...thermodynamic system. a. Nuclear power b. Electronic heat sink c. Rocket launch Define thermal energy. * Kinetic energy in transit from one object to another due to temperature difference Define temperature. * The average kinetic energy of particles in an object * Define absolute zero. All kinetic energy is removed - 0K Define thermal equilibrium. Touching objects within a system reach the same temperature Define the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. Thermal energy can change form and location, but it cannot be created or destroyed. List two ways thermal energy can be increased in a system. d. Adding thermal energy e. Performing work on the system Define the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. Thermal energy flows from hot to cold. Define entropy. The measure of how evenly distributed heat is within a system Define convection. The transfer of thermal energy by movement of fluid (liquid or gas) List two examples of convection. f. Weather g. Boiler systems Define conduction. The transfer of thermal energy within an object or between objects from molecule to molecule List two examples of conduction. h. Metal spoon i. Heat through a wall * Conduction Equations: Define the following variables. Q = Energy transferred m = Mass of material absorbing or releasing energy c = Specific heat capacity of a material (J/kg°C) P = Rate of energy transfer ...
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...Combined heat and power (CHP) can offer a variety of economic benefits for large energy users. The economic benefits of CHP can include: * Reduced energy costs: The high efficiency of CHP technology can result in energy savings when compared to conventional, separately purchased power and onsite thermal energy systems. To determine if CHP is likely to offer a compelling return on investment at a particular site, the costs of the CHP system (capital, fuel, and maintenance) should be compared to the costs of purchased power and thermal energy (hot water, steam, or chilled water) that would otherwise be needed for the site. * Offset capital costs: CHP can be installed in place of boilers or chillers in new construction projects, or when major heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment needs to be replaced or updated. * Protection of revenue streams: Through onsite generation and improved reliability, CHP can allow businesses and critical infrastructure to remain online in the event of a disaster or major power outage. Determining the economic value of CHP as backup power is explored in the white paper, Calculating Reliability Benefits. * Hedge against volatile energy prices: CHP can provide a hedge against unstable energy prices by allowing the end user to supply its own power during times when prices for electricity are very high. In addition, a CHP system can be configured to accept a variety of feedstocks (e.g., natural gas, biogas, coal, biomass)...
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...Joseph N. Frederick III PSC 1121C Spring 2011 Geophysics Geophysics can be broken down into several groups that deal with physical science and the earth. It is a field and profession that combines geology, mathematics, and physics all in an effort for people across the world to understand the ways of the world and exactly what it takes for certain seemingly unnatural events to happen. Geophysics covers a range of ideas from gravity, heat flow, seismic waves that cause vibrations through the Earth’s layers, radioactivity both geothermal and geochronological, electricity, electromagnetic waves and magnetism, fluid dynamics, and even condensed matter physics. So as we see, geophysics is indeed a very broad subject, yet when looked at under specific lights, we see that geophysics is no more than a name, a container, for all matters Earthly related. Most of these topics will most definitely be covered in this essay and if not talked about in depth, definitely mentioned seeing as how all of these ideas are valuable to everyone worldwide in getting to know and understand the way our home planet works in relation to ourselves and the space we occupy in the universe. (Beroza, Nelson, and Ilich, "The Department of Geophysics"). History The first traces of anything geophysically related first appear in regions inside of China during the Qin dynasty somewhere between two hundred twenty-one and two hundred six B.C. when Chinese fortunetellers used lodestones to create their fortune...
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...Operation Management Case study Making Hotplates A group of 10 workers were responsible for assembling Hotplates (instruments for heating solutions to a given temperature) for hospital and medical laboratory use. A number of different models of hotplates were being manufactured. Some had a vibrating device so that the solution could be mixed while being heated. Others heated only test tubes. Still others could heat solutions in a variety of different containers. With the appropriate small tools, each worker assembled part of a hotplate. The partially completed hotplate was placed on a moving belt, to be carried from one assembly station to the next. When the hotplate was completed, an inspector would check it over to ensure that it was working properly. Then the last worker would place it in a specially prepared cardboard box for shipping. The assembly line had been carefully balanced by industrial engineers, who had used a time and motion study to break the job down into sub assembly tasks, each requiring about three minutes to accomplish. The amount of time calculated for each sub assembly had also been “balanced” so that the task performed by each worker was supposed to take almost exactly the same amount of time. The workers were paid a straight hourly rate. And also the partially completed hotplate was placed on a moving belt, to be carried from one assembly station to the next. When the hotplate was completed, an inspector would check it over to...
