...Hate speech is nothing new to American universities. It is defined as language that slanders a particular group based on race, color, gender, nationality, as well as other characteristics. Though colleges try to combat hate speech with speech codes, these codes are never upheld in court, and as a result the victims are left to suffer. Sadly, most victims are minorities who have been historically oppressed, such as African Americans and women. In order to help the minorities targeted by hate speech on college campuses, the sufferers must be empowered to speak out through the creation of a national organization and eventually the Supreme Court must rule that the freedom of speech does not include hate speech. An increase of hate speech on college...
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...Term Paper on Hate Speech on College Campuses Introduction As colleges struggle to handle the various differences their students and faculty embody, the problem of “hate speech” has become a focal point of educational erudition and policy-making. In the most deliberate and alarming cases, hate speech is projected to degrade or disgrace those at whom it is directed, usually colored people, gays, lesbians, the physically or mentally challenged, and women, regardless of their sexual orientation, race, religion or ability. Less disturbing examples include insensitive or careless comments, jokes, and other expressions that are painful to those to whom they are directed, regardless of the intent of the person by whom they are spoken or written. The main focus of this essay is to discuss the current dominant structure within which the matter of hate speech is being debated. This structure draws heavily on the discussion of the Fourteenth and the First Amendments, which in my opinion are not adequate to the issue of hate speech. There is a pressing need for extra-legal standards for communicative interaction to handle this sensitive issue. Main Body In our society various laws have been invoked to regulate an increasingly extensive range of social communications. The very language with which we percept and talk about our needs, desires and disagreements is often highly legalistic (Glendon 1991). When reacting to someone else’s hurting experience, one may lament that there should...
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...Term Paper on Hate Speech on College Campuses Introduction As colleges struggle to handle the various differences their students and faculty embody, the problem of “hate speech” has become a focal point of educational erudition and policy-making. In the most deliberate and alarming cases, hate speech is projected to degrade or disgrace those at whom it is directed, usually colored people, gays, lesbians, the physically or mentally challenged, and women, regardless of their sexual orientation, race, religion or ability. Less disturbing examples include insensitive or careless comments, jokes, and other expressions that are painful to those to whom they are directed, regardless of the intent of the person by whom they are spoken or written. The main focus of this essay is to discuss the current dominant structure within which the matter of hate speech is being debated. This structure draws heavily on the discussion of the Fourteenth and the First Amendments, which in my opinion are not adequate to the issue of hate speech. There is a pressing need for extra-legal standards for communicative interaction to handle this sensitive issue. Main Body In our society various laws have been invoked to regulate an increasingly extensive range of social communications. The very language with which we talk about our needs, desires and disagreements is often highly legalistic (Glendon 1991). When reacting to someone else’s hurting experience, one may lament that there should be a law against...
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...With unreliable views and values, our culture needs to have unrestricted freedom to speak in relation to whichever and all that alarms us in array to constantly develop our culture. Individual free speech inconsistency would be words that create a constructive, and not pessimistic, picture in mutually long-terms and short-terms. Dictionary.com classifies Freedom of Speech as, “the right of people to express their opinions publicly without governmental interference, subject to the laws against libel, incitement to violence or rebellion, etc.” Freedom of speech is also known as free speech or freedom of expression. Freedom of speech is also known as freedom of expression because a person’s beliefs and thoughts can also be expressed in other ways other than speech. These ways could be art, writings, songs, and other forms of expression. If speaking freely and expressing ourselves freely is supposed to be without any consequence, then why are there constant law suits and consequences for people who do. Freedom of speech and freedom of expression should be exactly what they mean. Although most people believe that they can speak about anything without there being consequences, this is very untrue. One of those spoken things that have consequences is speaking about the president in such a negative way that it sends red flags about your intentions. Because of the high terrorist alerts, people have to limit what they say about bombs, 9/11, and anything they may say out of anger about...
