...Health Care Models Analysis Deborah Fleming Grand Canyon University: HCA 515 July 11, 2014 Health Care Models Analysis There are many different health care models that have been proposed throughout the decades. Some models have been successful and many have failed. There are still a few that are being examined today. This paper will explain a hypothetical medical case that is often seen in hospitals. Four different models will demonstrate how this case and patient could benefit if this model was in play. Hypothetical Case: A 67 year old man presents to the ER with a chronic cough and shortness of breath. He denies sputum production from the cough, but admits to a 20-pound weight loss over the past four months. He has a 30-year pack history of smoking and worked in a shipyard for 25 years. His mother died from lung cancer and his father died of heart disease. His medical history includes hypertension and diabetes type 2. He has no history of surgeries or cancers. After studies were completed he was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Medical Model: The medical model will define health as the absence of illness rather then the presence of health. This model uses clinical diagnosis and medical interventions to treat disease and to try to prevent disease with education of medical processes (Shi and Singh 2012). In the patient presented above, the first step would be to obtain a chest x-ray and further tests to concluded the diagnosis of squamous cell...
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...Alise E. Jenkins May 24th, 2015 HCA-515 Health Care Models Analysis Hypothetical Case (basic details only): The patient is 72 year old female who smokes. She complains of extreme fluid retention in lower two limbs and lower abdomen. Breathing is difficult and she is only able to sleep while sitting erect in a reclining chair. Patient has underlying conditions: Obesity, Coronary Artery disease, Edema, Hypertensions, Dyslipidemia, Ischemia, and hx of quadruple Coronary Artery Bypass Graft. Current dx: Heart Failure Medical Model: A number of tests would be performed to analyze the extent of damage of the heart. An electrocardiogram would be one of the first tests performed to check the electrical activity of the heart and detect any type of ischemia (AHA, 2015). The tests would include X-Rays CT, and MRI scans. Also “Angiography that would allow imaging of the blood vessels” (AHA, 2015). Essentially it is creating a map of the heart. Ultrasound evaluations, echocardiograms, would also help define the amount of damage to the heart. Treatments for heart failure can vary due to underlying causes. However in most cases drugs are used to aid the symptoms. These drugs can include “beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and also a diuretic to help rid the body of excess fluid buildup” (CDC, 2015). Mechanical devices can be implemented into the heart too. These devices include pacemakers and defibrillators. These two mechanisms help improve...
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...Health Care Models Analysis Directions: Develop a hypothetical case requiring the treatment of a patient (for example, the patient has a virus, an allergy, or a chronic condition). Using this case, explain the process in which each model (medical, holistic, epidemiological triangle, and social) would provide treatment (considering underlying causes, symptoms, as well as personal, social, economic, and environmental factors). If a model can be explained using a labeled graphic, then that is acceptable as well. Hypothetical Case (basic details only): A 23 year old female presents today with hypothyroidism. She is obese with a BMI of 50, has hypertension, and diabetes. She is concerned about how this affects her weight, hypertension and diabetes. There is a family history of hypertension and diabetes on both the maternal and paternal side. Her maternal grandmother died of a stroke at the age of 45. Medical Model: In diagnosing hypothyroidism, your doctor will take into account both your symptoms and the results of a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) test. Hypothyroidism is the result of diminished levels of thyroid hormones—known as T3 and T4. Today's TSH tests are very accurate and sensitive; they can help diagnose even the mildest cases of hypothyroidism. Your doctor may measure the level of free T4 (the portion of total T4 thyroid hormone that is available to your tissues) in your bloodstream. A third hypothyroid test is for anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies—anti-thyroid...
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...different countries in the field of health is access to care. Needs of health are insufficiently covered by the provision of health services. Several policies have been implemented in this direction. Our present work focuses on the primary health care concept that became the basis for the WHO following the Alma Ata Declaration (1978) that should lead to the goal of health for all. First, we discuss the similarities between models of primary health care described by Carl Taylor and those described by other authors, and then identify the other models described in the literature. Analysis of Carl Taylor on PHC: similitude and contrast Carl Taylor identifies in its analysis on primary health care, four approaches: Community-Oriented Primary health care (COPHC), the Alma Ata Declaration, the Community-based primary health care (CBPHC) and seed-scale. - COPHC: This is an approach that is divided into four phases: the definition and characterization of the community identify health problems of the community, the development of interventions and monitoring the impact of interventions. It is an approach developed from Kark’s experience conducted in South Africa (“Pholela”) and was also presented by Henry Perry in his bibliography. There is a similarity between this approach and the actions of the NGO "SEARCH" and "Tiyatien health". - Alma Ata: Carl Taylor is one of the actors of the conference of Alma Ata whose spirit is to provide “essential health care based on practical,scientifically...
