...Health Care Spending Policy Health care spending continues to rapidly rise in our nation and shows no means of slowing down in the near future. Health care in our nation is labeled as a crisis because the cost of care is steadily outpacing the economy which puts a burden on families, businesses, and the public. The cost of care is rising at a rate that will exceed the average income and cause devastating effects on the public because of the inability to afford care. This issue brings tremendous stress to families that are working to survive in our nation and have to worry if they are financially able to afford care if needed. The health care expenditure data for our nation must be examined to identify where we can safely provide cuts to the cost while continuing to provide quality care. An important aspect of cutting costs is identifying how the public pays for the services they receive and the percent of total expenditures they represent. Health care spending is a crisis in our nation and steps must be taken to alleviate this issue. The future must also be considered because health care is an important aspect of any country. A forecast of the future economic needs of our health care system is important to identify because this issue will not go away if we do not take action. Our nation must work together to establish a more efficient and effective health care system. Initiating effective policies are the way to address the growing concerns of healthcare spending. ...
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...国家层面： 1、政策利好 新医疗改革走向纵深发展 2014年4月15日，8部委出台《关于印发做好常用低价药品供应保障工作意见的通知》，正式取消低价药品最高零售限价，迈出药改新一步。 4月24日，2014年药交会在苏州召开。综合药交会上传递出的信息，我们拟从宏观政策动向、价改建言以及新近资本市场热炒的药房托管这三方面，探究新医改的必选项之一——药改的实际归途。 基本药物制度改革的过程中，药品流通行业将发生翻天覆地的变化，未来药品流通行业集中度会呈现几何式上升，流动集中度大，中小流通企业会进一步减少，这是因为村乡一体化等会拉长渠道，增加对覆盖率、保供率的要求，同时，渠道变宽拉长将成为不可逆转的趋势。 在有关部委适时启动行业法规修订工作的前提下，医药工业必须加快自身结构调整和转型升级，重点是加快技术进步开发，推动兼并重组和优化组织结构，提高国际化水平和培育新的出口增长点。 2、放开价格 2014年4月9日，国家发展和改革委员会、卫计委、人力资源社会保障部公布放开非公立医疗机构医疗服务价格、鼓励社会办医的一揽子政策措施，以充分发挥价格杠杆作用，引导和鼓励社会资本加快进入医疗卫生领域，增加医疗服务供给，推动多元化办医格局的形成，缓解看病难的矛盾。 根据三部门公布的《关于非公立医疗机构医疗服务实行市场调节价有关问题的通知》，各省(区、市)今年6月底前向社会发布本辖区内公立医疗机构名录，名录之外的所有医疗机构为非公立医疗机构，其提供的医疗服务价格实行市场调节。非公立医疗机构可结合自身特点，向社会提供多元化的医疗服务。 * 6月底前发布公立医疗机构名录,其余为非公立医疗机构 * 将符合相关规定的非公立医疗机构纳入医保,执行与公立医院相同的报销支付政策 3、生部2012年5月21日发布《卫生部关于社会资本举办医疗机构经营性质的通知》明确社会资本可以按照经营目的，自主申办营利性或非营利性医疗机构。通知称，为深化医药卫生体制改革，各地积极鼓励和引导社会资本举办医疗机构，但是部分地区未及时确定新设置审批医院的级别。为加强管理，确保设置审批医院按照规定开展诊疗活动，卫生行政部门在设置审批社会资本举办的医院时,应当根据《医疗机构管理条例》、《医疗机构设置规划》以及该医院的功能任务、服务半径等，及时确定其级别，并在《设置医疗机构批准书》“其他”栏目中予以明确。对于未定级的社会资本举办的医院，卫生行政部门要按照规定尽快完成定级工作。 4、（2010.12）为鼓励和引导社会资本发展医疗卫生事业，发改委、卫生部等五部委《关于进一步鼓励和引导社会资本举办医疗机构意见》3日发布。 意见提出了6条措施放宽社会资本举办医疗机构的准入范围，包括鼓励和支持社会资本举办各类医疗机构，自主申办营利性或非营利性医疗机构；调整和新增医疗卫生资源优先考虑社会资本；合理确定非公立医疗机构执业范围，确保与其具备的服务能力相适应；鼓励社会资本规范参与公立医院改制；进一步扩大医疗机构对外开放，将境外资本举办医疗机构由目前的限制类调整为允许类外商投资项目，逐步取消对境外资本举办医疗机构的股比限制，对外商独资医疗机构先行试点、逐步放开；中外合资、合作医疗机构的设立审批权限由国家下放到省一级，外商独资医疗机构的设立由卫生部和商务部审批。 国务院医改领导小组办公室负责人表示，《关于进一步鼓励和引导社会资本举办医疗机构的意见》（以下简称《意见》）着力于消除阻碍非公立医疗机构，即俗称“民营医院”发展的政策障碍，使民营医院在准入、执业、发展等方面享受与公立医疗机构同等待遇。 ...
