...healthcare be considered a basic human right? Over the past century, the term "health" has been redefined over and over to come to a more exact and appropriate meaning so that consensus can be reached. The World Health Organization came up with its first definition of health, as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."(p. 26) However, many people criticized and questioned the words "complete", "mental", "social", "disease", "infirmity" and their meanings. Daniel Callahan eventually proposed a short yet solid statement on the definition of health, as "a state of physical well-being."(p.66). Why has so much effort been made to determine a proper definition of health? Because it is important to us. Health is an essential aspect of our lives and its significance cannot be minimized. Therefore, it is natural for humans to pursue good health. But consequentially, does that give humans the right to healthcare? According to the WHO Constitution, "the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being…" In order to attain that standard however, healthcare services are required. Services such as treatment, diagnosis, and prevention provided by medical practitioners play a vital role in people's well-being. One might say that it is their responsibility but on what grounds? In this paper, I argue that healthcare is not a basic human right because for one, physicians...
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...experienced by people living with mental health problems involve human rights. However, there is little information available about human rights and how they relate to mental health. Too often, a person may not realise that they are able to do something about their situation, or even that there is something wrong with the way they are being treated. It is therefore vital that people living with mental health problems are able to access information about their human rights and challenge bad treatment. {BIHR, 2006, P.4}. What are Human Rights? * They belong to everyone. * They are based on principles of fairness, equality, dignity, and respect. * They are about how public authorities – including the Government, hospitals and social services – must treat you. * They prevent authorities from doing certain things to you, like treating you in a degrading way. * They also sometimes force authorities to take certain actions, like taking steps to protect your life. * They were first legally defined by international agreement after the horrors of the Second World War. * Since the Second World War, there have been many different international human rights agreements. * One of the most important human rights agreements is the European Convention on Human Rights. The basic rights and freedoms, to which all humans are entitled, often held to include the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought...
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...Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor Paul Farmer Misty Winters University of California, Santa Barbara In the novel, Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor, the author, Paul Farmer combines his experiences as a physician and anthropologist in the Third World to bring about evidence and further analysis of poverty. While primarily focusing on health problems, and describing the effects of Tuberculosis, AIDS and other diseases, his experience in treating patients beaten by members of military dictatorships and those who experience malnourishment expose the severity of the social health problems. To me, the first part of this novel is the most painful. It discusses Paul’s medical work in the poorest country in the world, Haiti. He details the many misfortunes of a few of his patients. After observing a growing number of AIDS patients who had no access to medical care, the countless civilians tortured and killed by the military, Paul gets to the root of the problem, which ends up to be a political issue. Haiti is a country that has been under the boot of the United States. Paul further states that the Haitian military was created by an act of US congress, and the US has supported the homicidal regime of President Duvalier, as well as the brutalities of paramilitary organizations. Even the Haitian leaders who give the orders to imprison, torture and kill civilians were trained in Fort Benning, GA...
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...google.com.mx about what are the human rights, I finally found a website (http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspx) where it defines the term and also describes some of the main ideas of what involves human rights. Then, went back to www.google.com and searched information about the human rights to the health care and found the website http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs323/en/ that is the same as OMS, but in English. What are human rights? Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible. Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the forms of treaties, customary international law, general principles and other sources of international law. International human rights law lays down obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups. Universal and inalienable the principle of universality of human rights is the cornerstone of international human rights law. This principle, as first emphasized in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights in 1948, has been reiterated in numerous international human rights conventions, declarations, and...
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...Journal #3 Human Sexuality In class we discussed the term Sexual Health. I was struck by the notion that I had no real working idea of what this term means. At first, I thought of course it refers to healthy sex. Truly, what I was feeling was I had know real concept of what it means when one refers to the term sexual health. So I decided to research the topic and shed light on my narrow view. Sexual health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality. It requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. When discussing sexual health a number of sexual health concerns need to be addressed with respect to body integrity, sexual safety, eroticism, gender, sexual orientation, emotional attachment and reproduction. Sex refers to the biological characteristics that define humans as female or male. While these sets of biological characteristics are not mutually exclusive, as there are individuals who possess both, they tend to differentiate humans as males and females. In general use in many languages, the term sex is often used to mean “sexual activity”, but for technical purposes in the context of sexuality and sexual health discussions, the above definition is preferred. According to the current working definition, sexual health is a state of physical, emotional, mental and social...
