...Abstract The researchers’ experiment aimed to determine what material would stay and remain the same with the most heat after being heated and cooled. In this way, one could see how climate in different countries and places are being affected with the materials around them. In this experiment, the materials that were used were water, salt, oil, 2 thermometers, containers, lamp/flashlight and a stopwatch. All these materials were arranged in a way that light from the lamp could be directly reach the 2 containers; this point was where the temperature of each was being recorded with the time allotted. In order to come up with a good result, the temperature was being checked after every five minutes and placed into data. The procedure was done three times for every material for the three trials. After testing, the oil absorbed a lot of heat, the water absorbed a little heat but kept it in while the soil did not absorbed much heat but when after, it was released easily. This experiment was to show how heat was being absorbed and released by different materials around. In this manner, one could associate it with the climate; how the materials surrounding the place can affect the climate and the specific materials that would greatly affect the climate in one place. CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Introduction Climate change is a lasting and significant change in the distribution of weather patterns over a period of time that may be ranging from decades to even millions...
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...Tasks: 1 a) The roles and responsibilities for health, safety and welfare on a construction site The employer Employers have a general duty under the Health and Safety at Work Act (HASAWA) 1974 to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, your health, safety and welfare at work’. Specific responsibilities Specific responsibilities are listed in the HASAWA 1974 under the general duties to employees and are as follows: The provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health and safety at work of his employees. It shall be the duty of every employer to ensure, as far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work of all his employees. The provision and maintenance of a working environment for his employees that is, so far as is reasonably practicable, safe, without risks to health, and adequate as regards facilities and arrangements for their welfare at work. The provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are, as far as is reasonably practicable, safe and without risks to health. Arrangements for ensuring, so far as is reasonably practicable, safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substances. The employee Under the HASAWA, employees have the following general duties: To act with due care for themselves and others, e.g. to walk rather than run down a corridor...
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...CHAPTER 5 CFD ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER AND SIMULATION This chapter deals with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the hydrodynamics and thermal behavior of the turbulent flow through a 2 pass Double pipe heat exchanger using ANSYS FLUENT 14.0 software. 5.1 Geometry and Modeling 5.1.1 Specifications of Geometry and Boundary conditions The analysis is performed on a double pipe heat exchanger with the inner diameter of inner pipe is 0.019 m & outer diameter of inner pipe is 0.025 m, similarly for annulus pipe, the inner diameter of outer pipe is 0.05 m & outer diameter of outer pipe is 0.056 m and the total length of heat exchanger is 2.36 m (2-pass). The mass flow rate of hot water, mh (kg/s), is constant over annulus...
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...SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY Solar thermal is a type of technology that is used for utilizing solar energy to get thermal energy. Solar thermal energy is a form of energy in which the sun is used to produce heat that can be used in a variety of ways. This technology has been used for generations and has been constantly improved by modern technology to expand it’s applications. SOLAR THERMAL GENERATION Solar thermal energy is a renewable energy source that converts the heat from solar rays into electricity by indirect means, using steam cycles. Several types of technologies can be used to generate solar thermal energy. Different designs are used as described below; Parabolic trough designs This design uses a curved mirrored trough that reflects the solar radiation directly to a glass tube containing the fluid which runs along the length of the trough. The trough is made to tilt in an east to west direction in order to maintain direct focus of the radiation on the pipe. To reduce convective heat loss, the receiver may be enclosed in a glass vacuum chamber. This design is suitable for operation within an average temperature range from 125º C to 400º C. Power tower designs In this design, flat mirrors are used to concentrate the light on top of a tower. This method is also called the Rankine cycle and it has the advantage of achieving higher temperatures. Dish designs In this design, a solar dish is used to concentrate the sun’s rays on the heating element that is placed above...
