... | | |College of Natural Sciences | | |HCS/440 Version 5 | | |Economics: The Financing of Health Care | Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2005, 2004, 2002, 2000 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides an overview of the economics of health care. The various payers are examined, including private, state, and federal entities. Issues such as the cost effectiveness of prevention, the management of patients and their diseases, as well as the cost of treatment settings are discussed. Third party reimbursement from various sources, ranging from for-profit insurance carriers to charitable donations, are reviewed. The health care system's use of grant funding and research dollars is described. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies...
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...Timeline: History of Health Reform in the U.S. VIEW: Early 1900's 1930 – 1934 1935 – 1939 1940 - 1945 1945 - 1949 1950 - 1954 1955 - 1959 1960 – 1964 1965 – 1969 1970 - 1974 1975 – 1979 1980 - 1984 1985 - 1989 1990 – 1994 1995 - 1999 2000 – 2004 2005 – 2009 2010 1912 Teddy Roosevelt and his Progressive party endorse social insurance as part of their platform, including health insurance. 1912 National Convention of Insurance Commissioners develops first model of state law for regulating health insurance. 1915 The American Association for Labor Legislation 1912 Teddy Roosevelt and his Progressive party endorse social insurance as part of their platform, including health insurance. 1912 National Convention of Insurance Commissioners develops first model of state law for regulating health insurance. 1915 The American Association for Labor Legislation Early 1900's 1921 Women reformers persuade Congress to pass the Sheppard-Towner Act, which provided matching funds to states for prenatal and child health centers. Act expires in 1929 and is not reauthorized. (AALL) publishes a draft bill for compulsory health insurance and promotes campaigns in several states. A few states show interest, but fail to enact as U.S. enters into World War I. The idea draws initial support from the AMA, but by 1920 AMA reverses their position. 1927 Committee on the Costs of Medical Care forms to study the economic organization of medical care. Group is comprised of economists...
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...3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 [...] Universal Health Care, A Moral Duty This 11 page research paper offers a current overview of the issues associated with the topic of universal healthcare provision and the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Universal health care as a moral and ethical duty is stressed. Bibliography lists 11 sources. Minimum Wage, Healthcare Reform A 3 page research paper that covers two topics. The first half of the paper presents the history of the federally mandated minimum wage, and the second half discusses the Supreme Court's announcement that it will rule on the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act's required mandate for all Americans to purchase health insurance. Bibliography lists 2 sources. ESRD in NC, Access to Care for Underprivileged A 4 page research paper that examines the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) and how it impacts care for underprivileged patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Bibliography lists 2 sources. Health Care Changes Resulting from the PPACA In a paper of ten pages, the author writes about the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The author of this paper considers four changes within health care as a result of the act including changes of private insurance, changes for the state regulations, the individual mandate provision, also age related coverage and preexisting conditions. There are three sources cited in this paper. Healthcare Reform Policy Position Paper A 4 page research...
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...Health Reforms in India Name Institution Date Health Reforms in India Introduction Reforms describe positive changes that are effected in a system or practice, typically with regard to political, social or economic aspects, with a view to realizing better outcomes from the system, process or institution. Reforms in different sectors within a region or state are geared towards improving efficiency in the process. Successful implementation of reforms results in improvement in the process outcomes. For example, when a country implements reforms within its justice system, improvements could be witnessed through an easier processing and completion of cases and better treatment of suspects and convicts. One of the areas which have seen reforms in various countries of the world is healthcare. Perhaps as a result of increasing appreciation of the value of a healthy population in socio-economic and political development, coupled with an ever increasing threat to human health, authorities in different countries, including the US and India are implementing a wide range of health reforms. In India, in particular, the government is undertaking reforms with a view to improving the access to quality healthcare for the citizens. This paper discusses health reforms in India, with a focus on the specific aspects of the reforms, and the extent to which it has improved healthcare delivery in the Asian country. The paper also provides a few recommendations on...
