...5 most significant developments in the evolution of the health care in the United States: **Medical care was relatively inexpensive in the early part of the 20th century although there were attempts by progressive reformers to protect workers [ against both wage loss and medical costs beginning around 1915. At that time, people were more concerned about loss of pay when they were ill; so “sickness funds” were established to provide insurance against lost wages. **The Great Depression that ended the 20s brought multiple changes. An historic change was the Social Security Act, which was passed in 1935. However, a push within the Roosevelt administration to include health insurance was defeated by internal government conflicts over priorities. **In November 1945, President Truman, noting that 40 percent of the population still lacked access to adequate health facilities, addressed Congress and proposed a new national health care program, known as the Murray-Wagner- Dingell bill. It met opposition from labor as well as the American Medical Association, and, following the outbreak of the Korean War, Truman was forced to abandon it. **By 1958, almost 75 percent of U.S. citizens were covered by some form of private insurance, and the medical profession had been able to avoid the government intervention and nationalized insurance they had feared since early in the century. Doctors’ concerns from the beginning had been the preservation of their independence and ability to charge different...
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...Case 2-2 - The Crest Whitestrip Challenge Question 1 – Summary of Table A After reviewing the table provided by Simmons Market Research Bureau, spring 2006 the most popular product is all whiteners with a 15.2% of adults that participated on the research. The second and third most popular products were the Whitening strips with 8.3%, followed by Whitening gels with a 5.5% of the adults that participated on the study. The bigger users of any whitening products are females at over 65% while males represent only a 35% of the sales of whitening products. The age group that represent the highest number of sales are the 18-24 year olds with about 23% of the sales, followed by two age groups 35-44 and 45-54 both representing 18% of sales. Users of Whitening products by age groups In addition the demographic that is among the biggest users are singles with 33% followed by divorced/separated with a 30%. College graduates and consumers with some college education are also among the biggest users of the whitening products both with 27% of the users. The biggest users of whitening products are the household with the highest income with income over $150,000 representing a 13% of its users. Households with income in the range of $100,000 to $149,999 represent the second highest users at 12% followed by the household income range of $40,000 to $49,999 and $75,000 to $99,000 both representing an 11% of the users. Users of whitening products by household income Among the...
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...Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living being[clarify]. In humans, it is the general condition of a person's mind and body, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury or pain (as in "good health" or "healthy").[1] The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in 1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."[2][3] Although this definition has been subject to controversy, in particular as lacking operational value and because of the problem created by use of the word "complete," it remains the most enduring.[4][5] Other definitions have been proposed, among which a recent definition that correlates health and personal satisfaction.[6][7] Classification systems such as the WHO Family of International Classifications, including the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), are commonly used to define and measure the components of health. Systematic activities to prevent or cure health problems and promote good health in humans are undertaken by health care providers. Applications with regard to animal health are covered by the veterinary sciences. The term "healthy" is also widely used in the context of many types of non-living organizations and their impacts for the benefit of humans, such as in the sense of healthy communities, healthy cities or healthy environments...
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...IHS Affirmative Observation One: Inherency 2 Advantage One: Health 5 Advantage Two: Indigenous Economy 9 Observation Two: Solvency 14 Only federal action can solve the case- denying Indian health care furthers an ongoing policy of American Indian genocide 17 Inherency – Lack of Funding 18 Inherency – Lack of Funding 19 Inherency – Lack of Funding 20 Inherency – Lack of Funding 21 Health Impacts – Disease/Death 22 Health Impacts – Disease/Death 23 Health Impacts – Disease/Death 24 IMPACT: Mental Health and Suicide 25 IMPACT: Mental Health and Suicide 26 Extensions to Genocide/Racism Impact 27 Extensions to Genocide/Racism Impact 28 IMPACT: Moral Obligation/Human Rights 29 Solvency Extension - IHCIA/IHS Solves 30 Solvency Extension - IHCIA/IHS Solves 31 Solvency Extension - IHCIA/IHS Solves 32 Solvency Extension - IHCIA/IHS Solves 33 Solvency Extension - IHCIA/IHS Solves for cultural sensitive health 34 Solvency Extension – Congress Key 35 Solvency Extension – Federal Government Key 36 A2: I.H.S. is Racist 37 A2: Transportation 38 A2: “Structural/Distribution Barriers” 39 A2: No Qualified Professionals 40 A2: Bureaucrats 41 A2: IHS has arbitrary eligibility standards 42 A2: Blood Quantum 43 A2: Medicaid Solves 44 AT: Medicaid Solves 45 AT: Medicaid Solves 46 A2: IHS doesn’t use traditional medicine 47 Tribal...