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...Principal Research Results “Energy Chain”, A New Concept in Evaluating Future Energy Conservation and Greenhouse Abatement Alternatives and Effectiveness Background The energy demand and supply system consists of many kinds of energy subsystems, for example, grid network, fuel (city gas, LPG, kerosene and so on) networks, prospective fuel (hydrogen) networks and demand-side equipments such as heat pump and cogeneration. In recent years, many evaluation methods and factors have been proposed and discussions of energy policy about innovative technology are becoming more multifaceted. In addition, as a result of specialization and segmentation of engineering science, too much discussion has been centered on particular details of efficiency, rather than on the overall needs of the energy supply and demand system. Integration of these evaluations and discussions is necessary for criteria for judgment. Critical review is always necessary to ensure that prospective technologies are really energy saving and contribute to greenhouse abatement over the whole spectrum from producing energy to end-use. Objectives To introduce a new concept of “Energy Chain” from producing energy through transmission, utilization and end-use, and to propose engineering methodology and evaluation method with examples. Principal Results 1.Proposing a New Concept of Energy Chain and Evaluation Method What the energy end-user needs is “energy benefit”. This include all kinds of benefit 1 that end-users...
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...Project Design Plan There are many times and reasons when a person wants a cold drink, but sometimes a cold drink is nowhere to be found. When this happens, you are presented with the option of drinking your drink at room temperature, or finding a solution to cool it down in a timely manner. Most people resort to throwing their drink in the freezer for a half an hour or so in order to cool it to an acceptable level. However, is that the best and most efficient method of cooling a drink down quickly? Is it even more efficient than putting it in the refrigerator? I intend to test to find out. Hypothesis: I suspect that the refrigerator and freezer are not the most efficient ways to quickly cool a drink. Both the refrigerator and freezer cool through convection, and I believe conduction will prove to be a more effective cooling method. As such, I will test both the refridgerator and freezer, as well as several variations of ice baths.I believe that an ice/water/salt bath will provide the best results, because it will provide for the most conductive area, and will also have the lowest conductive agent temperature, because the addition of salt will lower the freezing point of the ice/water solution, allowing the solution to get a few degrees colder than the standard ice/water solution. Experimental Design: To test the above questions, I intend to test a solution (in this case, simple bottled water) in a variety of different...
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...Combined heat and power (CHP) can offer a variety of economic benefits for large energy users. The economic benefits of CHP can include: * Reduced energy costs: The high efficiency of CHP technology can result in energy savings when compared to conventional, separately purchased power and onsite thermal energy systems. To determine if CHP is likely to offer a compelling return on investment at a particular site, the costs of the CHP system (capital, fuel, and maintenance) should be compared to the costs of purchased power and thermal energy (hot water, steam, or chilled water) that would otherwise be needed for the site. * Offset capital costs: CHP can be installed in place of boilers or chillers in new construction projects, or when major heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment needs to be replaced or updated. * Protection of revenue streams: Through onsite generation and improved reliability, CHP can allow businesses and critical infrastructure to remain online in the event of a disaster or major power outage. Determining the economic value of CHP as backup power is explored in the white paper, Calculating Reliability Benefits. * Hedge against volatile energy prices: CHP can provide a hedge against unstable energy prices by allowing the end user to supply its own power during times when prices for electricity are very high. In addition, a CHP system can be configured to accept a variety of feedstocks (e.g., natural gas, biogas, coal, biomass)...
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...When identifying myself, I usually look at my attributes and activities I succeed in, relating to athletics and or hands on projects or activities. When thinking about something that I love to do and skilled at that best suits my vocation, is an athlete. I can consider myself closer to an athlete then somewhat other skills. Working out every day is an important part in my life because I love to stay active and fit, so when the sport seasons follow through I’m out there every day either playing soccer or another type of sport. While staying focus on being fit, eating is also an important attribute that I need to follow. These sacrifices besides playing soccer, relate me closest to the vocation of an athlete. I see myself in the present and future not involving work that would relate to be sitting in an office job, or a job that requires you to either write or study a lot, for example, mortgage broker, lawyer. Instead, I enjoy working with hands on projects that involve more skills then thinking and investigating jobs. Such as, Heating & Air this involves installing furnaces and sheet metal to heat and cool the house. It strictly focuses on more of the labour hands on idea which I enjoy because I’m used to working hard physically and have experience from working with dad. Being athletic and hands on variety type of person can explain and give a very good explanation and idea of who I strictly...
