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ZARA能在成衣市場揚眉吐氣,掌握快速、少量、多款的優勢,其垂直整合製造能力功不可沒。
時裝業者普遍將製造外包給第三世界的工廠,雖有成本低的優點,也有速度慢的缺點。ZARA為了快速汰換商品,打造出迅速應變的供應鏈,80%的生產在歐洲進行,將近50%的生產由自有工廠或控股工廠包辦,這些工廠都鄰近ZARA西班牙總部。在設計款式通過後,一發出生產指令,工廠便能立刻裁剪布料。
為了節省生產時間,ZARA使用高度自動化的剪裁設備,裁剪好的布料被運送到鄰近的小工廠進行縫製,這些合作工廠幾乎都位在ZARA總部所在的加利西亞省或葡萄牙北部,約有350家供應商分別執行不同但簡單的生產指令,使成衣能快速地縫製完成,並且快速地運送到ZARA的成衣和包裝部門。
與顧客同步 領先時尚潮流
對於其他公司而言,需要數個月的工作流程,ZARA在一周內便能完成,此種垂直整合模式,讓ZARA能夠快速且少量進行生產。
通常ZARA需15至30天就能讓新品上架,因此能夠以全價或較少折扣賣出更多的衣服,保留利潤空間。傳統模式運作的服裝零售商,從製造到上架的周期,長達四到12個月,因此大多數零售商只能預測未來的流行趨勢及銷售量,ZARA卻能與顧客同步,快速抓住當下時尚潮流。
ZARA強調多樣性款式,每年生產的服裝款式超過1.2萬種,傳統的服裝零售商由於生產周期長而無法根據季節變化更改設計或增加新款式,ZARA卻能在流行時裝上提供更多選擇,深深擄獲那些對時尚相當敏感的顧客,也一舉提高了顧客對ZARA的偏好和忠誠。ZARA顧客每年平均光顧17次,是一般服飾零售店的五倍。
快速與彈性 最高指導原則

每款服裝供貨量較少的另一個好處是,如果銷量不佳,庫存也不至於過多,無須做大量折扣促銷的活動,不至於壓縮產品利潤。ZARA的折扣商品數約占產品總數量的18%,只有競爭對手的一半。
ZARA的經營哲學是一切強調快速和彈性,在香港和巴塞隆納設置布料採購中心,就近從西班牙、遠東、印度和摩洛哥收購原坯布,以便在銷售季節根據即時的需求進行染色,就是一個例子。
物流中心也是快速和彈性經營哲學的體現。這棟四層樓高、500萬平方呎的大建築物(相當於90個足球場),天花板上是條條相連的通道,連接ZARA的14座工廠,長達20公里的地下傳送帶將商品從工廠運到物流中心。為確保每筆訂單能準時到達目的地,ZARA使用光學讀取工具分撿衣物,這種工具每小時能挑撿超過6萬件的衣服。
成品經過分類、挑選後,便運往輸送中心內個別門市專屬的商品存放區,一接獲訂單,就直接運往月台出貨,因此多數商品停留在倉庫內的時間只有幾個小時,物流中心實際上只是服裝的週轉地,而不是倉庫。
針對ZARA的經營成功,標竿其營運模式,或仿效其部分最佳實務,相信對企業都有所助益。
【打造競爭力】搶鮮戰術奏效 成衣業抓住流行

全球成衣產業是典型的買方驅動商品鏈(Buyer-Driven Global Chain),主要由負責下訂單的領導買方,如名牌商、零售業者等,透過組織的海外生產網絡供應鏈進行生產,不同於一般較為熟悉的由製造商生產商品,經由中間商、零售商最後到達消費者的生產者驅動商品鏈。
成衣產業的特色為:
1.生產破碎且勞力密集,生產者從部分包工低階生產廠商,到完全代工生產OEM廠商,大部分生產者集中於亞洲與發展中國家。
2.屬民生基本工業,發展深受經濟景氣、國民所得、人口成長及消費能力等經濟因素影響。
3.各地市場差異極大,不同市場的消費者屬性和偏好有極大的差異。例如,法國消費者注重多樣性和品質、德國對價格比較敏感;義大利則注重時尚的設計感。而且消費者不只對服飾的偏好有所差異,連購買的頻率也有相當大的差異。
蕃茄理論 掌握快速流行

