...claims but will benefit from more research or development OR lacks sufficient evidence or a clear sense of purpose. | The paper needs more details on every level (main ideas, related ideas, specific ideas). | Audience | Author is attentive to the values of intended audience (fellow undergraduate students and professor). Author defends beliefs and handles counter-arguments with respect. | The paper contains words/examples likely to appeal to a specific audience, but could benefit from more effective handling of counter-arguments OR relies on beliefs that the audience might not share. | The paper does not appear to have a specific audience in mind or is disrespectful to its intended audience either by failing to seriously address counter-arguments or by engaging in an offensive tone. | Organization | The paper contains strong topic sentences and builds upon the argument suggested in the thesis. Clear transitions connect ideas both on the paragraph level and the sentence level. | The overall structure of the paper is clear, but some topic sentences are weak. Transitions that would clarify the...
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...they all have the same goal, which is serving justice. Lower courts, also known as trial courts of limited jurisdiction, are courts of lesser rank; for example municipal or justice court below a superior or county court, a superior or county court below an appeals court, or a federal District Court of Appeals below the U. S. Supreme Court. Lower courts are “responsible for responsible for handling the early stages of felony criminal cases” (page 93). After an arrest, the judge...
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...Read Full Essay Schools and Test In the article provided, the author, Dick Williams, presents two ideas on the state of schools and education in the United States. The points of view he attempts to argue are the conditions of the nation’s schools and the quality of the educational system. During his efforts to present his points, it appears as though his article is more opinionated than objective. This presents a problem because an opinion is not an argument. By presenting his thoughts, he fails to do so tactfully through arguments, and those that are arguments are fallacies. One of the first arguments presented deals with the conditions of the schools. Specifically the renewal and renovations of schools comes into question. Should the harried taxpayers of Cobb and Dekalb counties, for instance, bail out incompetent or corrupt school boards in other states? Should New York City be rewarded for failing to build new schools in a timely manner? This is the fallacy known as the circular argument. A circular argument is where the premise and the conclusion repeat each other using different wording. The premise in this fallacy would be the first question, while the second question is the conclusion. The idea in this statement is that taxpayers in other cities are paying for cities with rundown schools. In these cities, the problems with schools are quite minimum. Another argument made early on focuses on the office of the president...
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...processes created by State and Federal Governments in an effort to control crime and inflict penalties on individuals who break the laws. A single universal criminal justice system does not exist in the United States. What we do have are many similar, individual systems. The criminal justice system works differently in each area depending on the jurisdiction that is in charge. These systems vary from city, county, state, federal or tribal government or military installation. The different jurisdictions have various laws, agencies, and processes of managing criminal justice procedures. The main systems are comprised of the State system and the Federal System. The state system is responsible for handling crimes committed within their state borders. The Federal System is responsible for handling crimes committed on federal property or occurring in more than one state. Most criminal justice systems are made up of three major components being Law enforcement, the courts and Corrections. They also have two other components being Prosecution and Defense Attorneys. The first major component and the front line defense against criminal activity is Law Enforcement. Law enforcement officials are responsible for recording reports on crimes that happen within their jurisdiction. Investigators review data from crimes and gather evidence. Street level officers are responsible for physically arresting offenders, giving testimony about the information collected through the course of the arrest...
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...though they may have received the brunt of it, but also those employed by the company. This is true in the case of Enron. Enron was a company who “marketed electricity and natural gas, delivered energy and other physical commodities, and provided financial and risk management services to customers around the world (Enron Fast Facts, 2015).” Enron was formed in July of 1995, after the merger between Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth out of Omaha with the help of Kenneth Lay and became the sixth largest company in the world that provided energy (Enron Fast Facts, 2015). It was due to Ken’s ambition to turn the stable business from a pipeline business into an energy powerhouse (DiLallo, 2015) and the reported “error of judgment” in the handling of the debt in the overstatement of profits between 1997 and 2000 by the company’s auditor Andersen (Enron: The Real Scandal, 2002), that Enron accrued its overwhelming debt and, later, bankruptcy. Enron’s debt was not only caused by the ambitious desire for growth and corporate...
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...A felony criminal charge is a crime, which originally involved confiscation of a convicted person’s property such as land. Felony includes quite a number of crimes such as battery, arson, burglary, aggravated assault illegal drugs and vandalism of federal property. A person who is convicted in any court for felony crime is called a felon. The criminal justice system is a series of institutions and practices within the government who are directed towards upholding social control, mitigation and deterring of criminal activities. The criminal justice institutions are also involved in sanctioning individuals who violate the laws as well as recommending rehabilitation of other convicted individuals. A certain procedure is applied when the criminal justice institutions are carrying out justice and fair ruling in felony crimes at the state and federal level. The entire criminal justice process for a felony crime involves a series of stages, which are closely linked and dependent. The first stage is usually investigation of the criminal while the last stage involves release of the felon after undergoing correctional supervision. Usually an accused individual is arrested after the necessary investigations have been carried out which will link the person to that particular crime. Arrests are usually carried out by police officers upon presentation of a warrant legalizing the arrest such that the suspect is held in custody awaiting the court hearings. The process of arrest require that...