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...ME 2173 MATLAB Project 5 Numerical Methods Using MATLAB Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/matlab-project-5/ The properties of Superheated Steam at pressure 200 kPa are shown in the table below: Table 1 Temp °C p=200 kPa (120.2 C) volume v(m^3/kg) energy u(k)/kg) enthalpy h(k)/kg) entropy s(k)/kg.K) 150 0.960 2577.1 2706.2 7.127 200 1.081 2654.6 2769.1 7.281 250 1.199 2731.4 2870.7 7.508 300 1.316 2808.8 2971.2 7.710 350 1.433 2887.3 3072.1 7.894 400 1.549 2967.1 3173.9 8.064 450 1.666 3048.5 3277.0 8.224 500 1.781 3131.4 3381.6 8.373 600 2.013 3302.2 3487.7 8.515 700 2.244 3479.9 3704.8 8.779 800 2.476 3664.7 3928.8 9.022 900 2.707 3856.3 4159.8 9.248 1000 2.938 4054.8 4397.6 9.460 The Ideal-gas specific heat at constant pressure cp in kJ/kmol • K of water vapor as a function of temperature (in Kelvin, °K) is given by: cp(T) = a + bT + cT2 + dT3 where a = 32.24, b = 0.1923 x 10-2, c = 1.055 x 10-5, d = —3.595 x 10-9. cp = c,, + R, and the gas constant, R= 0.4615 kJ/kg • K. For the computations below, convert the temperature to Kelvin: K=273+°C a. Use spline interpolation to increase the data points in table 1 for T, v, u, h, s, by creating a temperature vector in K Tnew = [150: 50:1000] + 273 and using it in the function 'interpl' to form the new vectors vnew, anew, hnew, Snew; e.g. vnew= interpl(T+273, v, Tnew,'spline'). b. Create a 1x2 subplot: subplot (1, 2, 1) has anew , hnew vs Tnew and the data plots of...
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...7th grade science Ms.Anderson September 13, 2013 What’s The Fastest Way To Cool A Soda ? For my science project , I am going to try to cool down a soda can starting at room temperature. The method of my project is filling up a bowl with water, amount of water depends on how many soda cans you use. You can cool down as many sodas as you would like to. So in this case I will be using 32 ounces to fill my bowl because I will be testing this three times. Then when you finish poring the water into your bowl, you will be adding five ice cubes and 5 teaspoons of salt. Why am I adding salt and ice you might ask? The water is at room temperature. The ice cubes are at a much lesser temperature - ice is formed at 4 degrees Centigrade and the ice cubes are colder. When your drop the ice cubes in the water, heat exchange takes place and the heat of the water starts to melt ice cubes. The temperature of ice is very low. When it comes into contact with your drink, the ice absorbs heat from the drink and conversely, the drink loses heat to to the ice. Hence, by losing heat, the drink gets cooler. Salt lowers the freezing point of water. Normally water freezes at 32 degrees Farenheit/0 Celsius. The addition of salt will lower the temperature at which water freezes so that the salt water solution is still a liquid below 32 degrees...
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...built to prove that the technology works, it has never been put into commercial operation. Now, however, despite the high costs involved, several companies are working toward commercial projects. Overview: OTEC is a marine renewable energy technology that is using the solar energy absorbed by the oceans in form of heat. OTEC generates electricity by exchanging heat with the warm water from the ocean surface and with the cold water from the deep ocean. History: The science behind ocean thermal energy conversion was first explored in France in the late 19th century and an experimental O.T.E.C. plant was built and briefly operated by a French engineer, Georges Claude, in Cuba in 1930. In the 1970s, as the first oil crisis hit, several countries started to look more seriously at the technology. In the 1980s however, as oil prices slid back, attention shifted away. [Source: Google] Two types of OTEC: Closed Cycle OTEC (CC-OTEC) Surface water is pumped through a heat exchanger, where it heats a fluid with a very low boiling point, such as ammonia, which expands as it vaporizes. The vaporized gas drives turbines producing electricity before being piped into a condenser, where cold deep ocean water chills it, returning it to its liquid state. The liquid is then pumped back to the warm water heat exchanger to repeat the cycle. [pic] (Source: Google)...