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...Analysis of Health Care Reform Ima Student Grand Canyon University: HCA 530 Month Day, Year Analysis of Health Care Reform Health care reform is a controversial topic that it is both political and emotional. The debate goes on about the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and its legality on both sides of the aisle. This paper will detail concerns about health care reform including cost, quality, and access. This paper will answer the question if the current health care system is a market failure that requires government involvement, will detail changes proposed from both political parties and will summarize elements needed for reform in health care. Health Care Cost, Quality, and Access Health care cost, quality, and access are central to health care reform. There is no surprise the expense of health care in the United States. In the year 2010 health care was 17.9% of the gross domestic product (GDP) and costs continue to rise (Hicks, 2014). In contrast, health care is 8.7% of the GDP in the United Kingdom (Hicks, 2014). There is much work to do in the United States to get and keep health care costs under control. Health care quality is increasingly important and the ACA has emphasized quality care. Health care organizations are incentivized to decrease infections in hospitals and provide better quality care. Payment from Medicare is being aligned with quality and increased patient satisfaction. If patients acquire hospital acquired infections during their hospital stay, it will...
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...The Need for Health Care Reform HCA 410 Professor Henry O’Lawrence December 8, 2011 The Need For Health Care Reform Health care system is now faced with many problems such as high cost of insurance, high cost of medical services, significant numbers of people lack any form of healthcare insurance, and many more people are underinsured. Heath care is not affordable and easy to obtain anymore. With the rising of health care cost, reforms are needed to be more affordable with high quality and efficiency. There are over “46 million people lacking health insurance, but also for those who have insurance the economic downturn is a chilling reminder that under current system, virtually anyone facing a run of bad luck could be quickly wiped out by medical bill collectors”. State Healy, Bernadine M.D. (2009). Providing health insurance for people uninsured and low-cost insurance are major problems need to consider and take it seriously. The number of people uninsured is too high. There are many factors leading to be uninsured including poverty, the economic downturn leading to high rated of unemployment and some working families who cannot afford coverage because too expensive, besides, earn too much to be eligible for many programs which the state's healthcare provider. Offering the healthcare options with advantages for the uninsured with affordable price is needed to take to consideration. Many low income people cannot afford health insurance usually don’t go seek for medical...
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...Health Care Reform: Impact on Patient Safety, Quality of Care, and Economics November 7, 2015 Health Care Reform: Impact on Economics, Patient Safety and Quality of Care With the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010, never before in the history of the United States has there been a more opportune time to cater to the stakeholders, American citizens, and health care industry to improve quality and the way in which health care is delivered. Health care reform has changed and improved the entire spectrum of the health care environment. The three primary goals of the ACA are; consumer protection, improving quality/ lowering cost and increasing access to affordable care (DHHS 2014). Health care reform has affected all three of these goals and have impacted both positively and negatively, patient safety, quality of care and American economics. Impact of Health Care Reform on the Economy According to a study by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), there have been substantial savings in Healthcare costs. One major reason for the savings is preventative health care. Preventative healthcare saves money on prevention and early detection of illnesses and diseases. The result is people don’t have to wait until their illness becomes so serious that they end up having to go to an emergency room for costly procedures. It has also lowered heath care cost by making preventative health care available and affordable for 33 million Americans who would...
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...3 The History of Healthcare Reform……………………………………………………………………………..…4 The Problem with the ACA……………………………………………………………………………………………6 The Current Policy………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8 Policy Alternatives………………………………………………………………………………………………………10 Evaluation Criteria………………………………………………………………………………………………………10 Policy Recommendation……………………………………………………………………………………………..12 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..13 References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….14 Introduction Recent health care reform legislation, The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Education Reconciliation Act, which is now being referred to simply as the Affordable Care Act (ACA), was signed into law by President Obama on March 23, 2010. Since the 20th century, several United States presidents have faced challenges in passing national health reform into law. Before the ACA was enacted, national health reform proposals under different governments in the United States faced strong opposition from various stakeholders and multiple interest groups. Therefore, the enactment of the ACA is revolutionary healthcare reform in the history of the United States. Healthcare insurance is a program that assists in paying medical expenses through privately purchased insurance or social welfare programs. In other words, health insurance is a system that provides protection against health costs. This newly legislated healthcare reform offers health insurance for all Americans and...
