...ministers and other evidence is arguable, for example the increase in population, this could be indicating a prosperous time in Russia and an increase in stability, or it could mean there was a lack of activities to be done, and the increased population meant there were more mouths to feed. There are many factors that contribute to how stable Russia was at this time. Economically, Russia seemed more unstable: eighty percent of the population were peasant farmers and the gap between the rich and poor was only increasing, making Russia even more unstable than it already was. Autocracy continued to repress the poor and the rich continued to hold most of the country’s finances. The poor struggled to become economically active, the rich fought to keep things the way they were during this time period. Stolypin tried to help the peasants by introducing land reforms – these meant that peasant’s owned the land and had more of an incentive to maintain and produce from it. However Stolypin was not supported in this and a lot of the peasants believed in the commune, they didn’t want privatisation for social and economic reasons. There was a massive pressure on the land and due to the fact that there was no unrest at this time indicates that the stability had increased, nonetheless there was huge land hunger due to the increased population – it had increased by twenty one percent between 1900 and 1910, adding approximately thirty million people to the population, this created a surplus of...
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...Four Areas of Potential Turmoil Peasants Around 80% of the Russian population were peasants. Some peasant farmers were doing better than their counter-parts. These were called Kulaks. But for the rest, conditions were terrible. Population was also on the rise (50% between 1860-1897) and land was becoming scarce. Every time a Russian farmer died, his land was divided between all his sons so their plots inevitably became smaller. But still the peasants were loved and were loyal to the Tsar. This was mainly due to the church singing his praises. But some peasants weren’t loyal and supported the revolutionaries. However, the main discontent was about how much land the church and aristocracy owned and how little the peasants had, they were the most needy. Aristocracy The aristocracy were the nobility and this is where the Tsar draws his ministers from. It’s also where most of the army’s senior members came from. They were concerned about their livelihood. This was because the Tsar had drafted an extra 13.5 million men to fill out his army. This meant they had no workers on their estates anymore. But most of all they were appalled by Rasputin’s influence in court. Also when the Tsar left to go command his army he left his wife to control the country. She was German so many people from all backgrounds despised the Tsar for leaving her in control. Also by 1916 the aristocracy were calling for the Tsar to abdicate. Middle classes The middle class people did not suffer...
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...The Age of Revolution i789-1848 E R I C HOBSBAWM FIRST VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, AUGUST 1996 Copyright © 1962 by E. J. Hobsbawm All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York. Originally published in Great Britain in hardcover by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, in 1962. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hobsbawm, E.J. (EricJ.), 1917The Age of Revolution, 1789-1898 / Eric Hobsbawm.—1st Vintage Books ed. p. cm. Originally published: London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-679-77253-7 1. Europe—History—1789-1900. 2. Industrial revolution. I. Title. D299.H6 1996 940.2'7—dc20 96-7765 CIP VINTAGE BOOKS A Division of Random House, Inc. New York Random House Web address: http://www.randomhouse.com/ Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 CHAPTER MAPS 1 T H E W O R L D IN T H E 1780s Le dix-huittime stick doit lire mis au Panlhion.—Saint-Just1 i Europe in 1789 page 309 2 Europe in 1810 310 3 Europe in 1840 311 4 World Population in Large Cities: 1800-1850 31a 5 Western Culture 1815-1848: Opera 314 6 The States of Europe in 1836 316 7 Workshop of the World 317 8 Industrialization of Europe: 1850 318 9 Spread of French Law 320 I T H E first thing to observe about the world...
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...Having the Faith to Survive The life of an English peasant around the year 1,000 proved to be quite laborious. Thanks to Sir Robert Cotton, authors Danziger and Lacey were able to tell us how the drawings of the Julius Work Calendar portrayed these individuals. The world was a quaint and quiet place in that time, with a total population of only one million people. “The year 1,000 was an empty world, with much more room to stretch out and breath.” There were three groups of citizens that were spread over the country side. These included workers, fighters and those that prayed for everyone. It seemed somewhat harmonious. The peasants worked for their Lords who took care of them. It was a mundane, but give and take society. “Life was short”. The expected life span was no more than fifty years. A boy of twelve was old enough to give allegiance to the King and a girl often married in her early teenage years. Through excavation, they have found their bones and surprisingly they did not differ much from us. They were the same height and their brains were the same size as ours. It seems to me that they were probably much stronger and smarter because everything had to be learned and preservation of sanity and health had to come from themselves. The Julius Work Calendar shows us that they were very much like us in that they lived by a schedule and got caught up in juggling time. It was a bit more structured for them though. They did not...