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...unknown wattage was placed inside of the box and was turned on for an unknown time. A small hole was cut into one sidewall in order to place thermocouple probes into at a later time. The first portion of this lab was to set up the initial thermocouple setup, which was described in the apparatus section of this report. Project 7-A: After the apparatus was was set up, thermocouple probe tip voltage was recorded using NI DMM Soft Front Panel software. Voltage relating to ambient temperature was also recorded. Using the provided thermocouple tables and the law of intermediate temperatures, the temperature in the box was found....
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...Calorimeter Building Procedure I began this project by purchasing an empty paint can from a local hardware store. I emptied, cleaned, and tore off the paper from a brown bread can that would act as a cavity to contain the flame and heat. Using a can opener, I removed both ends of the can. To create a grease collection site I molded several layers of folded tin foil to the bottom of a baked beans can, so the tin foil had a circular shape. Using ¼ inch wire mesh, I cut roughly a 4x4 slab and formed it into a circular shape, this would act as the cheese puff stand. With wire cutters I cut additional pieces of the wire mesh so there were three “legs”, with one side open. I then placed the wire stand into the grease collector, making sure there...
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...start-up based in Youngstown, Ohio, is the company behind this and is planning to launch this engine-- named the Entropy engine--early next year. For Indians the matter of pride is that the technology's inventor, Sanjay Amin, a mechanical engineer, is an Indian and also the co-founder of the company. The Entropy engine converts heat to mechanical power. Any mechanical power over and above friction losses can then be converted to electricity by coupling an electric generator to the output shaft of the engine. Conventional engines can only convert high temperature heat to power, by burning fossil fuels. The engine takes room temperature air, absorbs heat from the air like a sponge, converts, that heat to power and exhausts air at a lower temperature. This low-temperature exhaust can be used for refrigeration and air conditioning. Thus the Entropy engine is both an engine and a refrigerator. An electric generator coupled to this engine produces electricity and has a higher efficiency rating than conventional engines. How it works--The Entropy engine (named after the unit in physics that describes the amount of available energy in a system) absorbs heat from the atmosphere and converts it to power. Since it consumes no fossil fuels, nuclear fuels, or electrical power, it produces no emissions, directly or indirectly, its only by-product being cold air. The engine can run year-round in any climate, even in sub-zero temperatures. It will work in any environment above absolute zero...
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...does have negative impacts on the nearby ecosystem caused by human influence. The temperature change can be upwards or downwards. The major sources of thermal pollution are power plants and industrial factories. In most power plants, heat is produced when coal, oil, or natural gas is burned or nuclear fuels undergo fission to release huge amounts of energy. This heat turns water to steam, which spins turbines to produce electricity. After cooling the used steam must be cooled and condensed back into water. The use of water as a cooling agent, deforestation of shorelines, soil erosion, and the burning of fossil fuels.. The foremost cause being the use of water as a cooling agent in nuclear power plants and other industrial facilities. After the water has absorbed the excess heat of nuclear rods or other machinery it is returned to the environment (usually a river or lake) at 9 to 20 degrees warmer a temperature. More stringent regulations are imposed in the U.S., but this doesn't help much because most of the world's nuclear power plants are located in France and other European nations. Droughts in Africa might become more serious. Also, the rates of photosynthesis and plant growth are increased. They may not be able to afford large projects such as sea walls or aqueducts. Most of the rise in sea level would occur because water expands when it is heated. Finally, the single human activity that is most likely to have a large impact on the climate is the burning of "fossil fuels"...
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