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...A Research Paper on The United States’ Health Care Policy Patient Protection Affordable Care Act (PPACA) I. Delineation and overview of policy under analysis a.) What is the policy to be analyzed? The policy to be analyzed is the Patient Protection Affordable Care Act (PPACA) or colloquially referred to as Obamacare. The PPACA Bill was passed into law after Barack Obama signed it on March 23, 2010. However, it should be noted that specific provisions in the law is designed to be effective in staggered dates, that is, not all provisions in the law is effective the moment it was signed by Obama. Some provisions in the statute is designed to be effective beginning at the year 2020. b.) What is the nature of the problem being targeted by the policy? PPACA aims to improve the coverage of healthcare insurance. Thus, to achieve this, the policy targets people who do not have any health insurance. Unless exempted for the following reasons - religious beliefs, individuals who cannot afford the healthcare coverage, taxpayers whose income is below the income threshold, or any person deemed to belong from an Indian tribe- the statute requires individuals to avail a health care insurance plan or pay a penalty. II. Historical Analysis a.) What policies and programs were developed in the past to deal with the problem? Policies that were developed in the past to deal with the same problem of limited and reluctant healthcare coverage include the Medicare (1965)...
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...Health Care Spending Ninnette Paulino HCS/440 Economics: The Financing of Health Care August 25, 2013 Michele Burka America’s national health care spending grew by 3.9% each year from 2009 to 2011, the lowest since the federal government began keeping these records in 1960. That slow growth appears to have continued into 2012, when expenditures totaled an estimated $2.8 trillion. The biggest reason for this slowdown is that people have spent less on health care in weak economic times. As people were losing their jobs they were losing their health coverage and then hold off on seeing a physician. Even workers that are employed with company-sponsored plans they face large-out-of-pocket costs that they’d rather avoid unless it is truly necessary (Luhby, 2013). According to the Kaiser Family and Foundation and Altarum Institute, they predict that this dampened spending pattern is unlikely to last much longer. As the economy picks up, health care spending is expected to increase, rising to an annual growth rate of more than 7% annually by the end of the decade (Luhby, 2013). When President Obama released his fiscal 2014 budget he proposed a chained CPI- to shrink cost-of-living adjustments for retirees. The use of chained CPI in Social Security and elsewhere in the budget would reduce deficits by $230 billion over a decade. It is also includes $392 billion in savings from Medicare and other health programs by raising Medicare premiums for wealthy retirees and negotiating...
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...Improving Quality and Value in the U.S. Health Care System By: Niall Brennan, Nicole Cafarella, S. Lawrence Kocot, Aaron McKethan, Marisa Morrison, Nadia Nguyen, Mark Shepard and Reginald D. Williams II Share on email Share on twitter Share on facebook Share on linkedin More... Share on google_plusone_share Share on stumbleupon Share on reddit Share on print Executive Summary The U.S. health care system faces significant challenges that clearly indicate the urgent need for reform. Attention has rightly focused on the approximately 46 million Americans who are uninsured, and on the many insured Americans who face rapid increases in premiums and out-of-pocket costs. As Congress and the Obama administration consider ways to invest new funds to reduce the number of Americans without insurance coverage, we must simultaneously address shortfalls in the quality and efficiency of care that lead to higher costs and to poor health outcomes. To do otherwise casts doubt on the feasibility and sustainability of coverage expansions and also ensures that our current health care system will continue to have large gaps — even for those with access to insurance coverage. There is broad evidence that Americans often do not get the care they need even though the United States spends more money per person on health care than any other nation in the world. Preventive care is underutilized, resulting in higher spending on complex, advanced diseases. Patients with chronic diseases such as hypertension...
