...Preterm births and low birth weights are an ongoing problem in today’s society. Such births have a negative consequence on a multitude of different groups. The families of the child are directly affected but also society. In both developed and developing countries, birth weight is one of the most important if not the most important factor affecting neonatal morality. According to the WHO low birth weight is defined as weight less then 2500g. About 9% of births in the US are considered low birth. Preterm births before 37 weeks also play a major role in neonatal mortality. (Kramer, 1997). Low birth weight and preterm births are not limited to a select group of people but are a problem all groups of people face. Preterm births can be a result of substance abuse, alcohol, smoking, and hypertension just to name a few. Poverty is a big factor and is seen more frequently in minority groups. (Rawlings et al, 1995). Lack of nutrition and lack of access to healthcare are two leading causes among minorities. Low birth babies will have an impact on the family and society. Hospital costs will be high as well as future costs if complications occur later on in life. Not only will there be financial cost and burden but also psychological. Short term there will be high levels of stress. New parents will have a difficult time coping with and preparing to deal with future complications. Problems can include complications with the lungs, neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy,...
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...major problem throughout the world. Engaging communities affected by the disease and giving them voice can improve access. Hepatitis C is an infection of the liver caused by the contamination of a person with the Hepatitis C Virus, known as HCV. Hep C is considered to be the most serious, and life threatening form of Hepatitis. In some cases Hep C can evolve rapidly and cause irreversible damage to the human liver. There are 130–150 million people living with Hep C globally and approximately 3.2 million...
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...Hepatitis B- Benchmark Brandy Barlow Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V-O508 January 11, 2015 Hepatitis B- Benchmark Hepatitis B is a viral infection that targets the liver and is caused by the hepatitis B virus. It can cause both acute and chronic disease within the body. Hepatitis or Hep B is an infection of the liver that can be deadly. It causes inflammation of the liver and is a major health problem all over the globe. Chronic liver disease and chronic infections put people at higher risk of death from cirrhosis of the liver and or liver cancer. The majority of people with Hep B do not have any symptoms during the actual infection phase. There are those however, that experience jaundice (yellowing of the skin), dark colored urine, increased fatigue, nausea, with or without vomiting, and abdominal pain. Symptoms of hepatitis B may not show up for 6 months after the initial infection. Early onset of symptoms may include: loss of appetite, fatigue, low grade fever, muscle and joint pain. An infected person may have no symptoms, they may feel sick for a day up to weeks, or they may become very ill very quickly. This is called fulminant hepatitis. (Hepatitis B, 2013, pg. 1). Complications may arise in some people causing a chronic liver infection that can become cirrhosis or liver cancer. At least ninety percent of healthy adults that contract the Hepatitis B virus recover and are rid of it within six months. Hep B can be transmitted to others even if the infected...
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...A. DOCTORS & 1. NEEDLE STICK INJURY COLLEAGUES: 2. COLLEAGUE WITH HEP B, HEP C & HIV INFECTION 3. PROFESSIONAL MISCONDUCT IN A COLLEAGUE 4. INCOMPETENT COLLEAGUE This is a gift of a scenario. In this scenario for once you have to have your facts right because otherwise you wont be able to suggest anything. There is a standard way to go about this and after discussing that a short description will be given regarding the different aspects of safety and post exposure prophylaxis. 1. Greet the patient and say that you have come to know about the incidence. 2. Come the doctor by sayong something like, “ I know that you are anxious but I can assure you that there are lot that we can do to minimize any risks that is involved.” 3. Ask him/her when did it happen and what did he/she do immediately after that. 4. If the immediate 1st aid is correct, acknowledge that and say that it has already reduced the risk of transmission of any infection by 95 % 5. Enquire about the exact circumstances in which the needle prick has happened [pic] Was he or she wearing gloves? Single or double? [pic] Has she been pricked by a hollow needle? [pic] Was the needle inside a vein or artery of the...