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...Introduction Thermodynamics is the area of science that includes the relationship between heat and other kinds of energy. Thermodynamics was discovered and studied beginning in the 1800s. At that time, it was linked to and gained importance because of the use of steam engines. Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency of early steam engines, particularly through the work of French physicist Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot . Who believed that the efficiency of heat engines was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars.[1] Scottish physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854. Thermodynamics is built on the study of energy transfers that can be strictly resolved into two distinct components, heat and work, specified by macroscopic variables.[17] Though thermodynamics originated in the study of cyclic non-equilibrium processes such as the working of heat engines, study of the subject gradually revealed that the notion of heat is inextricably tied to the notion of thermodynamic equilibrium.[18]Thermodynamics is well understood and validated for systems in thermodynamic equilibrium, but as the systems of interest become further and further from thermodynamic equilibrium, their thermodynamical study becomes more and more difficult. Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium have very well experimentally reproducible behaviour, and as interest moves further towards non-equilibrium systems...
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...Nemneet Dhather Chemistry 4th Period Additivity of Heats of Reaction: Hess’s Law Introduction In this experiment, we will learn how to use a Styrofoam-cup colorimeter to measure the heat released by three reactions. To do this experiment we need to know about heat which is energy that is being moved because of temperature change between two things. Enthalpy which is a special energy function to make the process of finding how much energy is released or absorbed by a given reaction. Enthalpy is presented by Δ H or Q. Δ represents “a change in” and H represents” heat”. Q represents energy required. To know the reactions presented we must know what the meanings of, exothermic which means releasing heat and endothermic which means to absorb heat. The equation to enthalpy is Q = S x M x Δ T. The Q represents energy required. S represents specific heat capacity. M represents mass of sample in grams and Δ T represents a change in temperature in Celsius degrees. To measure energy we have to know what to measure it by and that is by the joule (calorie). Joule (used to describe heat) is from an SI unit that represents calorie, the amount of energy necessary to increase the temperature of one gram of water by one Celsius degree, which is equal to 4.184 joules. One of the most important features of enthalpy is that it is a state function. This is where Hess’s law principle comes in to play which says, whether the reaction takes place in one step or series of steps the change...
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...8.3 The Sun Powers Earth`s Climate System Homework - Thursday 09/06/12 pg. 329 #1-6 1. Explain how the ocean interacts with the Sun’s radiation. The ocean interacts with the Sun’s radiation by reflecting and absorbing the Sun’s radiation. I think the ocean absorbs the radiation because depending on the season the area by the mass of water is about 1°C or 2°C difference in temperature proving the ocean does absorb the Sun’s radiation. Although it absorbs heat I also thing the ocean has a medium albedo. The ocean is light coloured/clear, and is a different form of ice which has the highest albedo. Therefore the ocean interacts with the Sun’s radiation by reflecting and absorbing the heat energy. 2. The amount of energy Earth absorbs is equal to the amount of energy it radiates. Why is this important? Explain your answer. It’s important that the amount of energy Earth absorbs is equal to the amount of energy it radiates because on Earth we need to keep the temperature at a sustainable temperature, meaning the Earth can’t be too hot or too cold. For there to be a sustainable environment the Earth needs to maintain a healthy temperature for human life, and other life. By equally absorbing and reflecting the radiation from the Sun Earth is able to support life, this is very important. 3. The Sun shines continuously on Earth. Explain why Earth does not keep warming up. Even though the Sun shines continuously on Earth, the Earth doesn’t keep warming up because...
