Harvard Referencing Style
BOOKS IN-TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE NOTES

Single author whose name occurs naturally in the sentence

In a popular study, Kadolph (2007) explained how different fibres react when approaching a flame.
OR

Kadolph, S.J. (2007) Textiles, 10th edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Two books by the same author in the same year 2 authors

As Kadolph (2007: 34) states, ‘During a burn test, cotton does not fuse or shrink from the flame’. According to Napier (1993b), a surprising number of sailors are unable to swim. Swales and Feak (2004) explore the types of essay organisation and characteristic functions.

Napier, A. (1993a) Fatal storm, Sydney: Allen and Unwin. Napier, A. (1993b) Survival at sea, Sydney: Allen and Unwin. Swales, J. and Feak, C. (2004) Academic Writing for Graduate Students. 2nd edition, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press Fisher, R., Ury, W. and Patton, B. (1991) Getting to yes: Negotiating an agreement without giving in, 2nd edition, London: Century Business.

3 authors

Fisher, Ury and Patton (1994: 36) suggest that when emotional issues cloud negotiation, ‘some thoughts are best left unsaid.’
OR

‘When anger and misperception are high, some thoughts are best left said.’ (Fisher, Ury and Patton, 1991: 36).

Reference list: state the edition if not the first. In-text: put the page number for a direct quotation. Single inverted commas ‘’ are now preferred. Note the letters a and b to differentiate in-text between books published in the same year. Harvard prefers “and” to “&” between names. Reference list: state the edition of not the first. Note: Harvard uses this form for up to 3 authors, APA for up to 6 authors. Harvard prefers “and” to “&” between names. After a direct in-text quotation, put the page number and use ‘.

53

Multiple authors Morris et al. (2000: 47) state that ‘the (In Harvard style, debate of these particular issues should be left to representative committees’ this is more than 3 authors)

Morris, B. et al. (2000) Power and Influence in Policymaking, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Citing a work described in another work (This is only to be used if you are unable to find a copy of the original source). Citing several authors who are arguing the same viewpoint.

Eisenberg and Smith (1998), as cited by Bush (2005:56), agree that ‘it is hard to assign general meaning to any isolated nonverbal sign’ OR Eisenberg and Smith’s 1998 study (in Bush, 2005: 56) shows that general meaning is not easily assigned to any non-verbal sign occurring alone.
e.g. Alphabetical order of sources:

Bush (2005) Signs and Symbols in Communication, Glenview, Illinois: Scott Foresman.

Health informatics will radically change the National Health Service by 2010 (Brown, 2002: 3; Lee, 2006: 44; Padda, 2005: 14) OR
e.g. Chronological order of sources:

Reference each writer’s individual book or article in your list.

Health informatics will radically change the National Health Service by 2010 (Brown, 2002: 3; Padda, 2005: 14; Lee, 2006: 44) (See note).

Give the name of only the first author. Harvard uses “et al” for more than 3 authors, APA for more than 6. The term “et al.” abbreviates the Latin “et alii” (masc. pl.) or “et aliae” (fem. pl.) or “et alia” (neuter pl.) The abbreviation saves argument over political correctness. If you refer to a source directly quoted in another source you cite both in the text. In your reference list, put only the work you have read, i.e. Bush. N.B. Where possible, try to trace the original source. If several writers are arguing the same thing, put the sources in order, separating each with a semicolon. The sequence of citations may be (a) alphabetical (b) chronological or (c) in order of academic relevance.

54

CHAPTERS & ARTICLES A chapter by an author in an edited book

IN-TEXT EXAMPLE Byrne (1995) claims that a large number of students in tertiary education try to disguise their dyslexia for fear of discrimination. In fact, the reverse is true. Rowe (1994) comments on the symbolic significance of dismembered hands in Titus Andronicus as images of "lost agency" and failed political action.

REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE Byrne, J. (1995) ‘Disabilities in tertiary education’, in Rowan, L. (ed.) Voices of a Margin, Rockhampton: CQU Press, 302 – 310.

NOTES
Here, Rowan is the editor of a book with chapters by several different authors. The author cited is Byrne. Put chapter in single inverted commas and book title in italics. Title of article in single inverted commas ‘. Italics for name of Shakespeare play that article is about. Journal title is also in italics. 45 is the volume number and (3) is the issue; here 3 is the autumn issue, as the journal is every quarter. 147-168 are the page nos., written without the letter p. Name of journalist, if known, + year. Single inverted commas ‘ for article title + name of newspaper in italics. Then day 4th + month April + page (28) (without letter p.) + column number (a).

An article in a print journal

Rowe, K.A. (1994) ‘Dismembering and Forgetting in Titus Andronicus’. Shakespeare Quarterly, 45 (3), 147168.

Newspaper articles

According to Cumming (2009), the tax-free advantages on ISAs would be at their highest before the 2009 budget.
OR – if you do not know the name of the journalist:

Cumming, F. (2009) ‘Tax-free savings push’, Sunday Mail, 4th April, 28a.
OR – if you do not know the name of the journalist:

The Sunday Mail reported that tax-free savings on ISAs would be at their highest before the 2009 budget (‘Taxfree savings push’, 2009: 28a).

‘Tax-free savings push’, Sunday Mail, 4th April 2009, 28a.