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...Freedom of Speech Student Name HUM/176 September 15, 2013 Instructor Name Brandon Robbins/Getty Images Vanity License Plates in Georgia • Three applications denied for vanity plates. • “4GAYLIB," "GAYPWR" and "GAYGUY.“ • Expressed sexual orientation-deemed inappropriate • Hate speech, violence, and obscenities banned • Vanity plates cost drivers 35$ a year Autoblog.com, Jonathon Ramsey Resolution to the license plate restrictions in Georgia • “Emergency rule” allowed “GAYPWR” plate • Georgia forced to restructure plate laws • 10,000 banned letter-andnumber combinations • Considering new policy on banned references • Delicate balance-free speech/naughty puns James Cyrus Gilbert Lawsuit • State Department of Revenue was sued • Violated rights of free speech • Agency settled out of court • Declared state of emergency • Agreed to review vanity plate policy Georgia is Considering a New Policy for Banned Tags • Banned subject matter includes • Sexual orientation • References to sex/sexual acts • Body parts • Drugs/alcohol /weapons My Opinion on the Outcome • Plates are Government property • Vanity plates should be regulated • Plates can be read by children • Bumper stickers, not plates • I agree with “banned list” ABC News (2013) References • • ABC News. (2013). [FOSAMA Plate] Retrieved from http://mentalfloss.com/article/48863/11-controversial-vanity-license-plates Bloomberg Businessweek. (2012). [Georgia’s Battle over License Plate...
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...個案 簡介 各國制定反歧視法例和措施的過程不是沒有爭論的。事實上，因為每個國家內部都存在不同意見，有關的爭論有時會通過訴訟交給法庭裁決，有時會交給負責監察法例的執行的機關調停。法庭和執行機關會根據它們對法例的解釋作出裁決和提出它們的看法。這些看法不但反映了它們如何理解一個社會追求實現的價值，同時可以看到一個多元化的社會如何通過司法機制調停不同的觀點和建立共識。 以下個案中有向法庭提出訴訟的涉及性傾向歧視的個案，也有反歧視法例執行機構的調停個案。 □ 法國最高上訴法院：P...對聖碧岳十世修會 (1991) □ 聯合國人權委員會：杜寧對澳洲(1994) □ 南非憲法法庭：全國同志平等聯盟對司法部長 (1998) □ 歐洲人權法庭：盧思提-比努恩和貝克特對大英聯合王國 (1999) □ 澳洲人權及平等機會委員會：格列芬對天主教教育辦事處 (1998) □ 歐洲人權法庭：卡爾內爾對奧地利 (2003) □ 瑞典最高法院：檢查總長辦事處對格連 (2003) 法國最高上訴法院：P...對聖碧岳十世修會 (1991) Social Chamber of the Court of Cessation: P...v. Association Fraternite Saint-Pie X (1991) 法國一名受僱打理教堂的同性戀者P…遭僱用他的修會「聖碧岳十世修會｣以其性傾向為理由，將其解僱。1991年法國的最高上訴法院作出裁決，指該修會違反了僱傭合約。根據法庭的裁決，指修會以僱員的性傾向不符合天主教傳統作為解僱他的理由是不合法的。但法庭捕充指出，如果一名僱員的「道德」對一家公司造成明顯的破壞，解僱就不會被判決為錯誤的舉動。 換句話說，最高上訴法院認為，解僱是否合法，要看僱主是否能夠證明他「考慮過該名僱員的職責和公司的目的」，並能夠證明「僱員的行為對公司構成可以說明的明顯破壞」。 巴黎上訴法院考慮過最高上訴法院的判詞後，於1992年就此案再作出裁決，指此案的僱主因為該僱員的同性戀傾向和他作為愛滋病帶菌者的身份將他解僱，是基於一個只跟該僱員私人生活有關的原因將其解僱。這不足以構成一個真正的和嚴重的終止僱傭合約的理由。由於該名僱員的跟其性傾向有關的行為都是在機構以外進行的，所以屬於他可以自由行使權利的範圍。法庭認為，除非可以證明這些行為在該機構內造成可以說明的明顯破壞，否則解僱就是不合理的。同時，由於法庭相信該僱員真心信奉天主教信仰，因此不認為他在機構內造成了破壞。 聯合國人權委員會：杜寧對澳洲 (1994) United Nations Human Rights Committee: Toonen v. Australia (1994) 1991年澳洲塔斯曼尼亞(Tasmania)上議院否決廢除禁止同性性行為的法例。由於當時澳洲的聯邦政府沒有任何相關的法例可以凌駕塔斯曼尼亞這條例，塔斯曼尼亞的同志團體遂向「聯合國人權委員會」(United Nations Human Rights Committee) 投訴。投訴的同志團體代表杜寧 (Toonen) 指出，塔斯曼尼亞的法例違反了「公民權利及政治權利國際公約」中保障個人私生活不受侵犯的權利（公約第17條）和締約國有責任確保所有人享有公約訂明的權利的條款（公約第2.1條）。杜寧的投訴指塔斯曼尼亞的法例同時違反了公約中保障法律面前人人平等的條款（公...
