors and biases associated with the processing of applicant information, contribute to the low validity of personal interviews. Since the workforce is the primary asset in most organizations, one might assume that the most effective selection strategy would be chosen to maximize productivity. ------------------------------------------------- Personal interviewing continues to be the most widely used method for selecting employees and is often used in conjunction with other techniques such as reference checking, weighted application blanks, skill tests, and psychological testing. There are obviously good reasons for the popularity of the employment interview despite the controversy regarding its validity. This paper analyzes the validity of the interview-the measure of the degree to which the test predicts job success. Good selection doesn’t depend only on quality information, but on the quality of the interpretation. In the interview, the interviewer looks at the background of the applicant, analyzes the applicant’s responses during the interview and makes judgments about the behavior of the applicant. The following factors affect validity: * Pre-interview Impressions * Psychological Selective Perceptions * Stereotypes * Halo effect * Trait Configurations Thus, often the validity of the interview rests on the interviewer...
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...A paper on charisma and whether it is inherited in genes or if it is made through social influence. By Hussein Hussein. Keiser University. Introduction When thinking of charisma one is immediately brought back to the movie, Back to the Future, written by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale. The movie is based on a boy named Marty Mcfly, played by Michael J. Fox. Marty travels back in time in an automobile rigged with a flux capacitor by his scientist friend, played by Christopher Lloyd rightfully dubbed, Doc. At the beginning of the movie Marty’s parents, especially his father are un-happy and almost cowardly. As Marty meets his parents in the past he immediately finds out why. His father is a bullied “loser” who does not stick up for himself. He decides to change that. Throughout the movie Marty decides to help his father become a winner and stand up for himself. Spoiler alert for those whom have not seen the movie; he does. He helps his father finally stand up to his bully and get the girl of his dreams. Marty returns to the future only to find his father a strong and happy alpha male, with a successful business and even more successful marriage. Although this is a work of fiction, it helps put some perspective on the long debated question. Is Charisma inherited through genes or is it developed through certain circumstances in one’s life? History Charisma was first discussed by Max Weber, whom is a German sociologist and well versed in the study of psychopathology. When...
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...there’s a preference 4. I would go and talk to my professors boss because they should be noticing because I will probably be one of the many complaining Discussion Question Chapter 6 1. Tools | Pros | Cons | Graphic Rating Scale | Simple to use; provide a quantitative rating for each employee | Standards may be unclear; halo effect, central tendency. | Bars | Provides behavioral “anchors.” BARS is very accurate. | Difficult to develop | Forced distribution method | Ends up with a predetermined number of people in each group. | Appraisal results depend on the adequacy of your original choice of cutoff points. | MBO | Tied to jointly agreed-upon performance objective | Time consuming | 2. I would use alternation ranking by judging my employees on performance but based on objective criteria. 3. (a) Halo Effect: It is the tendency of the raters to depend excessively on the rating of one trait or behavioral consideration in rating all others traits or behavioral considerations. One way of minimizing the halo effect is appraising all the employees by one trait before going to rate on the basis of another trait. (b) The error of Central Tendency: Some raters follow play safe policy in rating by rating all the employees around the...
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...Genre Analysis of an Academic Paper This academic paper is following the major of psychology, with a lot of appropriate information on the “halo effect” and experimental studies behind it. There is a pretty good depth of context and background information behind this paper, which helps the credibility and validity of the information provided. Written in the Journal of Psychology, researchers conduct a study primarily on college students to determine the effectiveness of the halo effect, and if it’s still pertinent or not. Stated in the article, the organization’s purpose is “primary to determine the magnitude of the physical attractiveness halo effect” (Lucker 1). Although I found no missions statement of the authors, I believe it’s pretty clear they work through the department of psychology to conduct and update new research for the social behaviorisms of persons, in this case colleges students. The readers and writers say a lot about this article as well. Authors include William G. Lucker, William E. Beane, and Robert L. Helmreich. From doing some of my own research, I found that all three have PH.Ds in psychology, and attended credited colleges. Luker, for example, was an attendee at the University of Texas in Austin. Lucker has also written many of his own books in the field of social psychology, strengthening his awareness for the field. This makes me trust this article and the research provided. From my conclusions, I feel that this paper is primarily written for other...