近年來全球成衣界出現一匹引人注目的黑馬——ZARA,被稱為時裝行業中的戴爾電腦;哈佛商學院認為,ZARA是歐洲最具研究價值的品牌;華頓、西班牙IESE等全球知名的商學院,也都把ZARA視為研究未來製造業的標竿。
既是服裝品牌,亦是專營該品牌的服裝連鎖店,ZARA的企業版圖遍布全球64國,共有3,000多家店,每天以1.5家的展店速度,持續在世界各地擴展。ZARA的魅力何在?什麼是它的成功因素?ZARA獨特的經營模式,有人稱之為蕃茄理論, 即掌握「快速流行」的原則,從設計、生產、物流到銷售回報在在都搶「鮮」。
對多數服裝零售業者來說,在很短的時間內完成多樣少量生產,並非易事,ZARA卻做到了。
時裝業致勝的關鍵在於貼近時尚和流行,依據時尚流行趨勢與顧客需求進行設計。ZARA設計師定期參與巴黎、紐約、米蘭的時裝秀和服裝展,以擷取最新流行趨勢。在滿足顧客需求方面,店面銷售人員和店經理會將他們的觀察所得,包括顧客對剪裁、布料、新款式的想法等,甚至是顧客身上穿著的服裝,是否有ZARA可以模仿的地方等資訊,隨時隨地透過PDA和網路傳送至總部。這些資訊讓設計師和銷售員所組成的團隊,得以掌握消費者需求。
不打廣告 也具有吸引力
接著,設計團隊共同探討服裝款式、使用布料、預定成本及售價等問題,快速形成共識。之後,由設計師依據共識快速繪出服裝樣式,提供詳細尺寸和技術規格。由於布料和服裝飾品都是倉庫中的現成品,可以有效縮短樣品製成時間,加上整個團隊都在同一個地方辦公,能加速討論、審核、批准的決策流程。
此外,ZARA的店面多設立於都會購物區,櫥窗展示由總公司統一設計,並且經常更新,對ZARA而言這就是最佳的廣告。被櫥窗展示吸引的顧客,一轉身就可以走進店裡消費,店內商品展示和櫥窗設計也都十分講究。優越的地理位置、時尚流行的櫥窗設計和獨具風格的店內展示,使得ZARA不用打廣告也相當具有吸引力。
高效率的設計開發團隊,縮短產品開發與上市流程,加上永遠保持新鮮感和時尚感的銷售策略,正是ZARA的致勝關鍵。

强大的协同供应链运作体系以及背后支撑的“大集中”系统,是Zara这家来自西班牙的服装零售商快速成功的关键。

Zara是谁?它既是一个服装品牌,也是专营Zara品牌服装的零售连锁店。作为西班牙排名第一、全球排名第三的服装零售商,Inditex旗下拥有八个服装品牌,而创立于1975年的Zara,则以只占集团三分之一数量的专卖店,贡献了70%的销售额。

因此,当Zara今年甫一进入中国市场,立刻便引起了人们对其成功原因一探究竟的好奇。“Zara就像时尚领域的‘追风客’。它强大的供应链管理以及背后支撑的信息系统,是确保其在‘追风’中获得丰厚回报的最有力保证。”清华科技园现代企业创新管理研究中心主任研究员刘海峰表示。

“快速”供应链

“对于每个行业的标杆企业来说,其供应链管理水平一般来说都大大超出同行业其它竞争对手。供应链管理水平正是这些企业的核心竞争力。”咨询公司埃森哲在它的一份报告中这样总结道。而素以“买得起的时尚”、“快速、少量、多款”为经营宗旨的Zara,其从产品设计到市场营销的全部环节都印证了埃森哲的结论。

Zara的供应链突出了一个“快”字。首先在产品设计方面,Zara很少完全依靠自己设计和研发,更多是从其它时装品牌的发布会上寻找灵感。根据服装行业的传统,高档品牌时装每年都会在销售季节提前六个月左右发布时装信息,一般是3月发布秋冬季时装,9月份发布春夏季时装。这些时装公司会在巴黎、米兰、佛罗伦萨、纽约等世界时尚中心来发布其新款服装,而Zara的设计师们则是最积极的“观众”。