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...emotionally because they were unaware they had a an illness. The risks of prejudice, social stigmatization, anxiety and stress may prevail over the advantages of the test to begin with. Discrimination in the system is a known factor and has been going on for a long time. People are discriminated every day due to age, culture, creed, gender, sexual orientation and religion. The GINA (Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act) was put in place to prevent insurance companies as well as employers from being bias towards individuals based on the information genetic testing supplies. There may possibly still be some sort of discrimination in the healthcare system but there have been things placed in order to prevent this unfair treatment. The Mental Health Discrimination become official this year on February 28, 2013. These are some step that have...
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...Baccalaureate nurses and Associate degree nurses The National Advisory Council on Nurse Education and Practice (NACNEP), policy advisors to Congress and the Secretary for Health and Human Services on nursing issues, has urged that at least two-thirds of the nurse workforce hold baccalaureate or higher degrees in nursing by 2010. Baccalaureate Nursing Program Baccalaureate nursing programs encompass all of the course work taught in associate degree and diploma programs plus a more in-depth treatment of the physical and social sciences, nursing research, public and community health, nursing management, and the humanities. The additional course work enhances the student’s professional development, prepares the new nurse for a broader scope of practice, and provides the nurse with a better understanding of the cultural, political, economic, and social issues that affect patients and influence health care delivery. There are distinct differences between the 72 ADN credits and 125 BSN credits required in each of the nursing programs' curriculum. The baccalaureate curriculum has a different focus, emphasizing evidenced-based clinical practice and leadership. Additional courses are offered in the baccalaureate curriculum, such as research, statistics, critical thinking, and public health/community health. In addition, the additional units prepare the baccalaureate nurse to pursue graduate study, leading to an advanced degree in nursing. Baccalaureate nursing programs encompass...
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...the full life span. Most adolescents are healthy however they may engage in risky behaviours and develop unhealthy habits, or have continuing conditions that can make them susceptible to their immediate health and safety. The settings where, how and by who the these services are delivered has an important role to play in promoting healthful behaviours, managing health conditions, and preventing disease during adolescence. During adolescence, a range of health issues can be recognised and addressed in ways that affect not only the functioning and prospects of adolescents themselves, but also the quality of their adult lives. Yet health services around Cumbria are failing at this critical time in their lives. There has been 50-page review, commissioned by the Cumbria Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) and Cumbria Partnership NHS Foundation Trust to look at Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) in Cumbria. reports that adolescents face gaps in care, fragmented services, and missed opportunities for health promotion the word inadequate was even used 9 times. Key concerns for adolescents in primary care settings are about access, confidentiality, consent and privacy, as well as the capability and stability of health care professionals and the settings where the care is provided. Issues that could be addressed in the various settings could include the need for separation of adolescents both from young children and older adults. I have felt that with in the settings...