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...Halo: First Strike by Eric Nylund, published in December 2003and based off the well-known Halo Video GameSeries. This book adds onto the story of the Halo Game Series. The main character of this series is a super soldier named Master Chief. He’s what is called a Spartan, which are genetically enhanced soldiers in state-of-the-art full body armor. The book’s events take place after the first game in the series, Halo Combat Evolved. It goes over the events of Master Chief’s journey from the end of the previous book, Halo: The Fall Of Reach but ends just before the events of Halo 2, the second video game. In the book, Master Chief and his AI assistant Cortana, embark on their return back home while capturing a flagship of the Covenant, a religiously...
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...PART A I am going to choose the first scenario, where I am the news director of a local TV station. The roll of news media in delivering the news to the public is giving the public accurate news quickly. I would choose to make the closing of city parks three days a week as my lead story. It is more relevant to the viewers, and it affects them directly. I know the death of a celebrity would get bigger ratings, but the city closing city parks three days a week affects my viewers more. Therefore, I feel my responsibility to the public is to inform them of the news that is going to affect them first. The death of a celebrity will definitely have an impact on people, but I do not feel that it is important for the news media to report on culture instead of news that affect the life of the viewer directly. The social responsibilities of news media are to inform the viewers of news that can potentially have an impact on the viewer’s lives. Posting news on the internet has some different problems than those of the news stations or radio. When I would post the same news on the television station’s website I will have to think of the ethical and legal considerations of the online world, like copyright infringement and the concept of fair use. I would have to list any sources I might have on both news stories as well as links to their websites, just to be safe. I would also have to double check to make sure that what I am writing is not similar to someone else’s writing in...
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...Xbox One review – The right choice? New, Powerful, Controversial. All you need is in one box, Xbox One. Introduction When Microsoft first announced their next-gen console at E3 2013 current console hardware was becoming obsolete, which was made clear as newer games were pushing performance to the limit. Rumors were high that the next generation of consoles were going to be something completely different, and the Xbox One in its grand announcement at E3 met that criteria, different - not in a good way. Microsoft presented an Xbox not designed for gaming alone but for entertainment as a whole, this meant a complete reorder of priorities of the console. Gaming had to give way to TV, apps, internet, films, streaming and overall entertainment connectivity, your all in one multimedia box. Certainly innovative but with a slight problem of under-looking the core feature, gaming. Of course the onslaught that Microsoft faced after this announcement quickly made them change their ways, but the damage had been done and can still be seen with the disproportionate sales of the PS4 to Xbox One. The Xbox One out now however is a completely different case. With the realization that the Xbox user base is in the majority gamers, Microsoft quickly restructured their vision of the Xbox One. Always online requirement was scrapped, as was idea of disc-less gaming and a constantly working and watchful Kinect complied with its own system checks. In many ways the original concept was a huge leap into...
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...(bookstore). I worked for the company for almost 5 years and watched the way my manager played favorites and then denied it every time. It was on a daily occasion when I went into work that I would watch as my manager stood around with several of the male employees and one female employee talking sports. When I first started working there the female employee was a “lead” who delegated tasks to the associates and she was similar to my manager in the sense that they would have ‘favorites’ and would stand around talking and not being productive but as soon as they started walking around and saw two co-workers talking those employees would be yelled at and told to ‘get back to work’. I lost respect for the manager and lead because they created a halo effect atmosphere in the workplace; if any employee didn’t want to work hard all they had to do was talk sports, which was the attribute the manager and lead used to develop an overall impression of a person (Uhl-Bien, p. 58). This resulted in tasks not getting done is a timely manner, the floor looking messy and unorganized and several disciplinary meetings telling the staff to work harder and deny favoritism. What did you learn from the impression management mistake that you described? I learned that in that kind of work environment everyone needs to be treated equally otherwise there will be unfair advantages for part of the staff and resentment from the rest of the staff. How did that perception influence your behavior toward that...
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