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...German Peasant Revolt DBQ The German peasants of the 1524-1526 revolts were caused by interpretations of Lutheran ideals, the peasants desires to break free from serfdom, and the general search for equality in the eyes of god. The response to the peasant revolts varied among the social, political, and religious affiliations, ranging from cruel condemnation to fervent support of their cause. The rebels organized swiftly and fought hard, this determination helped achieve social reform, which the most important German reformer, Martin Luther, was completely opposed to. Though the revolts were blamed on Lutheran reforms (Doc 1), Luther himself vehemently refuted the dispute (Doc 7). He refers to the peasants as dogs and is generally cruel towards their cause. Though a religious reformer, his dependence on the German nobility would not allow him to support the peasants; therefore his point of view is one in support of quelling the rebellions. The peasants may not have had the support of their greatest religious inspiration but they still drew on his word in order to justify their fight. The peasants claim that because all men are equal under the eyes of god, they have just as much divine right as the nobles do (Doc 3). These religious drives were set out in the Articles of The Peasants of Memmingen and would be responded to by the nobles, thus connecting Docs 3 and 4. The nobles would retort to the religious grounds of the peasants by ensuring them that their salvation was not...
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...f study Methodology Location of study area Presentation and analysis of data Conclusion Bibliography AIM OF STUDY The aim of this study is to discover and describe problems faced by peasant farmers in the geographical area of Ewarton; St. Catherine. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION On Tuesday, December 3, 2013, a field study was implemented in Ewarton in the parish of St.Catherine, Jamaica. The locations of study were scheduled to be Worthy Park Estate in Liuidas Vale and Farmer Roy’s Farm in Ewarton, St.Catherine. The weather was hot and very sunny thus there was no disturbance in this field study .The materials used to carry out the observation were: notebook, pen, pencils, camera, recording devices on phones and textbooks. A few of my friends also students participating in the field study formed a small group to gather primary information using questionnaires and interviews accordingly by conducting informal interviews and written questionnaires . Data was also collected through textbooks and the internet. Our first location was Worthy Park Estate .Worthy Park Estate is a sugar factory and distillery. It is surrounded by Cockpit Mountains and is 1200 ft. above sea level. It is a suitable place for study because it is cooler than most places although quite sunny during the daytime .The climate provides the best growing conditions for the growth of sugarcane it is also considered a commercial farm. Our second location was a subsistent farm owned by the...
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...CXC GEOGRAPHY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT YEAR 2013-2014 NAME OF CANDIDATE: JUSTINE BROWN SCHOOL: HOLYCHILDHOOD HIGHSCHOOL TERRITORY: JAMAICA CENTER #: 100049 CANDIDATE #: TEACHER: MRS.DUN-GREENE TITLE: WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS FACED BY PEASANT FARMERS IN THE AREA EWARTON; ST.CATHERINE TABLE OF CONTENTS Aim of study Methodology Location of study area Presentation and analysis of data Conclusion Bibliography AIM OF STUDY The aim of this study is to discover and describe problems faced by peasant farmers in the geographical area of Ewarton; St. Catherine. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION On Tuesday, December 3, 2013, a field study was implemented in Ewarton in the parish of St.Catherine, Jamaica. The locations of study were scheduled to be Worthy Park Estate in Liuidas Vale and Farmer Roy’s Farm in Ewarton, St.Catherine. The weather was hot and very sunny thus there was no disturbance in this field study .The materials used to carry out the observation were: notebook, pen, pencils, camera, recording devices on phones and textbooks. A few of my friends also students participating in the field study formed a small group to gather primary information using questionnaires and interviews accordingly by conducting informal interviews and written questionnaires . Data was also collected through textbooks and the internet. Our first location was Worthy Park Estate .Worthy Park Estate is a sugar factory and distillery. It is surrounded by Cockpit Mountains...