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...1. Three examples of healthcare policies in New Jersey that fall under state regulation: 1. Standards for Licensure of Adult and Pediatric Day Health Services N.J.A.C. 8:43F 2. Adult and Pediatric Day Health Services N.J.A.C. 8:86 3. New Jersey Patient Safety Act Three examples of healthcare policies that fall under the regulation of the federal government: 1. HIPAA- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 2. Administration for Children and Families (ACF) 3. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) 2. As consumers, we obtain most of our healthcare needs from the market rather than through our government. In certain situations, lack of resources can make it difficult to purchase goods and health services directly from the seller, therefore the government puts specific programs in place. For example, Medicare, a universal program for those with financial struggles and who are 65 years or older, is put in place to treat people who have been diagnosed with a serious illness regardless of their ability to pay. Another healthcare service that is offered to the underprivileged population is Medicaid. “Because of its selective nature towards a particular subset of people, this type of program is offered on a need base for care only and is often less expensive” (Nickitas, D. M., et al., 2011, p. 11). Therefore, the offered benefits of Medicaid are more wide ranged than a universal program such as Medicare. Both of these services...
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...confidence to their health care providers, which were normally stored in locked file cabinets, and on shelves in medical records department, now records are stored in data files and may be seen by hundreds of strangers in health service, insurance companies and any organization affiliated with health service. HIPPA Privacy Rule made it possible for all patients to see, copy and request to amend their own medical records. It provides federal protection for patient’s health information. With the Privacy Rule patients must be notify about who their medical information is disclosed to. Patients can also find out who access their medical records for the prior six years. Under the HIPPA Privacy Rule only minimum information should be disclosed to accomplish the intended purpose and a complaint can be filed if there is a violation of privacy. The Privacy Rule only applies to health plans, health care clearinghouses, and to any health care provider who transmits health information in electronic form in connection with transactions for which the Secretary of Health and Human Services has adopted standards under HIPAA. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, was enacted on August 21, 1996. Sections 261 through 264 of HIPAA require the Secretary of Health and Human Services to publicize standards for the electronic exchange, privacy and security of health information. The Privacy Rule set a national standard for the protection of certain health information. The...
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...NURSE PRACTITIONERS HAS A PRIMARY CARE PROVIDERS Primary care is usually the patient’s first contact with the treatment system, according to chapter 1 of Barton, Roemer’s model of a health services system defines primary care as the entry point into the health services system where diseases are diagnosed and initial treatment is provided, episodic care for non chronic illness and injuries is rendered, prescription drugs to treat common illness are provided, routine dental care done and potentially serious physical or mental health conditions that require prompt referral for secondary or tertiary care are diagnosed. A nurse practitioner is a registered nurse who has achieved an advanced level of education and training with a master degree as well as a higher level of training in the diagnoses and treatment of a range of common medical conditions and illnesses. Some nurse practitioners seek training in highly specialized areas of medicine as well. Their job is very similar to that of a physician. In fact, these professionals often have working relationships with physicians. They can perform the duties of a primary health care provider and can offer medical care to patients of all ages and are legally allowed to prescribe medications. Nurse practitioners will be in high demand, according to healthcare industry experts because of shortage in the number of primary care physicians available to treats patients, a growing and aging population combined with the need for healthcare services...
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...Organization and Management of a Health Care Policy HSA 515 – Health Care Policy, Law, and Ethics August 13, 2015 With lives in their hands, hospitals have to function very precisely, executing high-quality services every hour of every day. Organizations that have this sort of requirement usually take on a vertical organizational structure that is having many layers of management, with most of the organization’s staff working in very specific, narrow, low authority roles. The numerous layers of management are designed to make sure that no one person can throw the system off too much. This structure also ensures that tasks are being done exactly and correctly. Organizational structure of a hospital refers to the levels of management within a hospital. Levels allow efficient management of hospital departments. The structure also helps one to understand the hospital’s chain of command. Organizational structure varies from hospital to hospital. Large hospitals have complex organizational structures while smaller hospitals tend to have much simpler organizational structure. A typical organizational structure of a hospital would usually be a combination of a hierarchical and divisional structure, since there is a chain of command where some levels are under another level, but employees are organized in departments or divisions that have their own roles. At the top of the structure would be the administrators, followed by the information services and therapeutic services. Both...