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...Freedom of Speech, Hate Speech, & Talk Radio Brice Hinchman Freedom of Speech, Hate Speech, & Talk Radio What is Freedom of speech? Well, the definition for freedom of speech is the ability to speak freely without being subject to censorship or without fear of retaliation from a governing body. There are at least two documents, the US Constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, that acknowledge that free speech is an unalienable right and protect it for all. There is another form of speech that may or may not be protected, depending on the circumstances, under the same documents and that is hate speech. Some of the limitations that are put in place by Government, employers, and educational facilities are a violation of what freedom of speech is really about, being able to freely speak your mind, but are necessary to protect the rights and liberties of other individuals. The freedom of speech is a very powerful right that is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Our Founding Fathers set the stage when they wrote the Declaration of Independence by stating that “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness” (Choices, 81). One of these liberties and unalienable rights was the Freedom of speech. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which was ratified...
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...many other countries have laws against hate speech and that such laws have sometime been passed in the United States, although not nationally. I think this is because, as mentioned by Waldron, many countries consider hate laws in Europe and in other countries in which manifestations of hate are prohibited rather than tolerated in the name of free speech. I also think this because other countries in which have these hate laws, their constitutions acknowledge that basic rights, including freedom of expression, are legitimately subject to restriction. I think it isn’t consistent because many states vary in the extent to which they allow their national legislation be guided by international human-rights laws. The Foundation for Individual Rights in Education reviews the narrow definitions of exceptions for the free-speech clause of the U.S Constitution, noting that universities frequently go beyond these exceptions in their speech codes. Those narrow exceptions include: speech that incites reasonable people to immediate violence, so-called “fighting words”, harassment, true threats and intimidation, obscenity, and defamation. I think that universities go beyond these exceptions in their speech codes because of the recent events that have happened. For example, I think the Virginia Tech massacre made a lot of universities scared that something like that could happen at their university, so they started to go beyond exceptions of the free-speech clause to make sure that nothing like...
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...RESEARCH PROPOSAL NYASHA HWETA ENG 103 (5) Ever since humanity existed, there is always a significant problem of race, colour of skin, nationality, religion, accent and first language, ethnic or national origin. In other words, it is Racism which is a hate crime, it’s not rare and should be considered as illegal in the whole world. Not only has it discrimination, low self-esteem and inferiority but it has increased the number of suicides and murders. This issue is captivating to me because everyone was created in the same way, also there is nothing beneficial from it, only distracts us from achieving better but worsen things more by each day we survive, complicating one’s life especially when making decisions. I have experienced it in different ways and l try by all means to let it go so as not destroy my future ahead. However l fear that it might affect my career in the near future if it is not taken into consideration. I know the reasons behind it that they are trying to violate one’s right to live freely. For this issue l propose to use primary, secondary and any reliable sources that will help me to understand more about this issue. Racism has many questions that need to be answered and they include; Why it has become a major problem in the society at large and the reasons why it is wrong? What they achieve from hating someone and how do they feel about it and after that hatred? Who taught them to be racists and why are they racists? Why racism leads to suicides, murders...