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...Public Health Hepatitis B Jorge Cruz Jr Grand Canyon University According to the Hepatitis B Foundation, the virus has infected about 2 billion people worldwide, which is about 1 person out of every three (Our Accomplishments, 2014). Hepatitis B virus or the HBV is a virus that can cause a lifetime of damage to the liver. “Hepatitis” on its own refers to the inflammation of the live, although there are many causes of inflammation of liver the family of the hepatitis viruses are the most common with Hep A, B, and C being most prominent of the family. Although the family of the hepatitis’ viruses are similar in structure, they differ in transmission and infection. For instances, Hepatitis A is transmitted fecal to oral, whereas Hepatitis B and C are transmitted through exchange of bodily fluids (Hepaitits B, 2008). Hepatitis B can be spread when infected blood, semen, or any other bodily fluid comes in contact with a non-infected person’s bloodstream. The CDC, provides possible situation when this occurs, for example, during birth (mother is infected could pass down to infant), during sex, or when sharing items that come in contact with a infected person’s blood like toothbrush, needles, or razors. Since it is spread through bodily fluid people at risk for infection are those who come close contact with other people’s bodily fluid frequently this includes but not limited to healthcare workers, men who have sex with men, infants of infected mothers, people with multiple sex...
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... Culture & Disease Paper Hepatitis is a viral disease that affects people of all ethnic groups, races and various religious backgrounds. However, compared to the other racial or ethnic groups’ Asian population are more likely to be a higher risk to inheriting the disease than any other racial or ethnic group. The subject of discussion in this paper is how Hepatitis propagates making the Asian population in particular at risk to this disease (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2012). What is Hepatitis? Hepatitis is the swelling of the liver that makes it to stop working well. There are five main types of known Hepatitis, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D and Hepatitis E (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2012). Liver is organ of the body that is responsible for the variety of functions such as Detoxifications, store vitamins, maintain production of the biochemical needed by one’s body for digestion, and maintain the proper glucose levels in the body. The liver is also responsible in production of certain hormones required by the human body, and production of urea the main substance present in the urine. Hepatitis is a viral infection caused by a virus that attacks the liver leading to inflammation and demising its ability to perform the required functions. The individuals that carry the Hepatitis virus have no symptoms and can take decades to show up when the liver...
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...Benchmark Assignment: The Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Andrea Elena Medina Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V Concepts in Community and Public Health Thursday, December 08, 2015 Benchmark Assignment: The Epidemiology of Hepatitis B A major global health issue impacting the international health community is Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is viral condition that injures the liver due to the attempt to eliminate the virus, leading to progressive liver disease and cirrhosis (Hepatitis B (HBV, Hep B), 2014). The incidence of cirrhosis developing in people with chronic HBV is 8-20% (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2013; European Association for the Study of the Liver, 2012); the annual incidence of HBV-related liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, is 2-5% of people with cirrhosis (EASL, 2012). A person infected with Hepatitis B can transmit the virus to another person who hasn’t been affected by Hepatitis B in several ways. People can become infected with the virus when they come into contact with contaminated blood, semen and when other body fluids mix with the uninfected person’s body fluids. Examples of transmission occur from sexual contact, blood transfusion before the year 1992, sharing of needles or syringes, and from mother to baby at birth. Hepatitis B can be an acute, or short-term, illness for some people but for others, it can often lead to a lifelong chronic infection. The risk for chronic infection is related to a person’s age at the time of infection:...
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...“HEPITITIS B VIRUS” Daniella Braude CAUSE The Hepatitis B virus is the most common liver infection in the world and is caused by the hepatitis B virus. The hepatitis B virus enters the body and travels to the liver via the bloodstream. In the liver, the virus attaches to healthy liver cells and multiplies. This replication of the virus then triggers a response from the body’s immune system. People are often unaware they have been infected with the hepatitis B at this stage. The liver is the main site of hepatitis B viral multiplication. Hepatitis B infection can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer or liver failure if it is not diagnosed and managed. [1] TRANSMISSION Hepatitis B is found in blood and body fluids including saliva, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk. The most common ways hepatitis B is spread include sexual contact, sharing of injecting equipment, needlestick injuries in the health care setting, reuse of unsterilised or inadequately sterilised needles, child-to-child transmission through household contact such as biting, sharing personal items such as razors, toothbrushes or nail clippers and Mother passing on to child. [2] HOST RESPONSE When a person is first infected with the hepatitis B virus, this is called an “acute infection.” Most adults will fight off the virus, and recover without any problems. If the virus remains in the blood for more than six months, a person is then...
