...This paper will explore the roles that gender and feminism plays alongside other determinants to affect the health status of Aboriginal Canadian women. Determinants of health refer to the circumstances in which people are born, live, grow, work, and age, that are responsible for most of the health inequalities that exist. Common determinants contributing to sub-par health status include: early child development, education, income, employment, social and physical environment, personal health practices and coping skills, access to health services, racism, and gender. These determinants work alongside Aboriginal-specific determinants like cultural identity, self-determination, and colonialism to create significant health discrepancies compared to non-Aboriginal Canadians. Aboriginal women are at an even greater disadvantage because of the role gender plays on top of the other determinants. The term gender refers to the socially constructed perceptions of feminine and masculine and is not to be confused with sex, which refers to the biological differences between men and women (Steckley and Letts 2010). While the two are different concepts, they are closely related and do influence each other because while biology may condition behaviour, it is in turn conditioned by the social environment (Halseth 2013). Health is also a social construct and issue, rather than simply a medical and technical problem associated with body parts and their functions. Because it is defined by and shaped...
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...Aboriginal Rights What are Aboriginal rights? Aboriginal rights are collective rights which flow from Aboriginal peoples’ continued use and occupation of certain areas. They are inherent rights which Aboriginal peoples have practiced and enjoyed since before European contact. Because each First Nation has historically functioned as a distinct society, there is no one official overarching Indigenous definition of what these rights are. Although these specific rights may vary between Aboriginal groups, in general they include rights to the land, rights to subsistence resources and activities, the right to self-determination and self-government, and the right to practice one’s own culture and customs including language and religion. Aboriginal rights have not been granted from external sources but are a result of Aboriginal peoples’ own occupation of their home territories as well as their ongoing social structures and political and legal systems. As such, Aboriginal rights are separate from rights afforded to non-Aboriginal Canadian citizens under Canadian common law. European Settlement and Aboriginal struggles Aboriginal people have a long and proud history that includes rich cultural and spiritual traditions. Many of these traditions, however, were altered or even taken away upon the arrival of European settlers. The forced introduction of European culture and values to Aboriginal societies, the dispossession of Aboriginal lands, and the imposition of alien modes of governance...
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...Misconception and Reality of Canada’s Aboriginal Peoples Gloria Yu Misconception: The terms "Aboriginal" and "Native" are used to define one homogenous group of people in Canada. "Indigenous”, "Native", and "Aboriginal" are used as broad terms to collectively describe three different cultural groups known as "First Nations", the "Metis", and the "Inuit". These three groups all have their own unique culture, historical background, and political goals. The group known as “First Nations” has 633 bands, representing 52 cultural groups or nations and over 50 languages. Most individuals prefer to be called by the specific nation they belong in because each has its own traditional political structure, history, and spirituality. “Aboriginal” is a term used to describe individuals or...
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...that there are equal opportunities for individuals living in Canada. The Employment Equity Act mainly targets four groups of individuals which include; women, aboriginal peoples, people with disabilities, and visible minorities. The Employment Equity Act serves an important role in the workforce as it seeks out discrimination and removes it effectively. When the Employment Equity Act is enforced correctly the act will ensure that individuals in the workforce have equal access to job opportunities as well as equal treatment in the workplace. Many individuals believe that employers are not very likely to battle situations of discrimination while going through the hiring process, as well as properly implementing the act in a particular workforce. Therefore the complexity of the Employment Equity Act is fair, however it is not necessary to have the act implemented in various Canadian workplaces. The Employment Equity Act was first introduced to Canada in 1986, and was later updated in 1995. “The Act stated in the legislation: The purpose of this Act is to achieve equality in the workplace so that no person shall be denied employment opportunities or benefits for reasons unrelated to ability and, in the fulfillment of that goal, to correct the conditions of disadvantage in employment experienced by women, aboriginal peoples, persons with disabilities and members of visible minorities by giving effect to the principle that employment equity means more then treating persons in the...
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...not limited to, highly contested issues such as transportation, health services, immigration, and the penal system. This paper will compare two of numerous federal investigations that have taken place in Canada between the years 1868 and 2008: the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada (The Bird Commission) and the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Both of these commissions tackle matters of early childhood education and care, education, the Indian Act, economic self-reliance, special treatment, the renewal of a relationship, the private sector, and the criminal code. After a more extensive comparison has been achieved between these two reports, I will decide which commission has had the largest impact on our Canadian constitution. Before forming a comparison, it is important that I explain briefly how each of these federal commissions came before us: Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson instituted the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada (RCSW) in February of 1967 (Royal Commission on the Status of Women, vii). It was launched as a direct response to a six-month campaign mounted by a coalition of thirty-two women's organizations and led by Ontario activist Laura Sabia, who, at the time, was president of the Canadian Federation of University Women (Encyclopædia Britannia). Sabia called a meeting of the coalition in Toronto in May of 1966 to discuss concerns surrounding the status of women in Canada. Because of the coalition’s lobbying efforts...