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...A State Intervention Approach to International Trade and the Right to Health in the Crude Oil and Natural Gas Sector of Nigeria Table of Contents A State Intervention Approach to International Trade and the Right to Health in the Crude Oil and Natural Gas Sector of Nigeria 1 Chapter 1 General Introduction 6 1.1. Background 6 1.1.1. Definitions 14 1.1.2. Trade Liberalization 14 1.1.3. International Trade Law 15 1.1.4. Right to Health 16 1.1.5. Human Right Laws 17 1.2. Research Questions 18 1.3. Justification of the Research 21 1.4. Research Objectives 30 1.5. Research Methodology 31 1.6. Research Structure 37 Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework and Literature Review 40 2.1. Introduction 40 2.2. International Trade Rules and Protection of People’s Right to Health 41 2.2.1. Sources of International Trade Rules 41 2.2.2. Trade Liberalization and the Protection of the Right to Health 44 2.3. Scope of the Right to Health 54 2.4. Brief Overview of State Intervention Theory 59 2.5. States Duty towards the Fulfilment of the Right to Health 65 2.6. Legislative and Institutional Regulations Protecting the Right to Health in Nigeria 73 2.6.1. The International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 1966 76 2.6.2. The African Charter on Human and People’s Rights (ACHPR) 78 2.6.3. The International Health Regulations, 2005 81 2.6.4. The Nigerian Constitution 82 2.7. Conclusion 83 Chapter...
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...Oil and Gas on the Right to Health and the Right to a Healthy Environment: A Case Study of the Niger Delta” Full Name of Student (Your student registration number) A XXXXXXXXXXX DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF DEGREE OF XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX UNIVERITY Declaration I hereby declare that research thesis is my original work and has never been used presented for any degree or diploma in any university or institution. Where material is obtained from published or unpublished works, this has been fully acknowledged by citation in the main text and inclusion in the list of references. Table of Contents Declaration 2 Table of Contents 3 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 11 1.1 Background of the study 11 1.2 Statement of the Problem 27 1.2 Research Aims 29 1.3 Research Objectives 30 1.4 Research Questions 31 1.5 Justification of the Research 32 1.6 Research Methodology 42 1.6.2 Research design 45 1.6.2 Target population 45 1.6.3 Sampling 46 1.6.4 Data collection 46 1.6.5 Data presentation 46 1.7 Definition of terms 46 1.8.2 Environment 47 1.8.3 The right to health and the right to a healthy environment 47 1.8.4 Human Right Laws 48 1.8...
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...The Land of the Free: Except for Health Care America, dubbed the “land of the free” by the Star Spangled Banner, is known for democracy, freedom, and the American Dream. American citizens have the right to free speech, free press, the right to bear arms, and the right to religious freedom to name a few. The Declaration of Independence states that American citizens have the rights including “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” America promises equality and freedom and the protection of their rights as outlined in the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights. But with all the rights and freedoms that American citizens enjoy, there is one particular area where the United States seems to be lacking. That area is health care. The United States is the only industrialized nation that doesn’t have some form of legal recognition of a right to health care (Yamin 1157). Health care reform in the United States has become a major controversy for politicians, health care professionals, businesses, and citizens. Those in opposition to reform claim that health care is not a human right, therefore the government should not be involved. Supporters of reform believe that health care is most definitely a human right and should be available to everyone in the United States instead of only those who can afford it, and that it is the government’s responsibility to uphold that right. Out of all the industrialized countries in the world, the United States is the only one that doesn’t...
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...THE RIGHT TO HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA WHAT DOES IT MEAN? Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................i About the Center for Economic and Social Rights ...............................................................i Executive Summary............................................................................................................ ii Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 I. The Legal Framework for the Right to Health ................................................................ 4 A. The Right to Health in the UDHR and ICESCR..................................................... 5 B. Substantive Elements Required to Fulfill the Right to Health................................ 6 C. Procedural Protections of the Right to Health ........................................................ 7 II. The Current U.S. System ............................................................................................ 8 A. The Legal Structure................................................................................................. 9 B. The Financial Structure: Who Pays? Who Profits? .............................................. 11 III. International Standards in the U.S. Context .......................................................... 13 A. Availability...........................
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...person. Not only does this policy have rules regarding getting employed, it has rules that must be followed when the employee is working. So, if an individual feels that they are being treated differently because of their age, they are able to make a complaint against that staff member/colleague and/or sue them. A strength of the Age Discrimination act is that when employers are looking for new staff members, they will employ staff based on how suited they are to the job. Sometimes, when employers don’t think that someone of an older age will be the best for the job, this can be a mistake. In some cases, the applicant who is slightly older might be better for the job as it might mean that they have more skills to offer for the job. In a health and social care profession, looking after the service users is the main priority of any care professional. For this type of job, the amount of skill a person has is absolutely paramount. This act ensures that people will be employed...