这些信息被迅速反馈回总部后,马上会有专业的时装设计师团队分类别、款式及风格进行改版设计,重新组合成Zara自己全新的产品主题系列。Zara总部有一个260人的专业团队,由设计专家、市场专家和采购专家(负责采购样品、面料和生产计划等)组成,共同探讨将来可能流行的服装款式、花色、面料等,并讨论大致的成本和零售价格等问题,形成初步的一致意见。

在设计师绘出服装草样并完善后,这个团队还会根据草样进一步讨论确定批量、价格等问题,决定是否投产。开放的团队、频繁的沟通、保证马上付诸实施,这使得Zara的设计除了拥有低成本和流行元素外,更具备了六个月的时尚信息“提前量”。

Zara的采购环节也非常有特色。在布匹采购方面,Zara主要购买原坯布(一种未染色的织布),根据需要进行染色后再生产。这样不仅可以迅速应对市场上花色变换的潮流,还可以有效降低原材料库存成本并防止缺货的风险。为防止对某家供应商的依赖,同时也鼓励供应商更快的反应速度,Zara剩余的原材料供应来自于其公司附近的260家供应商,每家供应商的份额最多不超过4%。

当服装进入生产阶段,Zara的做法则和当今世界上流行的外包模式大相径庭,它不仅拥有自己的纺织厂及服装加工厂,并在欧洲一些主要地区建立了独立的物流运输企业。由Zara投资控股的14家工厂连结成一个超大型的自动化配销仓库,完全自制自销,虽然生产成本比外包生产提高了15%至20%,但高效率的作业管理使得生产速度得到提升,并减少了存货带来的滞压成本,因此除了有效消除掉这部分可见的成本外,生产企业基本还可以维持10%的稳定利润。

接下来,配送环节至关重要。为加快物流速度,Zara总部设有双车道高速公路直通各配送中心。通常订单收到后八个小时内货物就可以被运走,每周给各专卖店配货两次。服装被从物流中心用卡车直接运送到欧洲的各个专卖店,并利用附近的两个空运基地运送到美国和亚洲,再利用第三方物流的卡车送往各专买店。

最后是营销管理。Zara要求各专卖店每天必须定时把销售情况发回总部,并且每周要根据当前库存和近两周内的销售预期向总部发两次补货申请。这些信息的准确性是对专卖店管理人员的重点考核内容。另外,为了保证订单能够集中批量生产,减少生产转换时间和降低成本,各个专卖店必须在规定时间前下达订单,如果错过了则只有等到下一次申请。

总部拿到各专卖店的销售、库存和订单等消息后,综合分析各种产品是畅销还是滞销,如果滞销则取消原定生产计划。由于在当季销售前Zara只生产下个季度出货量的15%左右,这样Zara在一个销售季节结束后最多只有不超过18%的服装不太符合消费者口味,而行业平均水平约为35%。可以说,Zara成功最根本的原因在于其高效的协同供应链运作体系。

“大集中”系统

如此快速的供应链,得益于Zara在信息共享和利用方面的卓越表现,而这又取决于其信息化建设的多年积累。Zara总部的大部分信息系统都是由Zara的IT部门自主开发完成。Zara的信息化可以简单总结为“大集中”式系统。所谓“大集中”是指在西班牙总部,Zara拥有一套完整的计划、采购、库存、生产、配送、营销和客户关系管理的平台,以及在这个平台基础上的供应链协同系统。而其它遍步全球的营销网络则通过它们的终端系统与总部保持紧密连接,力求在最短的时间内将信息传回总部,并完成信息流、资金流以及物流的流转。

另一个“大集中”的体现是Zara全球各专卖店都通过信息系统返回销售和库存信息给总部进行计划分析。总部系统可以统一分析畅销或滞销产品的特征,供完善或设计新款服装时参考。另外,各门店还实时把销售过程中顾客的反馈意见,或者自己对款式、面料及花色的一些想法和建议,甚至是来自光顾Zara商店的顾客身上穿的可模仿元素等各种信息都反馈给Zara总部。因此该计划模块的信息集中度、共享度、及时度都非常高。