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...providing physical care for children such as providing children with a healthy and safe environment while their parents are at work or in school (Makarenko, 2007). But others have a more broader view and believe that not only does it involve physical care but also early childhood education and development. Child care involves social skills development and preparing kids for entrance into schooling, this can lead to very different visions concerning child care (Makarenko, 2007). There are many disagreements to whether child care is significant enough to be a public priority. People who have children put more importance to child care then to those who don't. Because of this it leads to differences concerning how much political capital and money governments should devote to child care. Another issue in child care policy is the role of the government and if child care should be a public or private good. Some people support a highly public child care system, that are managed and funded by governments and support private systems, where parents contract out child care services to private individuals or agencies (Makarenko,...
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...Canada From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Canada (disambiguation). Page semi-protected Canada Vertical triband (red, white, red) with a red maple leaf in the centre A shield divided into four rectangles over a triangle. The first rectangle contains three lions passant guardant in gold on red; the second, a red lion rampant on gold; the third, a gold harp on blue; the fourth, three gold fleurs-de-lis on blue. The triangle contains three red maple leaves on a white background. A gold helmet sits on top of the shield, upon which is a crowned lion holding a red maple leaf. On the right is a lion rampant flying the Union Flag. On the left is a unicorn flying a fleurs-de-lis flag. A red ribbon around the shield says "desiderantes meliorem patriam". Below is a blue scroll inscribed "A mari usque ad mare" on a wreath of flowers. Flag Coat of arms Motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (Latin) "From Sea to Sea" Anthem: "O Canada" Royal anthem: "God Save the Queen"[1][2] Projection of North America with Canada in green Capital Ottawa 45°24′N 75°40′W Largest city Toronto Official language(s) English and French Recognised regional languages Chipewyan, Cree, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Slavey (North and South) and Tłįchǫ[3] Demonym Canadian Government Federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy[4] - Monarch Elizabeth II - Governor General David Johnston - Prime Minister Stephen...
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...The Canadian State: Institutions and Structures The Constitution is very import in the context of the canadian state however it is not without controversy. As there has been many significant changes to fundamental rights Operational Institutions Westminster Style Parliamentary Government: derives from the british parliament in Britain meaning that we have an adversarial government. This can be expressed in the parliamentary structure of the house of commons (adversarial and conflict). High expectations of accountability in the formal legalities. The government must retain the confidence of the house (budget proposals) -legislative process: see above -party discipline: is linked to the idea of confidence, it operates through out the system. The general expectation is that members will vote along party lines. Pros: Accountability meaning that you know who is power and responsible for certain parts of the government, higher level of efficiency, fiscal and budgetary concerns, Cons: Can not always vote according to beliefs and values, inefficiency Federalism: Important driver of politics within Canada. To what extent are the types of different conflicts between the different levels of conflicts. Another reason why federalism exists is due in large part to the question of Quebec and the allocation of powers between french canada and the rest of the country. The Canadian State: Sovereignty 1867: Constitution Act, 1867 (BNA) 1926: The King-Byng Thing 1926: Nadan...
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...Idle No More Wilfredo Q. Mamaril Jr Stenberg College Idle No More The “Idle no More” movement is a grassroots political undertaking of a large group of Canadian Aboriginal people which consist of First Nations, Inuit’s and Metis. The primary focus of the movement is on Indigenous rights and environmental protection. It began as a fairly small group in Canada, but rapidly became international in scale essentially from rapid proliferation through the use of social media such as Facebook and Twitter (OJEN, n.d.). The movement has also attracted a great deal of attention in the Canadian national and local mainstream media, through rallies, protests, teach-ins and direct political actions. Political actions such as flash mobs and round dances around the country protested against omnibus Bill C-45 (currently known as the Jobs and Growth act, 2012) that was introduced and announce by Prime Minister Stephen Harper in October 2012 without consulting the Indigenous peoples (OJEN, n.d.). The vision of Idle No More is to “call on all people to join in a peaceful revolution, to honour Indigenous sovereignty, and to protect the land and water” (idlenomore.ca, n.d.). The Idle No More manifesto contends that “the state of Canada has become one of the wealthiest countries in the world by using the land and resources. Canadian mining, logging, oil and fishing companies are the most powerful in the world due to land and resources. Some of the poorest First Nations communities (such as...
