1511-12 | First War with France | Unable to sustain the campaign, due to poor alliance with Ferdinand of Spain and HRE, did nothing and pulled out. Spain used invasion as distraction to seize Navarre | 1513 | Battle of Spurs | Defeated the French, captured towns Therouanne and Tournai, neither of which were much use to England, but in peace treaty signed in 1514 with Louis XII, Henry was to keep the towns | | Battle of Flodden | Scottish King James IV took advantage of Henry’s absence to invade England, Earl of Surrey’s troops defeated the Scots, James killed and Henry’s sister Margaret became regent | 1518 | Treaty of London | Wolsey drew up a treaty of universal peace, which united Europe against the Ottoman Empire, committed the powers to live in peace with one another. Any country that broke the peace risked invasion from other countries, each country made an individual treaty with England, so Henry was placed at the centre of European affairs and seen as the “peace maker” | | Papal Legate | Pope Leo X appointed Wolsey as Papal Legate, which gave him the power to act as the Pope’s representative in England and allowed him to appoint clerical offices, so controlled the patronage of the Church | 1519 | Expulsion of the Minions | Wolsey persuaded Henry to dismiss gentlemen of the Privy Chamber | 1520 | Field of Cloth of Gold | Meeting between Henry and Francis I, included jousting and other sports, entertainment and feats. Henry achieved international glory, but cost a years income (cheaper than war) and no agreement was signed/ Charles V not invited, so England appeared to be siding with France than remaining impartial as “peace maker” in TOL | 1521 | Defender of the Faith | Awarded title by Pope Leo X, recognised Henry’s defence of the Catholic faith and papal supremacy in response to Martin Luther’s criticisms | | Treaty of Bruges | Wolsey signed a secret alliance with Charles, which decided that they would declare war on France if Francis refused to make peace and Charles would compensate Henry for the pensions from France that he would forfeit during war | 1525 | Second French War | No battles, forced back due to bad weather. Spent £400,000, annual income was £100,000. Henry was let down by Charles who focussed all his attention recovering Milan | | Battle of Pavia | Financial pressures meant Henry was obliged to withdraw, Charles achieved victory over France and captured the French king | | Amicable Grant | To cover the costs of war, Wolsey sent out commissioners to collect a forced loan, which was imposed on 1/3 of incomes of the clergy and laity. Mass resistance led to the Grant being abandoned | | Treaty of More | Henry gave up his claims to France and would receive an annual pension of £20,000 from France | | Treaty of Westminster | England would enter a full alliance with France and either Francis or his son would marry Princess Mary | 1526 | League of Cognac | Alliance between France, the Papacy, Venice and Florence and intended to put pressure on Charles V to enter discussion to cease fighting | | Diplomatic Revolution | Wolsey’s attempt to form an alliance with France and Italy to readdress the balance of power, causes resentment in England due to hatred of the French and alienates Charles | | Eltham Ordiances | Wolsey reduced the number of the Bedchamber from 12 to 6, which provided an extra £107,000 a year | 1527 | Sack of Rome | Charles invade Rome and the Pope is essentially under his control, damaging Henry’s chance of a divorce politically | | Treaty of Amiens | Wolsey continued to follow anti-Hapsburg and pro-French policy, which developed into a full alliance. England and France declared war on Charles in 1528 | | Wolsey’s Secret Court | Wolsey was instructed to begin legal proceedings to free Henry from his ‘invalid’ marriage, set up a secret tribunal at Westminster where the validity of Papal Dispensation was attacked | 1529 | Treaty of Cambrai | Charles defeated Francis in June 1528, for Francis, no alternative but to agree with terms of Emperor and Charles’ control of Italy was confirmed. Highlighted clear failure of Henry & Wolsey’s policy = English delegates not invited to negotiations and had no influence over terms of treaty, Henry wasn’t considered an equal | | Court of Blackfriars | Annulment decided at Blackfriars Court, judges were Wolsey and Campeggio. Catherine refused to acknowledge the validity of the court and appealed to Rome. Wolsey was dismissed shortly afterwards | | Chancellor | Thomas More, Henry’s close friend was appointed Chancellor to replace Wolsey, executed on 6th July 1535 | 1532 | Supplication Against the Ordinaries | Petition to the King to take action against clerics who abused their legal powers, Henry demanded that all future change to canon law would require the consent of the monarch, which removed the independence of the Church and the authority of the Papacy | | Submission of