...Benchmark Assignment: The Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Andrea Elena Medina Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V Concepts in Community and Public Health Thursday, December 08, 2015 Benchmark Assignment: The Epidemiology of Hepatitis B A major global health issue impacting the international health community is Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is viral condition that injures the liver due to the attempt to eliminate the virus, leading to progressive liver disease and cirrhosis (Hepatitis B (HBV, Hep B), 2014). The incidence of cirrhosis developing in people with chronic HBV is 8-20% (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2013; European Association for the Study of the Liver, 2012); the annual incidence of HBV-related liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, is 2-5% of people with cirrhosis (EASL, 2012). A person infected with Hepatitis B can transmit the virus to another person who hasn’t been affected by Hepatitis B in several ways. People can become infected with the virus when they come into contact with contaminated blood, semen and when other body fluids mix with the uninfected person’s body fluids. Examples of transmission occur from sexual contact, blood transfusion before the year 1992, sharing of needles or syringes, and from mother to baby at birth. Hepatitis B can be an acute, or short-term, illness for some people but for others, it can often lead to a lifelong chronic infection. The risk for chronic infection is related to a person’s age at the time of infection:...
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...UPMC said today that the reason it shut down its live kidney donor transplant program was that a patient recently received a kidney from a donor who was hepatitis C positive. The revelation prompted UPMC late Monday to voluntarily suspend the program until a thorough review can be completed by the United Network for Organ Sharing, the agency that oversees the nation's transplant centers. "We have voluntarily postponed currently scheduled living donor kidney cases until UNOS can complete a review of a situation we discovered in one isolated case, which we self-reported to UNOS," UPMC spokeswoman Jennifer Yates said today in a statement. "The specific case involved a kidney transplant recipient who received a kidney from a donor who was hepatitis C positive. This temporary suspension of the program allows us to thoroughly evaluate our protocols and donor screening processes to reassure our patients that they receive the very highest standards of care. We fully anticipate a resumption of cases in the very near term. We strive for excellence in our clinical care with the well-being of patients as our highest priority." In addition to UNOS' review, the state Department of Health and the Allegheny County Department of Health are both planning to investigate the error, officials with the state and county said. How hepatitis A is spread The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is found in the faeces of someone infected with the virus. It only takes a tiny amount of faeces getting inside...
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...Communicable Disease-Hepatitis C Shrunda Young HCS/457 March 25, 2015 Dr. Janice Chilton Communicable Disease-Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is a communicable disease that is a contagious liver infection. In 1989, hepatitis C virus was discovered. Previously, it was related with blood transfusion and was called non-A and non-B hepatitis because virus was not identified. Hepatitis C disease varies from one person to another. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spread through contact with blood of an infected person. Hepatitis C can be “acute” or chronic”. Identify the environment factor related to this disease. People that contract the Hepatitis C virus age range are from 18-72 years old. Patient exposed to Hepatitis C virus used injectable drugs, body piercing, shared razors and toothbrushes, occupation exposure such as needle stick, and exposure to major amount of blood such as from working in an emergency room or administering first aid. Hepatitis C can be contracted through sexual intercourse and oral. In many case studies, people that have Hepatitis C tends accelerate the disease by smoking cigarettes marijuana and alcohol. This tend to be a threat in the environment by reducing the rate Explain the influences of lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and disease management. The influence of lifestyle, socioeconomic status and disease management with hepatitis c is watching diet and alcohol consumption. Alcohol with people with Hepatitis is very dangerous due to it affecting...
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...Communicable Disease-Hepatitis C Shrunda Young HCS/457 March 25, 2015 Dr. Janice Chilton Communicable Disease-Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is a communicable disease that is a contagious liver infection. In 1989, hepatitis C virus was discovered. Previously, it was related with blood transfusion and was called non-A and non-B hepatitis because virus was not identified. Hepatitis C disease varies from one person to another. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spread through contact with blood of an infected person. Hepatitis C can be “acute” or chronic”. Identify the environment factor related to this disease. People that contract the Hepatitis C virus age range are from 18-72 years old. Patient exposed to Hepatitis C virus used injectable drugs, body piercing, shared razors and toothbrushes, occupation exposure such as needle stick, and exposure to major amount of blood such as from working in an emergency room or administering first aid. Hepatitis C can be contracted through sexual intercourse and oral. In many case studies, people that have Hepatitis C tends accelerate the disease by smoking cigarettes marijuana and alcohol. This tend to be a threat in the environment by reducing the rate Explain the influences of lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and disease management. The influence of lifestyle, socioeconomic status and disease management with hepatitis c is watching diet and alcohol consumption. Alcohol with people with Hepatitis is very dangerous due to it affecting...
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...Object oriented programming refers to a method of programming in which individual objects, usually called "methods" and "functions", are created and used in junction with each other to perform a function. These objects are organized within the program through use of things called structures or classes. A class is something we use to create a blueprint of sorts for a assortment of variables and components. Similarly, a structure serves the same purpose. The only difference between a structure and a class is that a structure's members are public by default and a classes members are private by default. Another form of "blueprint" used by programmers is the data union. While a union is very primitive in comparison to a structure or class, it is a good tool to use to conserve memory in larger applications. A union uses the same memory block for multiple variables at different points. While two variables in a union cannot be accessed at the same time, a union is a good way to re-use blocks of memory that would normally be left void after a variable is finished with. Now that I have covered the basic points of classes, structures and unions, I will go into more detail of just how powerful a class or structure can be. In basic reference, a class is simply a blueprint to something we create instances of later in the program. This is a very vague statement however, because in object-oriented programming the class is the backbone of the program. It is what makes the...