如果说总部是“大集中”信息的“海洋”,那作为“支流”的各地区分公司端,信息化架构则会根据当地特点有一些细小的不同。例如在中国市场,据Zara本地的独家零售系统开发伙伴捷玛公司一位人士介绍,中国的信息系统在设计之初便采用了“H”型架构,即每个门店的信息系统相对来说都是平行和独立的,直接和西班牙连接,因此Zara在中国的门店每天晚上都可以将各种销售数据和报表直接传给西班牙总部。同时,Zara位于上海的总部也会通过系统得到每个门店的信息。

这些海量数据详细包含了每款商品销售的尺码、颜色、数量、卖出时间、折扣信息等,由于每个国家的门店每天都会向西班牙总部传送这些数据,因此又反衬出Zara总部信息化平台的强大。“它使得整个供应链能够以一个既快速又可以预测的节奏运行。”《哈佛商业评论》如此评价道。

这种“大集中”机制以及对单个门店在信息传送方面严格的时间要求的意义在于,它能随时让遥远的Zara总部准确地知道中国市场上所发生的故事。有消息称,仅Zara上海南京西路门店的软硬件投资就超过了100万元,这在零售连锁业的单店信息化投入上堪称昂贵。对此,很多专家认为,这恰恰是Zara 的过人之处。“信息系统所做的一切,都是为了保证Zara对市场的快速反应。”刘海峰强调。而Inditex的首席执行官Castellano心中仿佛早有定论:“在时装界,库存就像食品,很快会变质。而我们所做的一切,便是要减少反应的时间!”