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...Arguably peasants working conditions did change however to a limited extent from 1855 to 1964. This was due to government reforms during tsarist Russia that had significant effects on peasants such as Stolypin and Alexander’s reforms as this was first steps taken to improve peasantry. However their freedom, transportation and the right to own land was very limited, redemption payments were almost impossible and they were still bound to the Mir. Similar to the communist era under Lenin, Stalin and Khrushchev from 1917 peasant working conditions did change as Lenin introduced the new economic policy that improved peasant working conditions financially, but war communism did not benefit the peasants at all, agriculture was very low and caused a huge feminine what effected work life. When Stalin came to power 1924 there was huge transformation in peasant working conditions due to the industrialisation of Russia where machinery and agriculture increased however peasants were practically treated as slave labour during the five-year plans. Khrushchev also changed peasant-working lives as peasants became freer after Stalin’s death, for example they were paid more for grain and the removal of the MTS in 1958 allowed farmers to buy their own machinery. Overall change was very limited in peasant working conditions until 1950’s as the majority of the population were no longer peasants, machinery and new methods of faming became advanced and those who were peasants, they started to get paid...
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...Structural Adjustment and SocialDisequilibrium in Ghana: AnAssessment ofPAMSCAD Programme as a PolicyResponse Tool Show full item record Title: Structural Adjustmentand Social Disequilibrium inGhana: An Assessment of PAMSCAD Programme as a Policy ResponseTool Author: Agyekum, Kwame Pius Abstract: Mostgovernments in Africa embarked upon structural adjustment programmes (SAP) in the mid 1980’s with the aim of stabilizingand improving their economies. Ghana’s adjustment started in 1983 with the view to halt and reverse the almost twodecades of stagnation and decay of the economy. SAPin Ghana made significant gainsat the macro economic levelinthe areasof: • export volumes (increased more than 10% from 1983); • inflation(dropped from 123% in1983 to 10.4% in 1983); • real per capita income (increased by 6.8% in1984); and • investment (increased more than two-and-half times). Despite the impressive macro-economic gainsat the national level,most vulnerablegroups were languishing inpoverty onthe ground. On realizing the socialdisequilibriumcreated by SAP and the predicament of the vulnerablegroups, the government instituted a Programme of Actionsof Mitigate the SocialCostsof Adjustment. (PAMSCAD) asa policy responsetoolto providequick reliefto the poor throughout the country PAMSCAD projects have been implemented in the country wellover eight years and the Secretariat which monitoredand coordinated activitiesfolded up inJune 1996. This research therefore was undertaken to assessthe...
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...Stalin, he did not let his people take part in voting. Snowball, whose historical figure is Trotsky, gets banished for his ideas just like Trotsky did. Napoleon got rid of Snowball after an argument on whether a windmill should be built or not. When George Orwell linked Napoleon to Stalin’s violence through training puppies to be his soldiers, this further increases the impact it has on the victim than if Napoleon had chosen any other animal. Napoleon also blamed Snowball when there was no food, saying that he stole it all. Napoleon was using every chance he could to persuade the people to follow him and he was always making himself look good and hiding away the truth just like Stalin used to do. The Hens ---> Peasants The Hens in Animal Farm were like the peasants in Russia. They were very poor and were a burden on their leaders. They had no say in any rule making and were forced to do stuff. Like in Animal Farm, Napoleon told the Hens they must give up their precious...
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...glory. Even so, the various classes perceived this momentous change for the peasants differently. The peasants thought the recent changes were not enough, and wanted more, while the upper class believed that the reforms were doing more damage than assistance, and each side proposed solutions that tried to compromise each opinion. 1st Paragraph: The peasants believed that the recent reforms in their favor were not enough, and wanted more. * Document 1 * Data shows how activities in Russia affected rebellions * During and after 1861 (when Alex II freed the serfs), the rebellions decrease * From 1891 (start of famines) to 1907 (which contained Russo-Japanese war and Bloody Sunday), rebellion drastically increases * Although serfs were emancipated and human bondage was abolished, the peasants wanted more and weren’t afraid to take action during hard times for Russia * Document 2 * Peasants communicating to Tsar Alex II * Blaming land owners for giving peasants the worst land, and standing by as the peasants starve * Beg the upper class to help, and they are fully capable to help (but are reluctant) * Desired change, stated what they needed (land from aristocracy, to help peasants from starvation) * Document 6 * Educated Socialist woman, Breshkovskaia, observes what peasants really want * Upper classes assumed that peasants would be content with land, food, and jobs but...
