...In this week’s discussion the Health Belief Model is the most widely recognized theories (Rimer and Glanz 2005 pg. 20) and the one that fits most with my topic of Veteran homelessness. I find this to be true, because the health belief model relies on that individual to be responsible and accountable. I also find that the environmental health model ties into this topic. Because of the type of living conditions many homeless veterans find themselves in, it can weigh heavily on their health conditions and can even exacerbate them. According to the social Cognitive theory there are three main factors that contribute to whether or not a person will change their health behavior are: self-efficacy, goals and outcome expectancies (Rimer and Glanz 2005). Even with the new initiatives the VA has enacted to help veteran’s that suffer from homelessness, I believe that it is still very hard for these veteran’s to find the help they need to overcome some of the challenges they face. In order for these veterans to overcome homelessness, they need to be educated. It starts with social ecology and the first level, intrapersonal which requires that person to see their behavior towards being homeless, if they are able to reflect and become more aware of their situation which can lead to them being more willing to change the circumstances. Second level is interpersonal, which involves home and family. If veterans are put into shelters that are encouraging environments it can help in making them...
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...Compare and contrast the four main models of health in the Sociology of Health literature, and explain how each of them has influenced our understanding of the concept of health and well-being. Health is a term that is commonly debated and the definition varies from one profession to another and is a controversial term. The World Health Organisation describes health as: “A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO, 1948) This definition was formulated in 1948 and at the time was a breakthrough in the health care sector and was finally seen as a positive definition of health, rather than negative. Most definition concentrated on disease and illness. There are some criticisms that state that the model describes health as a ‘state’ rather than a process and does not put any certain boundaries on what is considered “health”. In healthcare, models are used to diagnose and explain an individual’s health. There are four main models that dominate the health care profession which are the biomedical model, social model, biopsychosocial model and the holistic model. In this essay I will discuss all four models by looking at their advantages and limitations in health care. The biomedical model is a dominant model of disease in contemporary medicine and was devised by medical scientists for the study of disease. It was created as a scientific model therefor involved a set of scientific assumptions and rules. Biomedicine...
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...The health belief model (HBM) was developed to explain why people were not actively participating in programs to prevent and detect diseases (Current Nursing, 2013). It is a good tool for addressing health problems that causes concerns. It is a model that the nurse uses to come with a way to meet the needs and capabilities of the individual making the health behavior change (Heady, 2013). The health belief model addresses 4 areas: The severity of the illness, the patient’s susceptibility to the illness, benefits of preventative actions and barriers that prevent the patient from taking that action (Current Nursing, 2013). The first thing that a nurse would need to do is to determine if the patient’s level of understanding of what the behavioral change means to him and his health. If the patient does not know why he is making this change then how effective is this change going to be. He will attempt to make the change to appease the nurse or because the nurse said so. The patient has to be aware of the impact of the change and if he thinks that it will be beneficial to his health. Based on the answer that the nurse receives from the patient then the next step will be made which is developing a plan. The patient has to be involved in the plan and the patient’s feedback is important. During the planning phase, the nurse can reiterate about the illness and the benefits of lifestyle changes. She can give the patient information to read and allow the patient to ask questions. While...
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...Approach: This approach strongly believes that health and social care services provided in society only serve the interest of the more presiding social classes rather than those of the patients. This is because doctors and other health professionals are viewed as the agents of the ruling class hence, they ensure the labour force or proletariat are healthy by treating them from their illness as soon possible. Their main role is to provide company owners with a healthy workforce. In addition to all this, the government allows unhealthy products such as junk food and tobacco to be produced and sold in order for companies to make profits when in actual facts the ruling class is benefitting from the issues of illness. Large firms, factories and large cars pollute the atmosphere and environment as they as they continue to produce toxic waste creating the same problem of ill health as being concerned with the differences in social class. People in poor areas, who have a high level of unemployment and whose environments have been polluted face a higher level of illness and a lower life expectancy. The government does little to tackle the issues of the root causes of health and change situations as it will cost a lot of money. Interactionist approach: This approach looks at society in 3 levels. 1. The subjective (based on interpretation) experience of health and illness: this process is about people’s different meanings of health and how they define themselves as ill. For example...