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...fulfillment of the Associates of Science Degree at Southern Technical College. Thesis Statement: How technology is used in the field of HVAC. The primary focus shall be placed on thermostats with Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi Capability has endless possibilities. Now you can buy a Wi-Fi thermostat, which will allow you to control your thermostat settings remotely, from a computer or even your iPhone. Your Wi-Fi Thermostat can be controlled from our iPhone app from anywhere in the world. For remote access, as with browser access, you will need a router that offers port forwarding facility. A fixed IP address from your ISP is required. I imagine some people would utilize this technology to hang out in bed in the morning before turning up the heat with their phone, but these devices are really handy for the frequent traveler, landlord, or anyone who owns a vacation home. While a programmable thermostat has already made many people's lives easier and cheaper, a thermostat with wireless capabilities takes things to a whole new level. Now, while a Wi-Fi thermostat is cool and affordable for many, it is still a relatively new technology. Heating and cooling your house is expensive. But you can usually reduce your bills by installing a programmable thermostat. This allows you to reduce the heating or cooling in your home when you are either not at home or are asleep. The easiest way to reduce your energy bills is to lower your thermostat when the house is empty. For people who work...
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...Most of my friends who are currently working are my undergraduate friends. Actually I have another class that requires interviewing my working friends about their opinions about their work. I think they have more complaints about their works than they actually enjoy their work. I think it might be because they just started working. I think both my parents enjoy their job even though they are always busy and have a lot of work to do. In most cases, the friends would talk to me saying they feel that they need to work under a lot of pressure for a paycheck that can’t even cover their living cost and they might still need to ask their parents for money. This is especially true for those who work for consulting firms. Most of them hate working overtime to finish the endless project while their bosses would lose temper easily if they do not meet a deadline or if the boss is not satisfied with their work. They would not have time and energy to build personal connections with the colleagues. Some of them feel difficult to change from a student to a working person. For my parents I would think they hate that they need to deal with problematic kids since they are both teachers. What they enjoy most I think would be learning and self-improving during work. When I talked to some of my friends who are currently working, they would share something they learned from work and they all sounded very proud and they said they would never know these stuff if they were not doing that job. For my...
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... Data Tables: Food Item Description Nut: Cashew Marshmallow: Jumbo Other Sampler: Cracker Mass of food, cup, and clamp - initial 29.7 4228 30.9 Mass of food, cup, and clamp - final 29.3 38.0 29.4 Mass of burned food 0.9 9.6 0.9 Observation of flame 2:38.57 Steady not intense 1:48.57 rapid burn but not hot 1:48.87 steady, hot, very intense Water temp - initial 23 C 37 C 54 C Water temp - final 38 C 54 C 78 C Change in temp 15 C 17 C 24 C Q - Energy released (kcal/g) 10.4 .85 3.65 Energy est. on package (kcal/g) 9.9 3.3 4.9 Percent Difference 2 80 15 Determination of cal. according to Atwater Factor (kcal/g) .05 .01 .02 Questions: A. Same – water, thermometer, heat application Different – turbine, not flame B. Heat escaping and math being off Having a better way to trap heat. C. The cracker burned the best and hottest. More carbs and fats Body uses carbs and fat as fuel. D. Protein is not broken down into energy. E. Marshmallow has no fat. F. No, weight used, they round up or down in their math. Conclusion: In this experiment I learned that the amount of energy released by food is needed to fuel the body. I also learned that what the package shows in not always the truth and that you could be taking in more or less than what you...
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...Topic 5 Objectives 1) Ancient people were aware of numerous different kinds of matter. The two major forms of matter that they dealt with were “metals” and “earths.” a. Metals: Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron, Mercury, Lead and Tin i. Used for weapons, etc b. Earths: Clay, mud, Sand, Silt, Loam, Ash i. Used for pottery, melted sand to make glass, used stone to make appliances ii. Woods used as well as fibers (clothing) 2) Development of Elements: a. Matter is one basic substance i. Thales – water basic element, found as gas, solid and liquid ii. Animaxander – all matter is from one “boundless thing”, determined by the qualities hot/cold, dry/wet iii. Anaximenes – Air is the one basic substance iv. Empedocles – Earth, water, fire, air b. Wood reveals composition of matter when it burns – matter is a combination of two or more elements – fire issues from it, water hisses from it, air (smoke) is produced from it, earth (ashes) remain behind c. Four elements, four qualities – air, fire, water, earth – cold/hot, dry/wet d. Elements can change state to another element – they are interchangeable ( i.e., water becomes air when it evaporates 3) Alchemists vs Chemists a. Similarities: concerned with composition, form and properties of materials; studies combine theoretical outlook with experimental curiosity; looking...