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...–Equality, Diversity and Rights in Health and Social Care and Unit 10-Safeguarding Adults and Promoting Independence, Task 3a Know how legislation, policies and procedures promote health, safety and security in health and social care settings Outline the Legislation, Guidance or Policies. Include all attachments. | Legislation | Human Rights Act 1998 | The human rights act 1998 did not come into force until October 2000 in the UK. The act is made up of a series of sections that have the effect of codifying the protections in the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law. All public bodies and bodies that implement public functions must follow and comply with the convectional rights. The act allows any individual to take human rights cases in domestic court, which will mean that people don’t have to go to Strasbourg to argue their case in the European Court of Human Rights. The human right act can be used by anyone living in the UK, whether they are a British citizen or a foreigner a child, an adult or elderly person, a prisoner or member of the public. The human right protects a number of things including :The right to life: the act protects your life. The state is obligated to investigate any suspicious deaths and deaths in custody. Protection against being enslaved or being forced to do labour. Protection against being tortured or being treated in an inhuman way, no matter what the situation. The right to freedom and liberty- everyone has the right to be free and the...
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...levels and areas of practice including those encompassing clinical, management,education and research 1 domains. This Code is framed by the principles and standards set forth in the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the World Health Organization’s Constitution and publication series entitled Health and Human Rights; and the United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report 2 2004: Cultural liberty in today’s diverse world. In considering this Code and its companion, the Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia, it should be borne in mind that they are designed for multiple audiences: nurses; nursing students; people requiring or receiving nursing care; the community generally; employers of nurses; nursing regulatory authorities; and consumer protection agencies. It is also noteworthy that the concepts of ‘ethics’ and ‘morality’ are substantially the same and have been used interchangeably throughout this Code. This Code outlines the nursing profession’s commitment to respect, promote, protect and uphold the fundamental rights of people who are both the recipients and providers of nursing and health care. It is supported by, and should be read in conjunction with, the Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia and the National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse, National Competency Standards for...
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...8. Gurwitz JH, Field TS, Ogarek J, Tjia J, Cutrona SL, Harrold LR, et al. An electronic health record-based intervention to increase follow-up office visits and decrease rehospitalization in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62(5):865–71. [PMC free article] [PubMed] Graetz I, Reed M, Shortell SM, Rundall TG, Bellows J, Hsu J. The association between EHRs and care coordination varies by team cohesion. Health Serv Res 2014; 49(1 Pt 2):438–52. [PMC free article][PubMed] 10. Kern LM, Edwards A, Kaushal R. The patient-centered medical home, electronic health records, and quality of care. Ann Intern Med 2014;160(11):741–9. [PubMed] Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Electronic Health Records Author(s): Ann Veronica Source: The American Journal of Nursing, Vol. 107, No. 6 (Jun., 2007), p. 16 Published by: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/29746415 Accessed: 24-10-2015 09:40 am To read the article: Download PDF General Health and Human Rights Articles Abstract The electronic health record (EHR) is a commonplace innovation designed to promote efficiency, quality, and continuity of health services. In the New York City jail system, we implemented an EHR across 12 jails between 2008 and 2011. During the same time, our work increasingly focused on the importance of human rights as an essential element to the provision of medical and mental health care for our patients. Consequently, we made major modifications to the EHR to allow for better...
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...believes the purpose of government is to protect the citizens natural rights of “life, liberty, and property.” Health care has been stated as a right in the Universal Declarations of Human Rights. Although, health care should not be provided by the government as it would bring the United States deeper into debt, and would increase the wait time for health care. Having access to affordable health care is a right all people in the United States deserve, however, the government is not responsible to insure this right. Every US citizen should have the right to health care, because it is an internationally acknowledged human right. According to the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in article 25, it states, “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including [...] medical care.” A standard of living adequate to the health also includes food, clothing, and housing; if every individual has the right to food, clothing, and housing, they should similarly have the right to medical care. The Declaration of Human Rights was signed by the US, therefore affordable...
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...Firstly I make reference to the NMC’s guidance on anti-discrimination practice; As a qualified nurse I am personally accountable for my practice, and when caring for my patients I must; 1.1 Respect the patient as an individual 1.2 Protect and support the health needs of individuals 1.4 I have a duty of care to patients, who are entitled to receive safe and competent care. 2.3 As a registered nurse I am personally accountable for ensuring that I promote and protect the interests and dignity of patients and clients, irrespective of gender, age, race, ability, sexuality, economic status, lifestyle, culture and religious or political beliefs. 2.4 I must promote the interest of patients. This includes helping individuals and groups gain access to health and social care, information and support relevant to their needs. The NHS is accountable for all acts and omissions that relate to equality and human right legislation like the Equality relations Act, The human Rights Act (1998) The Disability Discrimination Act (2006). The legal enforcement authorities such as, the disability rights commission, equal opportunities commission, The Equality and Human Rights commission require adherence from all NHS bodies. The equality and human rights guidelines set out for the NHS includes fair access...
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