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...Health Care Policy, Law and Ethics HSA515 The Snow Storm Lawsuit By Etta Manneh Dr Branco Strayer University May 5, 2011 Identify and explain at least three legal considerations. The first incident relating to this case as a legal consideration was negligence on the nurse which is explained in four categories. One is to owe a duty of care to the injury person, the second part that you breached the duty of care, the third that the breach causes the person to be injured, and four that the person is actually injured, and causation to the injured person. Although it was a large snow storm and only one nurse reported to work, but under the circumstances, of being alone, she had no other means but to get. She had no intention of knowing what would happen. The second is Strict Liability which also results from a wrong action. Leaving the patients was what she did wrong which was the risk she took not expecting the outcome to injury and death. The third is Medical Malpractice which is considered another act of negligence due from a health care professional not providing the right type of care to a patient that could result to injury or death. It could include errors in giving medication or diagnosing an illness which could result in a lawsuit. “The variation and uncertainty in court standards regarding malpractice liability could dampen enthusiasm among providers to adopt HIT systems, if the information contained therein was viewed as setting an ever-higher...
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...AO2 - Identify the possible effects of national policies and legislation on care practice and provision Changes in policies and legislation Policies and legislations are laws and governed rules put into place to protect people and things. Policies are a set of principles, rules and guidelines formulated or adopted by an organisation to reach its long term goals and are typically published in a booklet or another form with is widely accessible. Every business and child care has to have policies in place to protect their service users and others. It is a legal requirement to have policies in place and that they are followed. Legislation is a law which is set and suggested by the government and is made official by a parliament. This means that it is a legal requirement to do as the legislation says and if it is breached, there will be severe consequences like imprisonment. Polices and legislation are in place to ensure standard and good care is provided for the service users and others. If there were no rules and legislation in place, anyone could od anything. For example, if you get hurt in work, there is the Safety at Work Act which covers any cost for treatment you need or compensation. However, if that legislation was not in place, you wouldn’t get anything but your injury. There have been some changes in legislation over the years and these changes are essential in order for the legislation to be as updated as it can be which would ensure the legislation works. I have looked...
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...Unit 3 – P2 Outline how legislation, policies and procedures relating to health, safety and security influence health and social care settings. A legislation is a law or a set of laws which have been produced by governing body and made official by parliament to: regulate; authorise; sanction; grant; declare and restrict. Policies are clear, simple statements of how an organisation intends to conduct its services, actions or business. They provide a set of guiding principles to assist with decision making. Procedures describe how each policy will be put into action within the organisation. They outline who will do what, what steps need to be taken and which forms or documents to use. There is a number of policies that have been put in place to promote the safety of individuals within different health and social care settings. Food Safety Act 1990 (Amended in 2013) The Food Safety Act 1990 sets out the requirements of the food producer and the food handler regarding food safety. The guideline is for all types of food businesses in England, Scotland and Wales. The main responsibilities within the act are: ensuring you do not include anything in food, remove anything from food or treat food in any kind of way which could damage health to the people that are consuming it; to ensure the food served or sold is of the nature, substance and quality which consumers would expect and to ensure the food is correctly labelled, advertised and presented in a form that is not false...
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...a negligence case. The four elements necessary to prove a negligence case are duty of care, breach of that duty, injury, and causation. The first requirement in establishing negligence is for a plaintiff to prove the existence of a legal relationship between himself or herself and the defendant. Duty is defined as a legal obligation of care, performance, or observation imposed on one to safeguard the rights of others. This duty, for example, can arise from a relationship between a physician and a patient which may be as simple as a telephone conversation. Duty can also be established by contract or statute between a plaintiff and a defendant. The second element, breach of duty, is the failure to conform to or the departure from a required duty of care owed to a person. Once a duty of care has been created, the plaintiff must exhibit that the defendant breached that duty by failing to comply with the required accepted standard of care. Evidence of a breach of duty typically can be offered through expert testimony or res ipsa loquitur (“the thing speaks for itself”). Injury is the third element needed to prove a negligence case. The term injury is not limited to just physical harm but may also be comprised of loss of income or reputation and compensation for pain and suffering. According to Showalter, “it is not enough to prove that a physician failed to meet the standard of care and the patient was injured. A plaintiff must show that the injury was the proximate cause...
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...Abstract In this paper, the writer will explore a topic from a list of artistic themes as the themes relate to Prehistoric, Mesopotamian, Ancient Egyptian, Archaic Greek, Aegean Civilization and Classical Greek periods. The writer will determine how the theme is reflected in the cultural and world developments from these time periods. The writer will also compare and contrast the development of the theme of the different time periods to modern day time. Artistic Themes Artistic themes of Prehistoric, Mesopotamian, Ancient Egyptian, Archaic Greek/Aegean Civilization, and Classical Greek Periods The time periods of Prehistoric, Mesopotamian, Ancient Egyptian, Archaic Greek, Aegean Civilization, and Classical Greek are different from the modern day period. Each time period had its own way of doing certain things. For example, each time period had its own idea of work. Work from each of these time periods was performed in different ways. The writer will explore work as it relates to the time periods of Prehistoric, Mesopotamian, Ancient Egyptian, Archaic Greek, Aegean Civilization, and Classical Greek. The writer will determine how work is reflected in the cultural and world developments from the time periods also compare and contrast the development of work within the historic time periods while relating past attitudes to modern attitudes. Prehistoric There are no written records from prehistoric times. Information from prehistoric time is only reported from certain fields...