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...Using the health belief model, how can the nurse encourage a patient, who is status post myocardial infarction, to make immediate and permanent behavior changes in his or her eating habits and activity levels especially when the patient views these changes to be insurmountable? Provide a nursing diagnosis with interventions and outcomes to assess the patient's behavior changes. The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors. This is done by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals. The process of health education directs people toward voluntary changes of their health behaviors. The success of any health activity or goal will depend on the individuals perception of the situation and responsiveness to teaching. The nurse assists each person in a process of self-understanding and self direction, so the individual will experience the desire and motivation to change. Frequently, major life decisions need to be made in the process of learning. If through education and counseling the nurse can elicit logical and clear thinking, then the individuals decision-making abilities and progress in meeting life's needs will be developed further. Nursing Diagnosis Anxiety and fear related to new diagnosis - lack of understanding of medical condition and disease process. Intervention The patient needs a thorough understanding of her medical condition in order gain her attention on health education. This understanding...
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...Health Belief Model The HBM was adopted from the behavioral sciences to predict health behaviors by focusing on attitude and health behaviors of individuals (McEwen and Wills, 2014). It application into research is to help improve preventive interventions based on fear of disease and benefits obtained. The constructs utilized to explain this assumption are: perceive benefits, perceived barriers, and, cues to action (McEwen and Wills, 2014). It provides the APRN with strategies to make people aware of health problems, and implement programs to change modifiable risk factors and behaviors to health ones (McEwen and Wills, 2014). Self-management is a basis of diabetes care, and it is believed that improving patient self-efficacy is a crucial...
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...Health Care Models Analysis Directions: Develop a hypothetical case requiring the treatment of a patient (for example, the patient has a virus, an allergy, or a chronic condition). Using this case, explain the process in which each model (medical, holistic, epidemiological triangle, and social) would provide treatment (considering underlying causes, symptoms, as well as personal, social, economic, and environmental factors). If a model can be explained using a labeled graphic, then that is acceptable as well. Hypothetical Case (basic details only): A patient is brought into the doctor’s office. He is a young boy 9 year old. He looks flushed and uncomfortable. The mother mentioned that he ate some ravioli out of a can the day before. She was scared for her boy because she thought he has something serious. The problem is that the boy suffers from the abdominal pain for almost 4 days. The pain was not severe at first but it progress which later bother the child and cause him leave school early. He has been vomiting and having watery stool. He has no appetite and unable to eat solid foods. He feels light headed and has been experiencing sharp abdominal pains. Patient seem to have a stomach virus. Medical Model: This model examines the physical process such as pathology, physiology, and the biochemistry of the body. Therefore, the doctor would begin by gathering demographics from the mother i.e. medical history, medication usage, and current symptoms. Then, order x-rays...
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...Changing lifestyle behaviour such as smoking, dietary habits and physical inactivity have always relied on information, expert advice and persuasion given by professionals within the field of health; to convince people to change behaviours (De vet et al, 2013; Li et al, 2015).However, this may be a good method for short term goals but over time using traditional approaches amongst health behaviour change have shown to be unsuccessful in the long term; giving advice generates resistance and telling patients what to do undermines their sense of autonomy (Delamater, 2006; De Vet et al. 2013; Hagger and Hardcastle, 2011). In certain areas such as obesity, treatment is also needed alongside the advice given (Hagger and Hardcastle, 2011); costing the NHS to date £6.4 billion and is on the rise according to the Department of Health (2011). Therefore, current lifestyle- based interventions such as the health belief model; the theory of planned behaviour; and social cognitive behaviour need evaluating to a better understanding of what is best for the...
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...Health Service Delivery: Similarities: Both general practices and ACCHS’s utilize similar models for servicing patients.1 The models used are more team-based instead of general practitioner focused.1 The care is patient focused and involves the family, and input from the physician, allied health specialists, mental health professionals and community services.1 Differences and Reasons for Differences: In terms of availability general practice in Australia seems to be readily available to the populace as 90% of the Australian population visited a GP at least once in the 2004-2005 year period.2 However, for Indigenous Australians availability and affordability continue to be barriers to appropriate and effective health care.3 Due to lower...
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...The Health Promotion model accentuates three major concepts in which the theory consistently defines each of them. Within these three concepts of the model include, individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect and behavioral outcomes (Pender, 2011). The first of these is defined as the current beliefs and characteristics of the individual that influence their actions or behaviors (Pender, 2011). Examples of these consists of age, weight, self-esteem, self-motivation and sociocultural factors to name a few. The next concept is behavior-specific cognitions and affect. This is defined as perceived benefits of actions, barriers to change, and activity that predict the individual’s willingness to participate...