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...they can be spread from one person or thing to the next. This writing will present hepatitis B and how it affects individuals and the community. The roll of the community health nurse will be discussed in regards to hepatitis B. Description of Hepatitis Hepatitis is simply an inflammation of the liver that is typically caused by a virus. It can be infectious or non-infectious. Viral hepatitis is contagious and is caused from a viral infection leading to liver inflammation. There are two types of hepatitis B. Acute hepatitis B is short lived, and chronic hepatitis B which produces long-term illness. Individuals who are exposed to hepatitis B in infancy or childhood likely will develop chronic hepatitis. Those who are exposed as adults will develop antibodies and typically have an acute hepatitis infection. Hepatitis B is contracted when a person comes in contact with infected blood semen or other body fluids enters their bodies. If a person has an exposure to hepatitis B, hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) can be given to suppress the development of the disease. In an acute infection, symptoms that can be experienced include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, dark urine, joint pain, jaundice, anorexia and clay-colored stools. The symptoms usually show up with in the first six months after the exposure and can last up to six months long. Chronic hepatitis B does not always illicit symptoms but...
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...1. Clostridium difficile (C. dif) a. What is Clostridium difficile? Clostridium difficile is a gram positive bacteria of the genus Clostridium. C. difficile bacteria naturally reside in the body and this bacteria is capable of forming spores. b. What are the symptoms of C. difficile disease? Symptoms of C. difficile disease include watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, and abdominal pain/tenderness. With the elderly population being more susceptible to complications of dehydration, this disease is of great concern for them. c. How is C. difficle disease transmitted? C. difficile is transmitted through contact. Infection can occur if surfaces become contaminated with feces and an individual touches that surface and introduces the bacteria into their mouth or mucous membranes. This is important to remember when using commodes, bath tubs, and rectal thermometers. All of these things can be reservoirs for C. difficile spores. d. How can one prevent the spread of C. difficile infection? Preventing the spread of C. difficile can be accomplished by being diligent with hand washing and by cleaning surfaces regularly with disinfectants. Hypochlorite based disinfectants have shown the most success in hospital cleansing routines. Hospitals must take special precautions when cleaning a room after a patient with C. difficile has occupied it. Patients with C. difficile will usually be on isolation precautions in a private room or be...
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...Liver: Largest internal organ and gland Gerontologic Consideration of Liver Disease * Increase liver disease rate with age because of liver structure changes with age * Decrease liver volume – Because liver size will change with age * Decrease in hepatobilary function * Decrease drug metabolism: which increases the vulnerability for drug-induced hepatitis and increase risk for drug interactions * Decrease ability to respond to injury Hepatitis Most common cause for liver inflammation is viral infection Acute Infection: * Inflammation causes damage liver cell and may develop into hepatic cell necrosis. * If there are no complications, the liver cells can regenerate and regain its normal appearance and function. Chronic Infection: * Last longer than 6 months * May persist for years * Continuous inflammation and damage done to the liver will slowly develop into liver cirrhosis, then liver failure, and then liver cancer. Clinical Manifestations: Acute Phase: 1-4 Months: Icteric Phase * Jaundice begins * Clay Color stools Convalescence Phase: Post-Icteric phase (healing phase) * Jaundice starts to disappear * Last about 2-4 months. * Major complaint is easy fatigue and malaise. Priority Nursing Diagnosis: * Activity Intolerance r/t decrease physical energy and strength. Recovery Phase: Most patients recover completely Chronic Infection/Condition: * Develops into: Chronic hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Hepatic Failure...