55

AGENCY, GOVERNMENT, & CORPORATE REPORTS, CONFERENCE PAPERS, THESES Publications from a corporate body (i.e. corporate reports and publications by the Government and by independent Agencies

IN-TEXT EXAMPLE

REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE

NOTES

According to the estimates of the World Health Organisation (2009), at least 1.5 million deaths are attributable to malaria each year, two-thirds of which occur among children under the age of 5 years living in sub-Saharan Africa.

UNESCO (2003) UNISIST model of information dissemination, 2nd Report, Paris: Unesco, PGI-93/WS/22 or WHO (2009) World Health Statistics 2009, Geneva: WHO Press.

A conference paper within conference proceedings

Hart and Albrecht (2008) have clearly demonstrated that investment in the latest technology for the purposes of video-linked peer consultation have facilitated professional development for nurses in rural settings to such a great extent that the set-up costs have been truly justified.

Hart, G. and Albrecht, M. (2008) ‘Peer consultation: Professional development for nurses employed in rural settings’. In Wood. P. (ed.) Proceedings of Toowoomba Conference on Australian Rural Health, held 8th – 9th May 2008 at University of S. Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD: Toowoomba Press, 43 – 55.

Government, Agency & Corporate Reports are a rich field of statistical information. Note: the Issuing Body, e.g. UNESCO, is sometimes the same as the publisher. Pute report number (where possible) at the end. Give the name of the agency in full the first time you use it (e.g. World Health Organisation) and thereafter use acronym (WHO). After title of the paper put In + surname and initials of editor of Proceedings + (ed.). Put held + full date + at + place. Then give place of publication with : and then the publisher and page numbers of the paper.

56

A thesis or dissertation

According to Wallis (1996), one feature of schizophrenic language is a rich use of metaphor, which may sound like nonsense to the hearer, who is often not given clues by the speaker to interpret the context.

Wallis, J. (1996) The Linguistic Features of Schizophrenia. Unpublished Ph.D thesis. Durham: University of Durham.

Surname + initial(s) + date in brackets; then in italics title of research followed by fullstop; then Unpublished Ph.D. thesis (or Unpublished dissertation, as appropriate) + fullstop; then place + : full colon; then name of University.

ELECTRONIC WRITTEN SOURCES An electronic journal article that is ONLY available electronically as part of a website or a database.

IN-TEXT EXAMPLE

REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE

NOTES

Dhillion (2004) in an extensive study found that the majority of patients, irrespective of age, gender or social class, show more confidence in their doctors if they are smartly dressed.

Dhillion, B. (2004) ‘Should Doctors Wear Ties?’ Medical Monthly [online] 3 (1), 55 – 88. available from [20 April 2006]

A journal article accessed online should be referenced as a print journal UNLESS it is only available online as an e-journal. For ejournals, put the word [online] in square brackets after the journal title. Put the words available from + the full url address, starting with < and ending with >. Finally, use square brackets to indicate the date of access; “accessed” or “retrieved” may be used.

57

A web site

‘The word “plagiarism’” comes from the Greek work ‘plagion’ which means to kidnap.’ (Nottingham University Centre for Academic Integrity, 2006:3)

Centre for Academic Integrity of Nottingham University (2006) Academic Integrity – Plagiarism and How to Avoid it [online] available from [Accessed 20 November 2006] The Marlowe Society (n.d.) The Muses’ Darling [online] available from < http://www.marlowe-society.org/ marlowe/view/encomium.html> [4 June, 2010].

The Marlowe Society (n.d.) states that Thomas Nashe’ appointed himself as co-author of Marlowe’s play, Dido, Queen of Carthage.

A blog

Father Martin Smith* (2006) tells us that another classification of baptism is ‘baptism of desire’.
*(Name is given in full in-text when citing a blog).

Smith, M. (2006) Catholic Discussion Forum (16th May, 2006) available from [4th October, 2006].

Give the author’s surname and initials or the name of the organisation that produced the web site as a corporate author. Give the year it was created or last updated in brackets. Give the title in italics, then write ‘online’ in square brackets. Put the words available from + the full url address, starting with < and ending with >. Finally, use square brackets to indicate the date of access, though sometimes either the word “accessed” or “retrieved” is used. Note: If the web site has no date, write n.d. Author’s surname and initials, year in brackets, title in italics + fullstop. Put exact date the blog was written + ‘available from’ and the web site between < and >. Give date of access in square brackets. Intext, put name in full.

58

VISUAL SOURCES An image or work of art

IN-TEXT EXAMPLE

REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE Masolino, T. (1427) The Temptation of Adam and Eve [Fresco]. In: BruceMitford, R.L.S. (1996). The Illustrated Book of Signs and Symbols. London: Dorling Kindersley.

NOTES
Put the artist, year, title of work in italics and material type, followed by a fullstop. Then put At or In followed by where you found the work, i.e. a book or museum). If a book, put the usual publishing details.

Masolino, (1424-25) The Temptation of Adam and Eve. Fresco. Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, Italy. OR Masolino, (1424-25) The Temptation of Adam. Fresco. In Bruce-Mitford, 1996: 87.

Numerical data

Web Site Traffic Spy (2010) Estimated Google usage peaked in late 2007 and has fluctuated ever since, as is apparent Traffic Data [online] available from [Accessed10 June, 2010].

Figure 3: Google trends (Website Traffic Spy, 2010)

When presenting numerical data visually, label it as a figure or table. Put a List of Figures or Tables after your Contents page. If from a paginated source, give the page number. In your own writing, explain who compiled the data as the in-text citation only tells readers your source. Give the figure a title. Put author and date of source in brackets.

59