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...There are many doctors that would agree that there is a connection between physical health and psychological health. When you are getting stressed out over your job because you may be overworked or there are financial problems within your family. All of this could cause you to have some form of physical reaction. We are going to look at how these two things if they are really connected with one another. Physical Health and Psychology Your physical health can be affected by all of the things that you are doing, by the way that we gather and process information, your career choices that you make, family, troubles as also the environment in which you live in. It is to be believed that illness and wellness both exist on a continuum. Like for an example if we know someone who may be feeling fine and their liver is getting damaged from all of the drinking that they have been doing for many years. We wouldn’t say that they are dying or sick. What we would probably stay that they are less healthy than they would be if they wasn’t doing the unhealthy thing. Medical sociologist Aaron Antonovsky (1979, 1987) has suggested that we consider these concepts as ends of a continuum, noting that ‘‘We are all terminal cases. And we all are, so long as there is a breath of life in us, in some measure healthy’’ (1987,p. 3). There are times when you may feel sick, tired, or just run down. This doesn’t always have to be a response from a virus or even bacteria that has invaded the body. It could...
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...wellness and disease prevention in work settings is effective in many ways, including increasing employee wellness and providing companies a return on their investment.” Companies can average a $3 return for every dollar spent on wellness programs. 1 Using a wellness program can make a positive change happen to each person who utilizes it. One will have more energy from eating healthy and working out to give more attention to their family and friends when arriving home from work. Not only will one be more able to complete their job responsibilities, but workplace wellness programs can help employees get healthier, help to lose weight, lower cholesterol, regulate blood pressure, and adopt better sleep habits. Every person has some degree of health risks, whether it is unhealthy eating, lack of exercise and sleep, drinking excessively, or smoking. Finding a new healthy habit may allow one to kick the old habit. Another...
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...population with people who have AIDS. Also, data about the population demographics, and the general impact that changing demographics may have on the health care market, why and how will changes in the demographics of this population affect health care. Furthermore, identify two key health care-related challenges with patients with AIDS, and describe how a chronic disease wellness programs may affect the cost for the demographic. And last, how can an individual patient in the community and society as whole address these challenges. The Center for Disease Control (CDC), has estimated that there are more than one million people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States (Center of Disease Control, 2011). AIDS arrived in the United States in 1969 through an infected immigrant from Haiti. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was an estimated one million or more people that were infected with AIDS and half million individuals had died from AIDS in the United States. HIV is a silent disease that can be undetected. CDC stated that roughly fifty thousand annual infections between 2006 and 2009 in the United States are infected with AIDS. The largest number of AIDS was among white men who have sex with men followed by African-American men. And Hispanic men and African-American women (Center of Disease Control, 2011). According to U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (2012), “Gay and bisexual men of all races are the most severely affected by AIDS. More than seventeen-thousand people with...
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... nursing care has branched out from strictly clinical, hospital and nursing home setting to other areas. Due to strict health insurance payment guidelines, patients today are being sent home from the hospitals faster and sicker. This in turn increases the demand for more nursing care in the home. A lot of today's nurses are filling this need between the patient’s home and the hospital health care team. This trend continues to grow. Due to shorter hospital stay of patients, multiple skilled nurses and advanced technology, many changes will be impacted in Nursing in the year 2020. Some of these changes that will be made in the year 2020 are the following: 1. A shift from hospital to specialty care nursIng. 2. A shift to facing increasingly complex ethical dilemmas 3. A shift from working as a part of a hospital staff to "Dejobbing". Hospital opportunities will continue to rise in specialty areas. Due to advanced technology, critical care nurses will stay in demand to treat patients for conditions that previously would have been fata1. Other specialty areas would continue to be in demand such as preoperative, neurological, emergency and cardiovascular areas. Maternal/child health is another good choice for future nursing. The - .. , the sub specialties of Neonatal Intensive care and Pediatric Oncology continue to grow (Greene 192-208). Other good choices for future nursing are case and care management...