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...Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) models for bones of the human body utilizing medical imaging data. The human hand was chosen as the subject of the research. Computed Tomography (CT) imaging was chosen to provide a volumetric data set. This data set was visualized through an isosurfacing technique utilizing the marching cubes algorithm. The original CT data set contained slices that were not aligned with the natural orientation or long axis of the bones. Transformation matrices and linear interpolations were used to generate a data set of slices oriented along the natural axis of the bones. Contours were created on these slices through an edge-tracking method. B-Spline curves were then constructed utilizing the contour’s vertices as knot points. A consistent starting location was found on each closed B-Spline curve relative to its centroid. Points on the closed B-Spline curves were then...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The growing awareness of the nutritive value of mushroom as well as the adoption of more mushroom dishes in restaurant menus has greatly increased the demand of fresh mushrooms. However, some places within the city lack access to this nutrition. In lieu to this, this business proposal has been made. Moreover the proposal aims to supply fresh, nutritious mushrooms to an area which was underprivileged from convenience. Specifically, Mintal, Davao City. This proposal is a family venture. Thus, a capital of 25 000 pesos will be borrowed from relatives. Located at an area beside Elenita Heights Subdivision, Catalunan Grande, this project is expected to provide convenience in access to mushroom in the Mintal area. Most inputs are available around the corner; nonetheless some inputs will be purchased from reliable sources. The project will be managed by the owner with the help of a trusted expert in mushroom culture and of course, with the active involvement of the family members. Additional laborers will be hired to help in the overall production. 1. Size of Production 300 square meters 2. Marketing Size 2-3 inches 3. Raising Period 5 months 4. Projected Selling Price 60.00php per kilogram 5. Projected Gross Revenue 54 000.00 php 6. Estimated Cost of Production 19 865.00 php 7. Projected Net Income 34 135.00 php 8. Projected Return of Investment 172% 9. Projected Benefit Cost Ratio 37% JUSTIFICATION Mushroom has...
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...Vitamin Report Shaneka Matthews SCI 241 7/22/2012 Denise Bolding, M.S. Vitamin Report Vitamins are in almost everything consumed everyday. Some foods and drinks may have more vitamins than the next. If a person wants to stay healthy then the best thing would be to choose things that have a high amount of vitamins. There are water-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins and both have some positives and some negatives. Not getting enough of a certain vitamin can also cause harm to the body. The body needs 13 different vitamins to stay healthy. All of these 13 vitamins are classified. Vitamin classification is how vitamins are classified depending on their solubility. There are some that is soluble in fat and there are some that are soluble in water. Fat-soluble vitamins are the ones that are stored in the fat and water-soluble are the ones that are flushed put by the kidneys. With these vitamins, it can help a person maintain a healthy immune system; good vision, help build and maintain strong bones and are also good for the hair and skin. Fat-soluble vitamins are good for certain things and water-soluble are good for the others. Fat-soluble vitamins would be vitamin A, D, E and K. These vitamins would be stored in the liver cells and fat in the body. There are plenty of foods that are a good source for each of these vitamins. Carrots, sweet potato, collared greens and kales are a good source of vitamin A. Vitamin D can get to the body through sunlight along...
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... D . E . F A . B . C . Graph coloring K6 V1 blue e2 V2 red A D e8 e1 e3 e4 V6 Red, F e9 B V3 blue e7 e5 V5C ,blue e6 V4 , E,red Adjancency matrices K6 A B C D E F A 0 0 0 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 1 1 1 C 0 0 0 1 1 1 D 1 1 1 0 0 0 E 1 1 1 0 0 0 F 1 1 1 0 0 0 Incidence matrices e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 e8 e9 v1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 v2 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 v3 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 v4 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 v5 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 v6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 A short-path algorithm (Using dijksta ‘s algorithm to find a shortest path from F to B) A 2 D 3 5 3 2 F A 5 B 4...
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