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...different countries in the field of health is access to care. Needs of health are insufficiently covered by the provision of health services. Several policies have been implemented in this direction. Our present work focuses on the primary health care concept that became the basis for the WHO following the Alma Ata Declaration (1978) that should lead to the goal of health for all. First, we discuss the similarities between models of primary health care described by Carl Taylor and those described by other authors, and then identify the other models described in the literature. Analysis of Carl Taylor on PHC: similitude and contrast Carl Taylor identifies in its analysis on primary health care, four approaches: Community-Oriented Primary health care (COPHC), the Alma Ata Declaration, the Community-based primary health care (CBPHC) and seed-scale. - COPHC: This is an approach that is divided into four phases: the definition and characterization of the community identify health problems of the community, the development of interventions and monitoring the impact of interventions. It is an approach developed from Kark’s experience conducted in South Africa (“Pholela”) and was also presented by Henry Perry in his bibliography. There is a similarity between this approach and the actions of the NGO "SEARCH" and "Tiyatien health". - Alma Ata: Carl Taylor is one of the actors of the conference of Alma Ata whose spirit is to provide “essential health care based on practical,scientifically...
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... Analysis of company situation………………………………………………....4-8 Analysis on market situation...............…………………………………….....9-12 Swot and competitor analysis ………………………………………………12-15 New product for McDonalds………………………………………………...15- 19 Future marketing strategy..................................................................................19-21 Financial forecast............................................................................................21-22 Conclusion……………………………………………………………......22 Appendix …………………………………………………………..........23-24 References…………………………………………………………….....25 INTRODUCTION Health care system is critically important around the world. And health care industry has always been a subject area with a strong international dimension. The health-care industry incorporates several sectors that are dedicated to providing health care services and products. According to industry and market classifications the health-care industry includes health care equipment and services as well as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and life sciences, nursing homes, providers of health care plans and home health care. Consuming just fewer than 10 percent of gross domestic product of most developed nations, health care...
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...Course: Tutor: Date: Organizational Systems & Quality Leadership Introduction The core objective of health care is to provide high-quality care to all patients to guarantee positive health outcomes. This principle is a major driver for the commitment of nurses and other care providers. Care providers are required to work in collaboration and include patients in the process of care. Nurses form the core of health care delivery in all facilities. The role they play in the coordination of care is essential for the professionalism of care providers. In the process of care delivery, it is important to understand the medical history of the patient to determine the most appropriate interventions to employ. Care providers should employ interventions that are besides guaranteeing positive health outcomes address the needs and interests of the patient. It is important to include family members in the treatment program since they understand the patient and his needs better. This paper employs Root Cause Analysis approach together with the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis to determine the impact of the events that resulted in the death of a patient Mr. B. A. Root cause analysis The principal purpose of the Root Cause Analysis is to conduct an evaluation of the highest level of the problem to identify the actual cause. In the case scenario, the root cause analysis rules out the possibility of inadequate patient assessment as a contributor to the factors that resulted in the...
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...SUBJECT REVIEW Regression Methods in the Empiric Analysis of Health Care Data GRANT H. SKREPNEK, PhD ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to provide health care decision makers with a conceptual foundation for regression analysis by describing the principles of correlation, regression, and residual assessment. SUMMARY: Researchers are often faced with the need to describe quantitatively the relationships between outcomes andpre d i c t o r s , with the objective of ex p l a i n i n g trends, testing hypotheses, or developing models for forecasting. Regression models are able to incorporate complex mathematical functions and operands (the variables that are manipulated) to best describe the associations between sets of variables. Unlike many other statistical techniques, regression allows for the inclusion of variables that may control for confounding phenomena or risk factors. For robust analyses to be conducted, however, the assumptions of regression must be understood and researchers must be aware of diagnostic tests and the appropriate procedures that may be used to correct for violations in model assumptions. CONCLUSION: Despite the complexities and intricacies that can exist in re gre s s i o n , this statistical technique may be applied to a wide range of studies in managed care settings. Given the increased availability of data in administrative databases, the application of these procedures to pharmacoeconomics and outc o m e s assessments may result in...
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...Course: Tutor: Date: Organizational Systems & Quality Leadership Introduction The core objective of health care is to provide high-quality care to all patients to guarantee positive health outcomes. This principle is a major driver for the commitment of nurses and other care providers. Care providers are required to work in collaboration and include patients in the process of care. Nurses form the core of health care delivery in all facilities. The role they play in the coordination of care is essential for the professionalism of care providers. In the process of care delivery, it is important to understand the medical history of the patient to determine the most appropriate interventions to employ. Care providers should employ interventions that are beside guaranteeing positive health outcomes address the needs and interests of the patient. It is important to include family members in the treatment program since they understand the patient and his needs better. This paper employs Root Cause Analysis approach together with the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis to determine the impact of the events that resulted in the death of a patient Mr. B. A. Root cause analysis The principal purpose of the Root Cause Analysis is to conduct an evaluation of the highest level of the problem to identify the actual cause. In the case scenario, the root cause analysis rules out the possibility of inadequate patient assessment as a contributor to the factors that resulted in the...
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...There is a body of literature by Canadian and international academics examining the determinants of health care expenditures, thereby offering suggestions regarding what variables can be influenced to reduce the health care expenditures. One Canadian researcher, Livio Di Matteo, did many studies on the determinants of Canadian health care expenditures. In Livio Di Matteo and Rosanna Di Matteo (1998), they used a pooled time-series cross-section model and provincial data over the period 1965-1991 to examine the determinants of real per capita provincial government health expenditure, finding that the real per capita provincial government health expenditures were positively and significantly affected by real provincial per capita income, the...