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...HIPAA Summary Colleena Ness HCS/320 2/22/2013 Kristin Thrun HIPAA Summary HIPAA stands for Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. This is the ability to protect the privacy of individual’s health information. The HIPAA privacy rule was passed by congress in August of 2002. The HIPAA tutorial was very informative. Among the many things I learned from this tutorial I found the online information the most intriguing. I started in healthcare shortly before we had electronic medical records. With the new technology and almost everything being based on computers comes with an entire new set of policies and procedures to keep individuals health information private. The tutorial provided important information on integrity, confidentiality, and availability. Integrity is based on an individual’s trust and values. Confidentiality is protecting information from unauthorized disclosure. Availability is properly authorized people having access to individual’s medical information that is needed. One thing that I learned that I did not know before following along with the tutorial the multiple layers of protection each computer system has. The different types of protection systems have are virus detection, firewall, cryptography, and intrusion detection systems. Virus detection blocks suspicious traffic from entering the system. Firewalls locate and get rid of viruses. Cryptography preserves confidentiality. Intrusion detection systems look for patterns of misuse. All...
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...resulted with the creation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 and the Children’s Online Protection Privacy Act (COPPA). These two acts are beneficial to the privacy of oneself regarding medical files and the protection that the Federal Trade Commission provides to children while they are using the Internet. The paper will go farther into detail about why these acts were created and how they are beneficial to society today and for our future. Information Technology Acts The many advances of information technology have resulted in ethical issues requiring the creation of many important acts. Information technology is a very important branch of engineering that deals with the use of computers and telecommunications to retrieve and store and transmit information. Two acts specifically are the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 and the Children’s Online Protection Privacy Act (COPPA). These acts were carried out for many reasons, including; but not limited to privacy of personal health care information and protecting our children’s identities on the Internet. According to Sage Knowledge (2009), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, also known as HIPAA, is a federal act, which included a number of provisions for simplifying the administration of health care. Congress incorporated into HIPAA the requirement to protect health care information, which includes...
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...and Implementation of Philippine Health Information Systems Nasak, Leah Grace B. University of the Cordilleras Blk 7, Quirino Hill, Baguio City 09475813872, 2600 leahgracenasak@yahoo.com Martinez, Erna-Kristi N. University of the Cordilleras 25 Engineer’s Hill, Baguio City 09063177093, 2600 ekjmartinez@yahoo.com ABSTRACT This document is a comparative study of different researches conducted regarding the implementation of a health information system in the Philippines. The analysis shall include a look into the collaborative efforts of the government, the health care industry, and NGO’s to address the concerns of integrating information and communications technology in the health sector. Government deployed health information system projects shall be presented as additional references to draw out conclusions for the research. The implementation of a Health Information System (HIS) is a big step to take for developing countries like the Philippines. Encumbered with numerous problems, the Philippines have to prioritize and exhaust all efforts to resolve issues to address the needs of the country. Through the efforts of some private sectors and some government agencies, the country’s health information system is undergoing major changes towards a national implementation. This research will take a retrospective look into the beginnings of the Philippine Health Information Systems. Assessment and reviews on the current status of health information system projects from...
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...over the US system? No medical bills, no medical bankrupcy. Patience can choose what hospital they want to go to. Excellent preventitive medicine. What are the disadvantages of this system? They pay much higher taxes. Takes a while to get hip or heart surgery (waiting list). Japan Compare and Contrast the Japanese healthcare system with the US system Cover everyone and spend half the amount the U.S. does. 80% of hospitals are private buisnesses. There are set prices for everything in hospitals all across Japan. What are the advantages of this system over the US system? Everyone is covered and it is very cheap. There is no gate keeper, no appointment is neccessary so they can go see any specialist they want. Insurance takes care of the bill. What are the disadvantages of this system? The doctors can’t charge what they want which limits the amount of money they can make. 50% of hospitals in financial trouble. Spend too little on medicine which cause this financial trouble. Germany Compare and Contrast the German healthcare system with the US system Like Japan, most of them are private buisnesses. Germans pay premiums based on income. Not aloud to make a profit. All hospitals charge the same amount for everything. What are the advantages of this system over the US system? You pay what you can afford. Pay about 15 dollars once every 3 months. Many different...
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