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Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity

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Uncontrollable risk factors for stroke

The etiology of stroke is multifactorial as the interaction of many risk factors seems to be accountable for the development of this clinical syndrome.
The risk factors are classified according to their potential for modification into modifiable and non modifiable risk factors. Some risk factors for stroke we simply can not do anything about. According to the vast majority of literature non modifiable risk factors include; advanced age, previous stroke, heredity, race, and gender.

1. Advanced age: It is widely accepted that stroke increases dramatically with age and it is more likely to affect the elderly. The risk of suffering a stroke roughly doubles for each decade of life after age 55. The majority of strokes occur at 7th decade of life and it rarely occurs at the ages below of 35 years old.

2. Previous stroke: People who have previously suffered a stroke or a “mini stroke” (Transient ischemic attack or TIA) are at higher risk. Survivors of stroke or TIA are at risk of new vascular events. Statistics show that a previous stroke or TIA increases the risk of a future stroke in the next 5 years by 25 to 40 percent.

3. Heredity: Risk is greater if a parent, grandparent or sibling has had a stroke. Family history of both parents may be related to increased stroke risk. Genetic predisposition has been documented in humans and studies have shown that monozygotic twins have a 5- fold increase in stroke incidence compared to dizygotic twins.

4. Race: Higher stroke rates are noted in African Americans, Hispanic Americans and the black race compared to the white one. African Americans have a much higher risk of death from stroke. Higher prevalence of stroke is also noted in the Chinese and Japanese population.

5. Gender: Men have a higher risk of stroke compared to women and particularly are 1.25 times more likely to suffer strokes than women. However, women have a higher risk than men to suffer from a hemorrhagic stroke.

Information regarding Adult patients and stroke

1. Approximately 4% of strokes in the United States occur in adults younger than 45 years old, while the 28,000 strokes in this age group are a small fraction of the 700,000 total events in the United States each year; they are significant source of neurological impairment in this group.
2. The incidence of stroke in adults under 45-50 years of age has been found to range from 8.8 to 23 per 100,000 in European and American populations. Notably higher rates are reported in two studies of African populations. These numbers contrast with the much higher incidence of stroke in older adults, which, in the United States, ranges between 230 per 100,000 in white females to 660 per 100,000 in black males for those 45-84 years old.
3. There are nearly 5 million persons in the United States aging with the chronic disability of stroke, and with advancing age, the risk for first-time stroke increases. Older adults have age associated factors that compound the risk for stroke and can potentially affect recovery trajectories.

References

Black-Schaffer, R. M. (2009). Stroke recovery and rehabilitation. Stroke in young adults, 635-52. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:cinahl plus
Polikandrioti, M. (2009). Non modifiable risk factors for ischemic stroke. Health science journal, 3(1). 09/27/2010. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:cinahl plus

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