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...1. In the Drugs discussion forum, respond to the following: a. What are the benefits to bringing drugs to the market? What are the costs to bring a drug to the market? b. How do we balance the financial return on drugs with patient need? c. How does the immunization experience (parents choosing not to have their children immunized based on flawed data) and reduced production of drugs secondary to liability exposure pertain to this discussion? Of course, there are financial benefits to bringing a drug to the market. Pharmaceutical companies spend billions of dollars developing new drugs, and those investments must be recouped by sales. Sometimes commercial access to a drug allows more progress to be made in research that can lead to other uses of the drug in medical treatment. Outside of the financial benefits, there is the benefit of progressively more effective and efficient treatment for patients who need the drug. According to Matthew Herper, writing in Forbes magazine, although the drug industry has been tossing around the number of $1 billion for years, the average drug developed by a major pharmaceutical company costs at least $4 billion, and it can be as much as $11 billion. Herper says that the $1 billion number works for the pharmaceutical industry because it seems to justify the idea that medicines should be pricey without making it seem that inventing new medicines is so expensive an endeavor as to be ultimately futile. Patient need should...
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...Health care policy 1. What is/are the problem/s to be solved in the most fundamental terms? One of the problems that have to be solved by health care policy is lack of availability to health care services to the people in the United States. High cost of health care services that hinders people in the United States from getting health care services. 2. What is the history of the problem/s in the United States? The history of health care problems was as a result of amplified inaccessibility by the poor and the lower-middle class people in the United States 3. What are the various theories about the causes of the problem/s? Based on this, what do you think is/are the most important causes/s of the problem/s? The policy objectives, value premises, expectation, and target populations 1. Policy objectives—overt and covert objectives: What are the stated objectives of the policy? In your judgment, what are the covert objectives of the policy? Main objectives of health care policy are decrease growth of health care expenses while encouraging high- value and efficient care. A strong emphasize on primary and preventive care that is related to community prevention system. Another objective of the health care policy is making sure that there is accessibility to quality, ethnically skilled care that includes enduring services and supports for defenceless population. Improving health care and population health through meaningful use of health information is another objective...
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.../services/example-essays/social-work/social-care-practice.php Running Head: SOCIAL CARE PRACTICE An Investigation of Principles, Care Strategies and Theories Related to Social Care Practice Part One This section provides a summative assessment of the principles, care strategies and theories that direct social care work within the UK. Specifically, the application of support principles, procedures for protecting clients from harm and the advantages of utilising a person-centred approach in working with clients are discussed. Additionally, ethical issues, applicable policies, legislation issues and regulation and the impacts of existing policies are presented in relation to providing social care. Applications of Support Principles Ensuring that individuals are properly cared for in health and social care requires the application of a number of support principles. Examples of these support principles include equity in the provision of care, universality in its accessibility and providing multiple financial options for individuals of all backgrounds (Alcock, Daly & Griggs, 2008). As the individuals who require health and social care services differ in their ethnic, cultural, social and socioeconomic backgrounds, these support principles are pivotal in meeting the needs of the greatest percentage of the population (Alcock et al., 2008). Valuing diversity and providing support for families of varying backgrounds is a critical component of UK health and social care policy (Alcock et al., 2008). ...
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...Implications of Economics and Policy for Health Professionals Daveen Wilkin Walden University Health Policy & Economics/MMHA-6135-4/Assignment Week 1 According to the World Health Organization (2015), health policy can be defined as a group of decisions, plans and/or actions that may be undertaken with the objective of obtaining specific health care goals within society. Health economics refers to the study of economics and how it relates specifically to the field of health (Teitelbaum & Wilensky, 2013). Policies made with regard to health are often formulated after extensive analysis of how said policy will impact the nation’s economy on a whole. The Importance of Understanding Health Economics Healthcare can be considered a business (Laureate Education Inc., 2010). It is therefore important that healthcare professionals understand that economics theory provides a fundamental building block when it comes to making policy choices with regards to health care and public health on a whole (Teitelbaum & Wilensky, 2013). By using economic tools to help predict consumers’ response to the implementation of a particular policy, the most effective and efficient policy can be chosen in order to achieve the goals of the policymakers (Teitelbaum & Wilensky, 2013). Economic policies and the level of economic activity of a country greatly influence the health of that country’s population (Zollner, Stoddart & Selby Smith, 2003). Health care providers need to understand...
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