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...Essential Features of Effective Communication 1. Listening is the No. 1 Rule Contrary to what some seem to believe, the most important aspect of effective communication isn’t talking, it’s listening. A great amount of miscommunication could be avoided if business owners took the time to communicate effectively, first by listening to the needs of their clients and prospects. Remember, your clients may not need you, but you definitely need your clients or you’re going to be out of business. 2. Clarity is Key What may be second nature to you may seem like a foreign concept to some people. When in doubt, leave out the jargon. However, if a client shows interest in understanding the small details, offer the acronym after you’ve explained what it means. The goal here is to be sure your clients understand what you’re specifically discussing. 3. A Message with Confidence Confidence is an essential role in being able to come across as a master of effective communication. If you demonstrate that you aren’t confident in your abilities, people will instinctively think that you lack experience and are bluffing your way. This may result in: A) the client tries to talk you down from your initial quote; B) the client doesn’t hire you at all; C) the client hires you at your original rate but isn’t confident that you can complete the task to his expectations. 4. When You Can’t See Eye-to-Eye It happens - your personality sometimes clashes with...
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...crimes, millions of dollars are wasted, and innocent people may be executed. Attorney General Janet Reno stated, “I have inquired for most of my adult life about studies that might show that the death penalty is a deterrent, and I have not seen any research that would substantiate that point.” (J Donahue and J Wolfers) While many would like to believe that the death penalty would be more of a deterrent than a long prison sentence, criminals rarely consider the consequences of their actions. A crime of passion is exactly that, where they would not think about what would happen if they went through with a crime. These criminals, who commit these heinous crimes that would lead to the death penalty, can have severe mental illness. This would definitely not assist in being deterred. They don't even contemplate the consequences of getting caught to going to prison, let alone receiving the death penalty. The fear of going to death row is not as strong as everyone would like to believe. The death penalty is no more effective in deterring others than life sentences are. It is...
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...head of cattle. Young and McConnell had misrepresented their business by records which reported that their assets consisted of more than 343,000 head of cattle. Their illicit scheme collapsed in 2001 when the bottom fell out in the cattle market causing them to close their businesses and file for bankruptcy protection. Their fraudulent handling of financial resources led to substantial losses for their investors. As a result, their scheme cost individual investors about $147 million and banks lost approximately $36 million. Assets from the sale of the companies recovered nearly $16 million, which was distributed to the fraud victims. Usually the fraud victims with the most pressing financial needs are paid first. ("United states v.," 2005) I would consider this to be a white collar crime because of the wide range of actions that were involved in this case. Case 413 F3d 727 United States V. L Young stated that, “Following their indictment on fraud charges, the appellants cooperated extensively with the government agencies that were investigating the fraud” (2005). In a written plea agreement that included waiving their sixth amendment rights and appeal waivers, both Young and McConnell pleaded guilty to mail fraud, wire fraud, making false statements and criminal forfeiture, relating to a scheme to defraud investors in their cattle business. Under a plea agreement, judges may use plea bargaining to reduce the level of penalty....
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...then the majority of the appeals come from the court of appeal or Scottish Court of Session. Leave to appeal to the Supreme Court must be granted by the lower court; this is usually court of appeal or by two justices. Only cases that raise a point of law of general public will be heard here. The Supreme Court will also hear criminal cases as well as civil. Court Of Appeal Civil Division The civil division of the court of appeal mainly hears appeals that came from the high court but on occasion it will hear cases from multi-track actions that have come from county court. The court will occasionally get appeals about the amount of damages awarded e.g. libel cases. Most appeals will concern a question in law. Leave to appeal must be agreed to by the lower court or by the Court of Appeal itself. The court of appeal can uphold or reverse the lower court’s decision. Criminal Division This division is presided over by Lord Woolf, he is known as the Lord Chief Justice. The panel is made up of three judges who will hear the appeals, most of the time it is two senior High Court judges from the Queen’s Bench division and a Lord Justice of Appeal. Unless the appeal is important then all the judges will be Lord Justices. Appeals to the court must be granted...
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...Look at the Supreme Court of Canada's 2012 decision in R v. Ipeelee. Which of the two summaries of the reasons of the Supreme Court justices is most persuasive? R v. Ipelee, 2012 SCC 13 is a complicated lawsuit. This case is about an aboriginal person who was put up without parental guidance involved in criminal offenses in the early years. On the one hand, the six justices of the Supreme Court of Canada know the reality that most of the Aboriginal people are ended up spending time in prison compared to other Canadians. In accession, their opinion was that aboriginal descent lives in an unjust environment since their birth, and the lower court must find out a creative solution when handling with their shells. Further, they alleged the judge must weigh the elements outlined in R. v. Gladue, [ 1999] CanLII 679(SCC),[1999] 1.S.C.R. 688 (Neil Boyd 43). On the other hand, one judge of the Supreme Court of Canada held a different view than the bulk ones. What he said the public safety must be of prime concern than rehabilitation or reintegration of the offender, when sentencing the offender who breached LTSO (Neil Boyd 44). He also said that violation of...