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...Running head: Study Of Heat Heat and Temperature Marcus A. Bullock SCI 110 Intro to Physical Science The Study Of Heat and Temperature Heat is a function of the velocity of all the molecules of a substance. Kinetic theory and heat transfer are both in motion, in Kinetic theory all states of matter are in vigorous motion and heat transfer is associated with the motion of atoms or molecules. The kinetic theory of matter says that all matter is made of particles that are in constant motion. Matter is made of constantly moving particles, which tells us how the matter in solids, liquids, and gases behaves. The reason heat relates to the kinetic theory is because, gases consist of great numbers of molecules moving in all directions, that their impact on a surface causes the gas pressure to rise. Heat study is explained through the movement of warmer and cooler objects, the changing of temperature. It is not a theory of sorts like kinetic theory of matter is. Scientist state that heat is defined as “something” that moves between objects when two objects of different temperatures are brought together. The more heat that is produced the higher the kinetic energy level of an object or substance it has. Temperature on the other hand, can be defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of an object. Temperature is the measure of the average heat or thermal energy of particles in a substance. The relationship between heat and temperature is described...
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...Expansion Most substances expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled. Heat causes expansion because it increases the vibrations of the atoms or molecules of a substance. The increased vibration forces the atoms or molecules further apart and the substance becomes larger, i.e. expands. When the substance cools down, it becomes smaller, i.e. contracts. Expansion and Contraction of Solids Solids expand in all directions when heated but the amount of expansion is usually very small. [pic] The above experiments show that: after heating, the metal expands and will not fit into the gauge in either length or diameter; after heating, the ring expands an will let the ball pass through it; when the metal rod is heated, the pointer is pushed to the right indicating expansion. Force of Expansion and Contraction If there is an obstruction to the free movement of an expanding or contracting body, very large forces may be set up. These forces can be useful but they can be destructive as well. The steel bar in Figure 2 is held by a cast iron pin at one end. When the bar is heated, it expands and the nut is tightened to ensure the rod is firmly held. The rod is then allowed to cool snapping the pin as it contracts. [pic] Expansion of Various Solids When rods of the same length but different substances are heated through the same increase in temperature, they expand by different amounts. Table 1 shows the expansion of metre –long rods of...
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...Running Head: NEWBORN ASSESSMENT AND CARE PLAN Newborn Assessment and Care Plan Newborn Assessment On 1/29/09, at 0610, 39 week gestational age, 7lb 4.6oz, black male was born to 18 year old mother. Infant born via vaginal delivery with assistance of vacuum extraction, nuchal cord x1 noted. Mother received adequate prenatal care beginning at 8weeks. Prenatal medications included Iron supplements and prenatal vitamins. Prenatal complication included pregnancy induced hypertension. Onset of labor 0647, full dilation 1705, and delivery of infant at 1810. Apgar scores 6/8.Weight 3305gms, length 20 inches, head circumference 12 inches, chest circumference 12 ¾ inches, abdominal girth 12 inches. The infant is alert and active. Anterior fontanel is soft and flat. No oral lesions. Head caput/ molding, elongated with edema, abrasion noted from suction. Color is pink and changing all over (African American.) Skin is warm, dry, and well perfused. No rashes, vesicles, or other lesions noted. Birthmark present on forehead approximately 2cm. Bilirubin test ordered. Lanugo present. Hair pattern is scattered evenly all over, fine texture and moderate amount. Eyes symmetrical and in midline. No discharge present from eyes. Eyes move from left to right and sclera is white. Eyebrows are fine and symmetrical. Nose is patent and midline. Ears present symmetrically. Mouth midline. Gums and tongue pink and moist. Cheeks symmetrical with no lesions. Saliva present. Chin well aligned on face...
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