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...The Health Empowerment Model proposes that health literacy and patient empowerment are distinct concepts yet their impact on health outcomes is deeply intertwined (Schulz & Nakamoto, 2013). The model sharply separates the two concepts, claiming that health literacy refers to the necessary skills and sound knowledge which enables the patients to make appropriate health-related decisions, meanwhile empowerment entails the volitional aspect referring to whether the patients are motivated to take part as autonomous actors in this process. The core assumption of the Health Empowerment Model is that health outcomes depend on both literacy and psychological empowerment (Schulz & Nakamoto, 2013). Examining the effect of health literacy and psychological...
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...Rural Health Management in India Dec -2013 Contents Lists of Contents Page No 1. List of Abbreviations 3 2. Abstract 4 3. Introduction 6 3.1 Private Sector in India 7 3.2 THE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN HEALTH CARE 8 3.3 Public/Private Partnership 8 3.4 OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS 10 3.5 Classifying PPPs 10 3.6 Challenges in Partnership 11 3.7 Characteristics of Partnership 12 3.8 Scope and types of partnership 13 3.9 The Study for Research paper 15 3.10.1 Analysis and Discussion 16 3.10.2 Overview of the Case Studies 16 3.10.3 Enabling Conditions 17 3.10.4 Equity and Accessibility 19 3.10 Private partner selection and obligations of the Partners 19 3.11 Performance Specifications 20 3.12 Resource implications 20 3.13 Autonomy 21 3.14 Technical and managerial capacity 22 3.15 Quality of services 23 3.16 Stakeholder Perspectives 23 4. Summary and Conclusion 24 5. References 26 6. Annexure 29 1. List of Abbreviations PPP Public Private Partnership HSR Health Sector Reform ADBI Asian Development Bank Institute NRHM National Rural Health Mission FRU First Referral Unit MMVs Mobile Medical Unit CHC Community Health centre ...
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...Alise E. Jenkins May 24th, 2015 HCA-515 Health Care Models Analysis Hypothetical Case (basic details only): The patient is 72 year old female who smokes. She complains of extreme fluid retention in lower two limbs and lower abdomen. Breathing is difficult and she is only able to sleep while sitting erect in a reclining chair. Patient has underlying conditions: Obesity, Coronary Artery disease, Edema, Hypertensions, Dyslipidemia, Ischemia, and hx of quadruple Coronary Artery Bypass Graft. Current dx: Heart Failure Medical Model: A number of tests would be performed to analyze the extent of damage of the heart. An electrocardiogram would be one of the first tests performed to check the electrical activity of the heart and detect any type of ischemia (AHA, 2015). The tests would include X-Rays CT, and MRI scans. Also “Angiography that would allow imaging of the blood vessels” (AHA, 2015). Essentially it is creating a map of the heart. Ultrasound evaluations, echocardiograms, would also help define the amount of damage to the heart. Treatments for heart failure can vary due to underlying causes. However in most cases drugs are used to aid the symptoms. These drugs can include “beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and also a diuretic to help rid the body of excess fluid buildup” (CDC, 2015). Mechanical devices can be implemented into the heart too. These devices include pacemakers and defibrillators. These two mechanisms help improve...
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...The Purnell’s Model of Transcultural Health Care will help with my ability to apply the concepts of the model in my care of culturally diverse backgrounds because it will allow me to care care for my patients wholistically. Caring in the Macro and micro aspects of care . The macro aspects of care include global society, community, family the person and health. These concepts will allow me to plan and intervene in aspects to the cultural needs of my patients. Caring for more than just their bodies; and allowing them to express their needs and feel present and involved in the care they are receiving. The micro aspects of the model include twelve domains some of which include Family roles and organizations, communication, healthcare practitioners...
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...National Health Insurance Model There are four basic insurance models adopted by different countries in the world: the Beveridge Model, Bismarck Model, National Health Insurance Model, and Out-of-Pocket Model. This paper will focus on the National Health Insurance model and will discuss the meaning of the model, the countries that use the model, who funds the model and discuss the strength and challenges of the model. The model. The National health insurance model is a form of insurance that is run by the government with the taxpayers’ money (Wallace, 2013). In this system, every citizen is free to seek medical services anywhere throughout the country without concern of being denied. The providers of care in this type of insurance model are...
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