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...Capital Punishment In the United States there have been many controversies and disputes of issues ranging from abortion, gun control, health care and immigration. But possibly, capital punishment is the most widely discussed issues because of the range of questions that arise stemming from legal, philosophical, social, practical, political and moral aspects. Capital punishment is defined as the legal infliction of the death penalty on persons convicted of a crime. It is a form of retributive justice that some feel is justified when proportionate to the crime committed. In the United States capital punishment is not intended to inflict and physical pain or torture but rather just used as another form of punishment. Many civilizations such as the ancient Romans and Egyptians used capital punishment to punish citizens form crimes such as blasphemy, treason, theft and murder. They believed in the “eye for an eye” doctrine. These ancient civilizations would perform capital punishment in the forms of stoning, burning, garroting, beheading, decapitation and crucifixion. Unlike how capital punishment is used today these methods were used to humiliate and inflict pain; they would be considered as cruel, barbaric and unusual punishment. Most deaths resulting from capital punishment in ancient civilizations were very slow instead of immediate. Two of the most popular cases of ancient capital punishment are that of Socrates and Jesus Christ. Great Britain originally brought the death...
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...student is to prepare a journal to be handed to his English teacher on the first day of his English class. The journal must be neatly handwritten in blue or black ink—not typed—on lined loose-leaf paper and on only one side of the paper. All of the questions for each required book are to be answered in this journal. Be sure to answer thoroughly every question not only by providing the answer but also by citing and discussing several quotes and/or examples (a minimum of three) from the book to support each of your answers. Average length of each paragraph should be a minimum of 100 words (approximately one-half page or more). All responses must be written in complete sentences with close attention to all words spelled and capitalized correctly. In addition, students should avoid writing fragments and run-on sentences. When the journal is complete, each student should fasten the entire report into a binder or folder. No typed journals will ever be accepted. Journal Questions for Required Reading Shane 1. In the New Testament, Jesus teaches us to “love our enemies” and to “turn the other cheek” when provoked. However, Shane is viewed as a hero when he is provoked to violence. Using direct references from the text, write a minimum of two paragraphs discussing two different incidents in which Shane uses violence to achieve his goal; ask yourself, “Is Shane’s use of violence okay in these circumstances?” Then, in another paragraph, explain how Shane could have achieved...
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...WorldCom took the telecom industry by storm when it began a frenzy of acquisitions in the 1990s. The low margins that the industry was accustomed to weren't enough for Bernie Ebbers, CEO of WorldCom. From 1995 until 2000, WorldCom purchased over sixty other telecom firms. In 1997 it bought MCI for $37 billion. WorldCom moved into Internet and data communications, handling 50 percent of all United States Internet traffic and 50 percent of all e-mails worldwide. By 2001, WorldCom owned one-third of all data cables in the United States. In addition, they were the second-largest long distance carrier in 1998 and 2002. How the Fraud Happened So what happened? In 1999, revenue growth slowed and the stock price began falling. WorldCom's expenses as a percentage of its total revenue increased because the growth rate of its earnings dropped. This also meant WorldCom's earnings might not meet Wall Street analysts' expectations. In an effort to increase revenue, WorldCom reduced the amount of money it held in reserve (to cover liabilities for the companies it had acquired) by $2.8 billion and moved this money into the revenue line of its financial statements. That wasn't enough to boost the earnings that Ebbers wanted. In 2000, WorldCom began classifying operating expenses as long-term capital investments. Hiding these expenses in this way gave them another $3.85 billion. These newly classified assets were expenses that WorldCom paid to lease phone network lines from other companies...
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...Crime is something that impacts everyone, whether directly as a victim or indirectly through societal and economic costs. From the early 1960s, in the United States, criminological research resulted from individual efforts. The reliance on individual investigators to conduct and oftentimes fund their own research agenda was primarily a function of a lack of funding sources devoted to issues surrounding criminology and criminal justice. However, research in criminal justice has dramatically increased. The period between 1960 and 1980, saw the enormous increase in efforts in the federal government to initiate research projects that were designed to understand the extent of criminal behavior, including the etiology of criminal behavior, as well as the reaction of the criminal justice system to criminal behavior. Although still under supported financially, funded research efforts during this time period gathered much information that helped set the stage for the continuation and expansion of criminological research efforts. Since 1980, there has been a substantial increase in the financial resources afforded to criminological research, which has led to a large number of activities within criminology and criminal justice system. Looking at the social factors of criminals, it is possible to see these factors could influence criminal decision and the way they handle situations. Mary Bell was an eleven- year-old girl, who lived in England in a poverty stricken area, known as...
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