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...Health Care Reform in the US Introduction Health care reform is a general term that is used for analyzing and discussing major health care changes and provisions. Most health care reforms are typically served with the responsibility of broadening the population so that they can receive adequate health care coverage through private or public insurance companies. Also they improve quality of existing health care system and decrease the cost (Weiner & Robert, 2009). The health care reform legislation act of 2009 is a bill that was enacted in USA to direct the health care insurance providers to draft and develop regulations in implementing a comprehensive policy aimed at providing effective and cheap insurance cover to all American citizens. Though beneficial to the public, since the bill was signed into law the implementation of the act has faced numerous economic, social and political challenges. In addition, the political climate is such that real challenges appear to be emerging, including legal challenges at the state level (Farber & Blustein, 2007). Finally, polls are showing that voters are not yet on board. In fact, some voters are unaware that a health care reform bill had been passed. Therefore this paper Identifies and describes the major challenges to health care reform implementation and gives an analysis of how these challenges can be resolved. Reasons and Recommendations for Health Care Reforms There is minimal question regarding the need to restructure the America's...
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...Health insurance in Canada and US Name: Institution: Health insurance in Canada and US Antonia Maioni’s goal is to explain the development of health insurance in Canada and United States of America. She goes on to elaborate why the United States and Canada have different healthcare insurance systems even though these two countries are majorly similar in almost all other aspects for example they share the same economic, political and social attributes (Maioni, 1997 p. 411). She offers that the major contributing factor to this contrast is the fact that health reform was fostered by political institutions which formed party systems in the two countries. Institutions are, in her book, stated as the most significant challenge faced by health reformers. Organizations related to the health industry play a rather important role in shaping insurance policies within the United States and Canada (Martens & Roos, 2005 p.72). This is further explained to be as a result of the way the institutions condition the role of political parties in policies. Maioni analyzes the creation on the social democratic third party in Canada which was not present in the United States of America and the influence exerted on the development of health reforms by the third, left-wing party in Canada. Two institutional attributes; parliamentary government and federalism are used to explain the differences between Canada and the US. The parliamentary...
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...Health Care Utilization The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act otherwise known as “Obamacare”, was signed into law in 2010. It was implemented to make health insurance more affordable to people and to increase access to a more affordable health care insurance. Although it works through the existing health care industry, it is still a political target from both ends of the political spectrum. The conservatives prefer to remain silent and not have any involvement into the health care system. The liberals that do agree with the health care reform do not like the “Obamacare” because the for-profit insurance company model stays the same instead of a single payer system administered through the government. Implementation of Obamacare “Obamacare” was rolled out to be spread over several stages rather than being rolled out at once. After the signing of the law, certain parts of the law was implemented. A couple of those changes implemented as part of the law are children remaining on their parents insurance until age 26 and people not being denied insurance coverage due to pre-existing health conditions. The expansion of access to health care was also written into the law. This mainly referred to the younger adults whose income was too low to be able to afford health insurance and for those people with chronic health issues in which pre-existing caused them to be denied new insurance plans. The individual and business mandates and the state insurance...
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...Health Spending and its Effects on Future Health Care Managers The United States spends more on healthcare than then any other country in the world. In 2012 the United States spent an average of $8,915 per person on health care, totaling $2.8 trillion. Unfortunately, spending will continue to trend upwards due to a number of key factors. According to Kaiser Health News staff writer, Mary Carey, “national health spending will increase modestly over the next decade as a result of an aging population, a recovering economy, and the health law’s expanded insurance coverage”(Carey, 2014) As baby boomers continue to age and the Affordable Care Act changes the health insurance market, “employment of medical and health services managers is projected to grow 23 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all occupations” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). This paper will focus on national health spending of the United States and the positive and negative effects it has on future health care managers. The Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) estimates health spending grew in 2013 by 3.6 percent marking the “fifth year of historically low rates of spending growth” (Sisko et al, 2014). However, it is “forecasted to rise to 5.6 percent in 2014 due to the combined effects of the expansion of coverage from the Affordable Care Act, faster economic growth, and growing age of the population” (Sisko et al, 2014). During the next decade economic growth is projected...
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