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...Taylor Reflection : Insights into primary health care : There is at least one common characteristic between different countries in the field of health is access to care. Needs of health are insufficiently covered by the provision of health services. Several policies have been implemented in this direction. Today, work focuses on the primary health care concept following the Alma Ata Declaration. The philosophy behind PHC (primary health care) is based upon: • holistic understanding and recognition of the multiple determinants of health • equity in health care • community participation and control over health services • focus on health promotion and disease prevention • accessible, affordable, acceptable technology • health services based upon research methods. These philosophical ideals have been variously interpreted into strategies and services which further the ideals. Primary health care strategies include needs based planning and decentralised management, education, intersectoral cooperation, multi-disciplinary heath workers and a balance between health promotion, disease prevention and treatment. Services to provide primary health care should be locally based, affordable and acceptable, well integrated and offer a multi-disciplinary range of care from health promotion to rehabilitation. This original ideal of primary health care has become known as comprehensive PHC. This is in contrast to selective primary health care which is more medically focused with a...
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...Appendix A: Matrix of Theoretical Models Theoretical Model | Description of Theoretical Model | Type of health care change situation where model best applies | Havelock’s Theory | One widely known and used theory of change is the one that Eric Havelock introduced to look at change differently. Change is a process that should focus on the plan, resistance to change, and how to maintain the change. Havelock created a 6 stage change process theory model that looks at the complexities of real life by taking into account evaluating and accepting the change. Relationship – Whatever system is changing the change agent should identify and build positive working relationships with the particular system whether the system is with clients or leaders. Diagnosis- Establish if there is a need or desire for change. This is an evaluation period. Acquire resources for change- Gathering information at this stage determines what the change is and is not. Selecting a pathway- The best option is decided and then implemented.Establish and accept change- Once change is put into place, acceptance is needed. Maintenance and Separation- To make sure the change is successful the change agent should monitor the affected system. Havelock’s theory shows how important it is for change to go through a planning process from beginning to end. To receive lasting positive change a desire is needed and hard work is required. | Havelock’s theory can be used in a health care situation where a nurse case manager...
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...BMJ 2011;342:d1766 doi: 10.1136/bmj.d1766 Research Methods & Reporting Page 1 of 6 RESEARCH METHODS & REPORTING Economic evaluation using decision analytical modelling: design, conduct, analysis, and reporting Evidence relating to healthcare decisions often comes from more than one study. Decision analytical modelling can be used as a basis for economic evaluations in these situations. Stavros Petrou professor of health economics 1, Alastair Gray professor of health economics 2 1 Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; 2Health Economics Research Centre, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Economic evaluations are increasingly conducted alongside randomised controlled trials, providing researchers with individual patient data to estimate cost effectiveness.1 However, randomised trials do not always provide a sufficient basis for economic evaluations used to inform regulatory and reimbursement decisions. For example, a single trial might not compare all the available options, provide evidence on all relevant inputs, or be conducted over a long enough time to capture differences in economic outcomes (or even measure those outcomes).2 In addition, reliance on a single trial may mean ignoring evidence from other trials, meta-analyses, and observational studies. Under these circumstances, decision analytical modelling provides an alternative framework for economic evaluation. Decision analytical...
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...in nursing Name Professor Institution Course Date Introduction Concept analysis can be referred to as the activity where different concepts, their characteristics as well as their relations with other concepts are brought out clearly and evidently (Fawcett& Desanto, 2012). The creation of a distinct conceptual clarity about the different concepts proves to be of great importance to all the forms as well as the kinds of research. The general outlined guidelines of research as well as the philosophical literature are often in the mentioning of research analysis or on the hand also mention the concept of the research. Different disciplines have formulated different methods or rather devised different methods of concept analysis. These different methods are meant for the development as well as the clarification of their own concepts in their different fields. The methods may at one time share a scholarly view of the problems of concept as well as the methodology, however, since they are discipline specific, they too may also be in need of various modifications before they could be of use and applicable to the different fields in which they are meant to be used. In nursing science, the art of concept analysis is at a greater height seen as an integral part of the development of a theory and a discipline of the science of nursing. This paper evaluate the nursing concept of care in nursing. Caring in nursing Caring in nursing is the active support as well as involvement...
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...ADVANTAGES AND BENEFITS OF EVIBENCE BASED PRACTICE According to a stimulation analysis (Hovmand &Gillespie (2010) adoption and implementation of EBP improved the organizational performance by utilizing highly reliable services and efficient clinical interventions. EBP has been supported by an electronic clinical procedural resource which helps in standardization of care and annual cost savings (Schoville et al., 2014).This electronic reference tool gives you efficient reference in no time and improves bedside patient care and safety. By using updated evidences the clinical experts save time since there is no need for written policies and procedures. An overview of costs and savings analysis explained an apparent savings of $360,899 annually....
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