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...Purpose…………………………………………………………………………3 Importance of the Issue………………………………………………………...3 Assessment……………………………………………………………………...……...4 Determinants of Health ………………………………………………………………...5 Lifestyle Choices……………………………………………………………….5 Accessing Health Care………………………………………………………….6 Education ……………………………………………………………………….6 Literature Review……………………………………………………………………….6 Interventions……………………………………… …………………..………..………7 Creating Trusting Relationships……………………………………………….. 7 Increase Screening………………………………………………………………8 Education……………………………………..…………………………………9 Evaluation and Sustainability …………………………………………………………..9 References………………………………………………………………………………10 2 COLDWATER CANCER RATES Investigation of Cancer Rates in Coldwater, British Columbia Introduction The target population for this project is the band members of the Coldwater First Nations 3 Community (FNC), located 14 kilometers north of Merritt, British Columbia. There is a growing suspicion within the community that there is an increased prevalence of cancer which has been brought to the attention of the Scw’exmx Community Health Services Society (SCHSS). Purpose The purpose of this project is to collaborate with community members to develop trusting, caring relationships, and explore historical and present rates of cancer in the Coldwater reserve. Our group will interview members of the community to complete a health survey and the data collected will be presented to the key stakeholders of the SCHSS who will determine if further action needs to...
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...public setting. There are 4 typical degrees of homelessness. The first degree of homelessness is the most visible sign of homelessness, called ‘rooflessness’ (Norton & Mercier, 2016). An individual would be considered ‘rooflessness’ when they sleep in the open air in a public setting, without a roof (Norton & Mercier 2016). The next degree of homelessness is ‘houselessness’, which applies to people who routinely sleep in shelters (Norton & Mercier 2016). The third degree of homelessness is ‘living in insecure housing’. An individual would be considered living in insecure housing when ‘permanent housing is unavailable, when people are obliged to share with others, or when a person’s or family’s housing is likely to be lost if the rent is raised or payments cannot be made’ (Norton & Mercier, 2016, p.443). The fourth degree of homelessness is ‘living in inadequate accommodations’. This circumstance arises when the living space is of such poor quality, overcrowded or otherwise unfit for habitation that it cannot be considered adequate for shelter (Norton & Mercier 2016). Many Aboriginal people living on reserves in Canada are considered to be the fourth degree of homelessness, with their homes considered to be inadequate for proper living conditions (Norton & Mercier...
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...Abortions remained hard to access and criminalized in Quebec until 1988. To this day, Quebec residents push the “federal government to exclude funding for abortion services from its G8 maternal health initiative”(A distinctly Quebec view on abortion) because Quebec’s population is primarily liberal and Catholic. In Quebec “private clinics are only partially funded, but all abortions at hospitals and community health centres are fully funded.”(Abortion in Canada) as of right now. Quebec has accomplished a lot for women’s rights in the last 28...
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...argued to criminalize certain groups within society. Specifically, Aboriginal women as offenders in corrections have faced many difficulties. They often are sentenced younger, more often and for longer sentences than non-Aboriginal offenders. The over incarceration, over representation and criminalization of Aboriginal women within the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) is attributable to a legacy of colonialism and sexism which placed them at a vulnerable place within society. Canada’s public policy post WWII regarding, social welfare, education and the labour market, exhibit how colonialism and sexism have created unfavorable cultural and socio-economic conditions for Aboriginal women, which make them more susceptible to be victims/survivors of violence, poverty and behaviours or circumstances in conflict with the law. As a result of these conditions, Aboriginal women are more likely to meet deplorable conditions while in prison, and the laws do not seem to accommodate Aboriginal methods of rehabilitation, restitution and justice. In order to understand the plight of Aboriginal women within the CJS, the issue will be approached from a feminist perspective. Further, the evidence will be sourced from secondary sources, mainly text and government reports. First a landscape of Canada’s colonial past’s impact on Aboriginal women; starting post WWII will be advanced. This will demonstrate the links between Aboriginal women’s experience with poverty, violence in all forms, and the...
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...Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report Ontario Tobacco Research Unit November 2012 Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report Suggested Citation: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit. Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report. Toronto: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Special Report, November 2012. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit ii Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report Acknowledgements Many people were involved in the preparation of this report. Key authors are Robert Schwartz, Shawn O’Connor, Alexey Babayan, Maritt Kirst, and Jolene Dubray. Marilyn Pope, David Ip, Pamela Kaufman, and Marian Smith provided editorial comments on an earlier draft and Sonja Johnston provided production assistance. The interpretation and opinions expressed in this report are the responsibility of the Principal Investigators of the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit (OTRU): Susan Bondy, University of Toronto K. Stephen Brown, University of Waterloo Joanna Cohen, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, University of Toronto Roberta Ferrence, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health John M. Garcia, University of Waterloo Paul McDonald, University of Waterloo Robert Schwartz, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Peter Selby, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Ontario Tobacco Research Unit iii Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report Table of Contents Acknowledgements...
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...landscape unique. These include the Cordillera, pacific coast, prairies, Canadian shield, Appalachian region, and the arctic, among others. The arctic is identified as the fiercest and the most majestic locations, in all of Canada. Recent advancement in infrastructure has increased the accessibility of the region, which was difficult during the early years. Health services, electricity, transport and business premises are now easily accessed by all the people living in the area. The presence of ice in this region adds up to the beauty of the entire country, and for many years, the domestic settings of the country has been known pose a threat to health of individuals....
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