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...UG:2 ; 4th Semester; ROLL NO. : 107 PAPER :Major 5----- INDIAN POLITICS SINCE INDEPENDENCE. THE CHANGING DYNAMICS OF PEASANT MOVEMENT IN INDIA The agrarian structure and land reforms in india have undergone a significant change since Independence both as a result of land reforms during the mid-fifties and more so as a consequence of rapid-technological changes, especially since the mid-sixties. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, increase inproduction of commercial crops and introduction of canal irrigation in some parts of india acted as a catalyst in enhancing agrarian development. However, irrigation investment was confined to only limited areas and also the archaic land relations provided a strong barrier to the full exploitation of the benefits of new technology. The land relations were more or less semi-feudal in the Permanently settled ares.Even in the Mahalwari and Ryotwariares, where land transfers had been legalized,large tracts of land had passed to absentee money-lenders and sahukars, due to large-scale peasants’ indebtedness. This resulted in peasant uprising in various parts of India. Moreover because of the non-differentiation in the peasantry and the all-embracing nature of the anti-imperialist struggle, the peasant movement was able to unite all section of the peasantry. The nature of the peasant movement in the colonial period can only be understood in the context of the then existing mode and relations of production and...
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...The Peasants’ revolt of 1381 was an attempt to break away from a futile system of government and, a fight to stop the never ending injustice and oppression faced by the lower class on a daily basis. During their age of oppression the peasants faced ridiculous taxes and fees which made living more than unbearable , the lack of reforms promised by the king , and the use of god and religion to justify the choices of the church and government. This display of injustice ignited a flame in the hearts of lower class citizens for centuries to come and it would not go unnoticed as both time and people progressed. During the period of time in which the peasants’ revolt of 1381 occurred the Parliament of England levied high and ridiculous taxes on the middle and lower classes of the social pyramid. On top of that pyramid stood the “warrior” class which included royalty, nobles, and knights. These wealthy nobles were unaffected by the taxes hurting the less fortunate citizens because they were the ones establishing the taxes in the first place. A peasant farmer or “villein” was entirely subject to unfair dues which he had to pay to their lord or noble in exchange for a small piece of land. Most of the peasant’s crops were taken, they made no money, and they lived off of the miniscule amount of food left to them by their lord. Since the water at the time was unfit for drinking because of its unsanitary state, ale was the main drink available to the lower and middle classes. There was a tax...
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...What were the most important causes and most important consequences of the emancipation of the Serfs? Serfdom, a system of virtual slavery tying the Russian peasants to their landlords, was abolished in 1861 under the imperial demand of Tsar Nicholas II. This change was put in place for many reasons, including military defeat in Crimea, the economy and political system, which all contributed to the backwardness of Russia as a nation, as they prohibited the introduction of other major reforms. In my view, the most important cause of emancipation was the state of the economy, because the nature of serfdom prevented the country from catching up with the west, and the most important consequence was that the military was able to dramatically improve. One major reason that serfdom was abolished was because of the poor economic situation and general backwardness of the nation. Due to the nature of serfdom the economy was prevented from evolving; the serfs weren’t paid, so there could be no market, there could be no interest, and enterprise was prevented. This left Russia far behind the west, and with a struggling and starving workforce; they starved since the increasing famines and noble taxations left them with no food reserves. To combat this, they wanted to modernise agriculture, industry and railways to increase Russia’s economic strength. However, with serfdom in place, this was impossible to implement because serfs didn’t have money to invest in increasing agricultural efficiency...
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...My observations of the Girl in The Blue Dress The “Little Town” video in the 1991 Disney classic “Beauty and The Beast” animated movie happens to be one of my favorite scenes, in this, my favorite movie. There are many things about this scene that have stood out to me. One thing, however, hit me unexpectedly even though I am familiar with the scenery, the songs, the storyline, etc. I was singing along with the heroine, Belle as I have always done in the past and the words “little town full of little people…” hit me in the face. Those words are so beyond the pale and I missed the meaning for over twenty years. Belle, the pretty girl with the sweet voice and seemingly absent of avarice is an elitist snob and rude to boot. To her everyone in this town is dull and she barely acknowledges them. She complains about the little village from the moment she steps outside her door. The birds are chirping and everything looks alright with the world, and yet all she can do is find fault with the village that she is walking toward. Why didn’t she stay at home if the people and the town bore her so much? The color and style of her dress is no accident. The shade of blue is soothing and gives the appearance of innocence. The style says ‘poor but not trashy’. Everything about this character is carefully crafted to get the audience to relate to her in some way. We are constantly reminded in song that this girl is pretty. She is pretty, but the three blondes are prettier, in...
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