the Clergy | Attack on the Church rendered it virtually powerless as put it under royal control | | Act of Annates | First stage in establishing royal supremacy and cut England’s ties to Rome, ended the payment of Annates to the papacy and bishops could be consecrated by English authority | 1533 | Act of Restraint of Appeals | Set out Henry’s legal position as head of the England Church, all legal cases could be settled in England, no right of appeal to Rome and the King was the supreme authority in all legal cases | | Archbishop of Canterbury | Henry made Cranmer the new Archbishop of Canterbury, which meant he held a seat in the HOL, where he was able to promote the legislation that established the Royal Supremacy | 1534 | Act of Succession | Declared that Henry’s only heirs were his children with Anne Boleyn, Princess Mary was illegitimate, all subjects must take an oath to ensure that they agree with the Act and those who denied the succession would be punished by death | | Act of Supremacy | Henry was supreme head of the Church in England and Wales, the bishop of Rome had no authority | | Treasons Act | Treasonable to deny the Acts of Supremacy and Succession, even by spoken word, important mechanism in keeping people loyal, extending royal authority and that of the Pope was completely removed | | Act of Dispensations | Steered through parliament by Cromwell, transferred the payments of Peter’s Pence (taxation to Rome) to Henry instead of the Pope | | Act of First Fruits and Tenths | Clerical taxes to the King not the Pope | 1535 | Vicegerent in Spirituals | Cromwell as appointed as Vicegerent in Spirituals, which placed him in charge of the direction of religious policy and the position was equivalent to Papal Legate | | Valor Ecclesiasticus | Initial stage in the dissolution of the monasteries, Cromwell dispatched a set of commissioners to investigate the wealth of the church | | The Visitations | Cromwell sent out a 2nd set of commissioners to investigate the standards of the monasteries, instructed the commissioners to find corruption and report on it | 1536 | Act for the Dissolution of the Smaller Monasteries | The visitors’ evidence was place before parliament and Cromwell drew up a bill that declared the smaller monastic houses worth less than £200 annually should be closed immediately for their corruption | | Ten Articles | Purpose was to define the faith and practices of the new national Church in England; only mentioned 3 Sacraments (Catholics 7), contained some Lutheran ideas and the clergy were ordered to preach against the Pope | | The Bishops’ Book | More conservative and orthodox than the Ten Articles as restored all 7 sacraments, however placed emphasis on scriptural rather than Papal authority, main purpose was to inform the clergy what teaching of the Henrican Church actually was. Henry refused to endorse the book specifically | | Lincolnshire Rebellion | Triggered by dissolving smaller monasteries, subsidy collection and the inspection of the quality of the clergy. Lincoln Articles provided a list of grievances of the common people and 10,000 men marched on to Lincoln. News came that Duke of Suffolk’s army was only 40miles away, and the revolts dispersed. Although fails to develop, it shows there is widespread discontent and how Cromwell’s propaganda is failing. People risking their lives to protest the changes show the level of support for Catholicism and monastic life in the southeast. | | Pilgrimage of Grace | Robert Aske led 30,000 Pilgrims from York to Pontefract Castle and gained control of north of England. Rebellion caused by the dissolution of the monasteries, initially Henry appeared to be willing to negotiate and Aske was invited to Court for Christmas. Henry had fooled the Pilgrims and proceeded without mercy, with 178 rebels being executed and Robert Aske being hanged outside Clifford’s Tower in York | 1538 | The English Bible | Cromwell commissioned Coverdale to produce a Great Bible in English; Henry was depicted as distributing the words of God to his people. Henry was concerned that this could lead to debate, so ordered that you must have a licence to own one, restricting the Bible to the nobility and wealthy. Cromwell believed that this would remove the influence of Catholic teaching and advance Protestantism | 1539 | The Second Dissolution Act | Claimed it was necessary to close the larger houses in response to their role in the rebellions in 1536, Second Act recognised an accomplished dissolution of the monasteries | | Act of Six Articles | Confirmed the King was Supreme Head of the Church, transubstantiation and private mass, but banned the marriage of priests, marriage of anyone who had taken vows of chastity and the taking of communion in both kinds by the laity. Marked a return to Catholic theology, with harsh punishments for offenders, within a few weeks, 500 had been arrested for heresy |