西班牙知名服装品牌ZARA以快速反应著称于流行服饰业界,其成功与创新的模式成为业界的标杆。ZARA每年提供12,000种不同的产品项目供顾客选择,从设计理念到成品上架仅需十几天,其致胜秘诀何在?本案例分析了ZARA的供应链管理模式及其背后的IT系统。 Inditex公司是西班牙排名第一、全球排名第三的服装零售商,在全球52个国家拥有近2000多家分店,其中ZARA是Inditex公司9个品牌中最出名的旗舰品牌,堪称“时装行业中的戴尔电脑”,被认为是欧洲最具研究价值的品牌。 ZARA创始于1985年,它既是服装品牌,也是专营ZARA品牌服装的连锁店零售品牌。ZARA公司坚持自己拥有和运营几乎所有的连锁店网络的原则,同时投入大量资金建设自己的工厂和物流体系,以便于“五个手指抓住客户的需求,另外五个手指掌控生产”,快速响应市场需求,为顾客提供“买得起的快速时装”。 ZARA运作模式的成功得益于公司出色的服装行业的全程供应链管理,以及支撑供应链快速反应的IT系统应用。ZARA公司采取“快速、少量、多款”的品牌管理模式,在保持与时尚同步的同时,通过组合开发新款式,快速的推出新产品,而且人为的造成“缺货”,以实现快速设计、快速生产、快速出售、快速更新,专卖店商品每周更新两次的目标。 “三位一体”的设计与订单管理 ZARA自己设计所有的产品,在其公司总部有一个由设计专家、市场分析专家和采购人员组成“三位一体”的商业团队,每年设计的新产品将近40000款,公司从中选择12000多款投放市场。与竞争对手不同,该团队不仅设计下个季度的新产品样式,同时还不断地更新当前季度的产品。女装、男装和童装的设计师们集中在总部一座现代化的建筑里,分布于各个大厅里,设计师们通常坐在大厅的一边,市场专家坐在大厅的中间,另一边是采购和生产计划人员。整个设计过程都是非正式的、开放的。 设计师画出设计草图,与市场专家、生产计划和采购人员进行充分的交流。讨论之后,进行进一步的修改工作,保证款式、材料、颜色等等搭配得更好。公司通过这个过程保持自己一贯的“ZARA 风格”,避免设计师的个人特点破坏了公司的整体风格。然后估计该设计的生产成本与销售价格,在设计阶段就要避免可能的亏损。接下来试制小型的样品,放在每个大厅进行现场展示。在这个过程中,任何人如果有建议和疑问都可以在现场解决问题。 ZARA的每一个市场专家都要负责管理一些连锁店。作为经验丰富的员工,他们本身通常都是一些连锁店的经理,实践让他们认识到保持与一线连锁店的经理们联系是非常重要的,市场专家都与连锁店的经理建立起了非常好的个人关系,经常一起讨论销售、订单,新的款式等等。同样,各地的连锁店也是依据与市场专家的交流获得的信息来确定最终的订单。为了更好的促进这种交流、沟通,公司还特意为每位连锁店的经理配备了专门设计的手提数字设备,保证他们能够迅速的传递市场最新动态的数据。 设计的最后决定,包括生产设计的选择、何时生产以及产量,都是由相关的设计团队来决定的,不仅设计师要参与,市场专家、生产计划和采购人员都要参与到其中来。设计最终定下来之后,生产计划和采购人员开始订单履行流程的管理:制定原材料采购计划和生产计划,监视库存的变化,分配生产任务和外包生产,跟踪货源的变化情况,要防止生产不足和生产过剩。 在新产品设计过程中,密切关注潮流和消费者的购买行为,收集顾客需求的信息并汇总到西班牙总部的信息库中,为设计师设计新款式提供依据,以快速响应市场需求。在与生产、运营团队一起决定一个具体的款式用什么布料、如何剪裁以及如何定价时,设计师必须首先访问数据库中的实时信息。ZARA借助自主开发的信息系统对产品信息和库存信息进行管理,控制原材料的库存,并为产品设计提供决策信息。卓越的产品信息和库存管理系统,使得ZARA的团队能够管理数以千计的布料,各种规格的装饰品,设计清单和库存商品。但是在ZARA的仓库中,产品信息都是通用的、标准化的,这使得ZARA能快速、准确地准备设计,对裁剪给出清晰生产指令。ZARA的团队也能通过这个系统提供的信息,以现存的库存来设计一款服装,而不必去订购原料再等待它的到来。 “垂直整合”式的生产管理 设计方案确定后,生产计划和采购人员开始订单履行流程的管理:制定原材料采购计划和生产计划,监视库存的变化,分配生产任务和外包生产,跟踪货源的变化情况,要防止生产不足和生产过剩。 ZARA公司自己在西班牙拥有22家工厂,其所有产品的50%是通过它自己的工厂来完成的,但是所有的缝制工作都是转包商完成的。这些工厂都有自己的利润中心,进行独立管理。其它50%的产品是由400余家外部供应商来完成的,这些供应商有70%位于欧洲,其它的则主要分布在亚洲。欧洲的供应商主要分布在西班牙和葡萄牙,ZARA公司希望这样能够进行有效的管理,保证供应商能对其订单的变化做出迅速的反应,这也是时装能否取得成功的一个关键之处。在亚洲,该公司主要生产一些中端的产品,销往对价格、质量敏感的地区。由于ZARA公司规模庞大,订单不仅数量大而且很稳定,因此与其合作的供应商都把它作为自己的第一选择,ZARA公司的话语权也就不言而喻了。 产品究竟由自己生产还是外包出去,这个决定也是由生产计划和采购人员做出的。选择的标准有:产品需求的速度和市场专家的意见,成本效益原则,工厂的生产能力。如果采购员不能从公司内部的工厂获得满意的价格、有效的运输和质量保证,他就可以自由的选择外包商。