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...the News, which is a biweekly news magazine. As Delgado states, there have been a lot of hate related incidents on campuses. Hate can be directed towards everyone. Jews, Blacks and Latino cases, are the examples that the author mentions. As a reaction to this kind of incidents, some colleges are adapting hate-speech codes, they are also applying rules against those who interfere with the other students studies. Most of the times, the hate speech is anonymous. Because of this, rarely the victim has a chance to respond or defend. If the hate speech victims reply, it can go very bad for them. As Delgado says: “The victim talked back-and paid with his life.” (199). As the author explains, almost never hate speech is an invitation to talk; it is more like a slap in the face. Finally, the author argues that Federal Courts are fully aware of all these events happening recently on campuses, and are creating punishments against offenders. In my opinion, this is a truly realistic article. I do relate my thought with Delgado’s thought because I know that hate can be directed towards everyone. As a Jewish person, it is sad but true to said that some of the people that share the same religious beliefs that I do, have passed thru a lot of humiliations and even slaughter. I am glad to know that universities and colleges are adapting this hate speech codes, because in my opinion, a campus where hate speech and offenses are active, is not a healthy environment for students that are just there to...
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...Freedom of speech should include the right to use hate speech because people have their own opinions and should be allowed to express their love and hatred for specific things. Hate speech is defined as “speech that attacks, threatens, or insults a person or group on the basis of national origin , ethnicity, colour, religion, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation or disability.” Unfortunately human beings will always feel the need to judge others even if they themselves dont want to be a judgemental person, they will subconciously judge other people no matter what. Certain people take it to the extent where it is not accepted by society, this is what we call hate speech. Society has however become more fragile and it seems everyday speech is considered hate speech to a certain extent....
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...Question 1: How would you define hate speech? After reading through different websites such as americanbar.org and watching the hate.com video, I would define hate speech as something that offends, verbally insults, or threatens different groups of people. These different groups of people can be anything that is a got topic or just a group of people someone doesn’t like. For example, it could include gender, race, demographics, sexual orientation, or even religion. People use hurtful words to bash the people from different groups. Question 6: Would you advocate special restrictions on making hate-related material available to children via the Internet? (If so, what would you propose?) Yes, there should be restrictions regarding hate speech...
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...The first amendment was created, so that everyone would have the right to freedom of speech, petition, assembly, religion, and press. Although, it is stated that the government won’t interfere with those rights, it is not always followed.The first amendment is not being followed in society today because young adults do not fully comprehend the first amendment and, being refused to be able to have freedom of speech. Young adults do not understand the first amendment. “Fires burned in the cradle of free speech. Furious at a lecture organized on campus, demonstrators wearing ninja-like outfits smashed windows, threw rocks at the police and stormed a building. the speech? The university called it off.” Everyone has the right to freedom of speech,...
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...The subject of the United State’s Constitution is a very controversial topic. When researching points in the Constitution, it is nearly impossible to find any aspect of this great document that everyone agrees on. There are numerous amendments that are constantly debated upon whether or not they are still necessary in today’s day and age. Jefferson’s ideas of the Constitution are still thought of today and debated upon as well. The variaty of opinions on the constitution is something that I believe will never end. In the first amendment, we, as United States citizens, are given the freedom of religion, press, assembly, petition, and speech. The freedom of speech simply means that people are able to speak freely. In an article by the Washington Post, the idea of a hate speech exception does not exist. Hateful...
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...Ropes of Hatred Tammy L. Boyd-Polk SOC/315 Mr. Hassan El-Amin Week 5, Individual Assignment 9/31/2007 Ropes of Hatred Hatred is not a behavior that humans are born with, it is a behavior that is taught and bred into people. In most cases this act of instilling hate is incepted during child hood, by a parent or a close relative. In some cases people who breathe hatred may have been introduced to this way of thinking out of their household by close friends or acquaintances. In either case this way of thinking has caused a strain on intercultural relationships in past years and it stills haunts our current society. The Deep South still wreaks the singe of racial discrimination, it seems the further south you travel the more you can experience or hear about how prevalent racism still is in these areas. It is always bad when the common citizens have this mentality; however when your judicial system is comprised of individuals who still embrace this thought pattern, then you really have to ask yourself who can you trust ?or who can you even turn to? when the officers that are suppose to up hold the laws are tainted along with the laws that are suppose to govern the land. It is apparent that the governing body of the United States places racial issues on the back burner; it seems to me that the government will only address certain issues if media attention warrants it. There is no excuse why all laws are not equivalent...
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