ZARA公司自己的工厂生产产品时,原材料也尽量从Inditex集团内的厂家购买,其大约有40%的布料供应来自于内部。这其中又有50%的布料是未染色的,这样就可以迅速应对夏季颜色变换的潮流。为了能更快的印刷和染色,ZARA同样与集团内的其它相关公司密切合作。为了防止对某一个供应商的依赖,同时也鼓励供应商更快的做出反应,ZARA剩余的原材料供应来自于260家供应商,每家供应商的份额最多不超过4%。 ZARA自己通过CAD裁减原材料,缝制工作全部交给转包商。转包商通过与Inditex集团下属的企业合作,自己去收集、运输裁减后的布料。在拉科鲁尼亚附近,大约有500家这样的转包商,他们几乎都专为ZARA公司工作。ZARA公司也密切监督他们的工作流程以保证产品的质量,对劳动法的遵守以及其它的与生产进度表相关的事宜。 转包商把衣服缝制好之后,再送回原来裁减的工厂,在那里烫平并接受检查。产品最后用塑料袋包装好,贴上相应的标签,然后送到物流中心。在物流中心与拉科鲁尼亚的工厂间都有专门的运输铁路。外包的产品生产出来后,也是直接送到物流中心的。为进一步保证质量,ZARA公司还采用了抽样调查的方法进行检查。 “掌握最后一公里”的配送管理 所有的产品都是通过拉科鲁尼亚的物流中心发送出去的,该中心有5层楼高,建筑面积超过50000平方米 ,运用非常成熟的自动化管理软件系统:大部分是由ZARA 或者Inditex的员工开发出来的。中心的员工有1200人,每周通常运作4天,运送的货物的数量依需求而定。通常在订单收到后,8个小时以内就可以装船运走,每个连锁店的订单都会独立的装在各自的箱子里。除了在西班牙的总部物流中心,ZARA公司还在巴西、阿根廷和墨西哥建有三个小型的仓储中心,用来应对南半球在不同的季节的需求。 在2001年的时候,物流中心全年发送了13亿件产品,平均每天为40万件,其中的75%都是发往欧洲的。每年大约有30万种新品推向市场。时装销量占据了ZARA公司产品总量的80%,剩余的为一般的服装。在欧洲,分销商通过卡车把货物从拉科鲁尼亚的物流中心直接运送到ZARA在欧洲的各个连锁店。 物流中心的运输卡车的依据固定的发车时刻表,不断开往各地。例如,在荷兰的连锁店可以知道发货的卡车是在周四的上午6:00离开拉科鲁尼亚的物流中心的,同样总部也很容易计算出货轮从中国返回到鹿特丹港口的具体时间。该公司还有两个空运基地,一个在拉科鲁尼亚,另一个大一点的在智利的圣地亚哥。通常,欧洲的连锁店可以在24小时以内收到货物,美国的连锁店需要48小时,日本的在48小时~72小时之间。 ZARA特别强调速度的重要性,正如该公司的一位高级经理说的那样:“对于我们来说,距离不是用千米来衡量的,而是用时间来衡量的”。相对于行业中的小企业来说,ZARA公司是不可思议的:出货正确率达到了98.9%,而出错率不足0.5%。 值得一提的是,ZARA信息系统对分销过程中的物流配送进行跟踪管理。ZARA的分销设施非常先进,运行时需要的人数非常少。大约20公里的地下传送带将商品从ZARA的工厂运到位于西班牙ZARA总部的货物配送中心。为了确保每一笔订单准时到达它的目的地,ZARA没有采取浪费时间的人工分检方法而是借用了光学读取工具,这种工具每小时能挑选并分捡超过60000件的衣服。在ZARA总部还设有双车道的高速公路直通配送中心。由于其快速、高效的运作,这个货物配送中心实际上只是一个服装的周转地,而不是仓库。 “一站式购物”的销售管理 连锁店通常每周向总部发两次订单,产品也每周更新两次。订单必须在规定的时间之前下达:西班牙和南部欧洲的连锁店通常是每周三下午的3:00之前,每周六的下午6:00之前,其它地区是每周二的下午3:00之前和周五的下午6:00之前。如果连锁店错过了最晚的时间,那么只有等到下一次了,公司对这个时间限制的管理非常严格,订单必须准时。所有的产品在连锁店里的时间不会超过2个星期,公司在每个季节开始的时候只会生产最低数量的产品,这样可以把过度供给的风险控制在最低的水平,一旦出现新的需求,ZARA可以通过其有效的供应链管理迅速组织生产。 在存货方面,行业的通常做法是,季度末的时候一般会储存下个季度出货量的45%~60%,而ZARA公司的该项指标最大不会超过20%,它的供应链依靠更加精确的预测和更多更及时的市场信息,反应速度比一般的公司要快得多。 在ZARA的连锁店里如果有产品超过2~3周的时间还没销售出去的话,就会被送到所在国的其它的连锁店里,或者送回西班牙。通常,这样的产品数目被控制在总数的10%以下。在实际运作当中,通常只有不合常规的比例数的产品会被送回到西班牙。这样一来,连锁店的产品更新速度相当快,而且有些款式的衣服是不会有第二次进货的,顾客也就会受到刺激从而在现场就做出购买的决定,因为他们知道一旦错过之后就有可能再也买不到了。 总的来说,ZARA模式的成功得益于公司出色的全程供应链管理,以及支撑供应链快速反应的IT系统应用。ZARA创始之初至今十几年的发展过程中,贯彻包括品牌、运营模式、制造以及物流体系的战略安排,形成以快速供应链为基础能力,以便于快速响应市场需求,为顾客提供“买得起的流行时装”。 (葛 星)

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