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...To: Rosemary Worth From: Re: misplaced trust on Kate Hoffman causing money loss issue Date: September 17, 2012 This memo is in response to your questions concerning money loss issue raised by Kate Hoffman and any related operating problems. After an in depth study of your company’s daily operation procedure and a situation that you are unable to step in a managerial role because of family responsibilities, I suggest you hire a new manager to take care of daily operation management, focus on 3-4 popular classes, shorten opening hours, and base commissions on performance. My suggestion is based on obtaining better management controls in the following three aspects. People Controls You trust Kate Hoffman so much that you let her take multiple tasks such as marketing, facility up-keeping, scheduling of appointments and record keeping. Kate was paid a salary plus a commission based on gross revenues just as other instructors. Kate might have thought that she did more work than other instructors and deserved more commission. When her expectation was not met, she lacked the motivation to handle multiple tasks and turned to an unethical way – stealing money from unrecorded revenue. If a new manager is hired, Kate can be released from administrative work and concentrate on her instructor job. Thus, further money loss can be avoided, and you can still keep the friendship between Kate and you as before. Furthermore, the newly hired manager can take place of the part time clerical...
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...Lab # 4 OVERLOADING Coding : using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace ConsoleApplication1 {//*********************************multiplication************************************ class A { public int multiply(int a,int b) { return a * b; } public double multiply(int a, double b) { return a * b; } public double multiply(double a, double b) { //1 argument type different OVERLOADING can be performed return a * b; } }//*********************************fraction************************************ #region fraction class fraction { int numerator, denominator; //field public void display() { Console.WriteLine(numerator + "/" + denominator); } public fraction() { numerator = 0; denominator = 1; } public fraction( int n, int d) { numerator = n; denominator = d; } public fraction(int n) { numerator = n; denominator = 1; } } #endregion //*********************************length************************************ #region length class length { int feet, inches; public void display() { ...
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...structured programming and data structuring. 2) SQL (Structured Query Language) designed by, Donald D. Chamberlin, and Raymond F. Boyce. The motivation behind this language was designed for managing data held in a relational database management system. ( RDBMS) 3) C, Designed by Dennis Ritchie. the motivation behind this language is structured programming and allows lexical variable scope and recursion. 4) Applesoft BASIC, developed by Marc McDonald, and Ric Weiland. The motivation with this language was it was designed to be backwards-compatible with integer BASIC and used the core of Microsoft’s 6502 BASIC implementation. 5) GRASS, Developed by Thomas A. DeFanti. GRASS is similar to BASIC in sytax, but added numerous instructions for specifying 2D object animation, including scaling, translation, rotation and color changes over time. 1980’s 1) BASICA, Designed by Thomas E. Kurtz. Designed to offer support for the graphics and sound hardware of the IBM PC line. 2) Turbo Pascal, developed by Borland, under Philippe Kahn’s leadership. This is a software development system that includes a compiler and an integrated development environment for the Pascal programming language. 3) C++, designed by Bjarne Stroustrup. This is a general purpose programming language that is free-form and compiled. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises both high-level and low-level language features. It provides imperative, object-oriented and...
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...Reusability of Code To be able to compare and contrast procedural programming modules and object-oriented programming, or OOP for short, we need to understand the two different styles. Procedural programming was the most commonly used programming language early on with a top-down model. This programming module places its attention on procedures or actions, which take place within the program. A few examples of procedural programming are FORTRAN and BASIC. OOP although has become the preferred method of use. OOP focuses on objects, which are self-contained unit containing date and data operations. When it comes to the reusability of codes OOP makes this task much easier. As procedural programming is a line-by-line programming style as if to be writing out simple instructions. OOP however allows the programmer to utilize inheritance. Inheritance gives the programmer the ability to create new classes, known as subclasses, based on an existing class, known as the superclass. This ability enables the programmer to utilize the data and methods of the original class or superclass. This whole process is where the programmer is able to utilize code that already was written saving them time and eliminating the opportunity for programming errors. Another benefit to OOP over procedural programming is security and the ability to hide code. Within OOP, the programmer is able to label certain data fields as private. Once these data fields are labeled as private, their data and methods...
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...Let Us C Fifth Edition Yashavant P. Kanetkar Dedicated to baba Who couldn’t be here to see this day... About the Author Destiny drew Yashavant Kanetkar towards computers when the IT industry was just making a beginning in India. Having completed his education from VJTI Mumbai and IIT Kanpur in Mechanical Engineering he started his training company in Nagpur. Yashavant has a passion for writing and is an author of several books in C, C++, VC++, C#, .NET, DirectX and COM programming. He is a much sought after speaker on various technology subjects and is a regular columnist for Express Computers and Developer 2.0. His current affiliations include being a Director of KICIT, a training company and DCube Software Technologies, a software development company. In recognition to his contribution Microsoft awarded him the prestigious “Best .NET Technical Contributor” award recently. He can be reached at kanetkar@kicit.com. Preface to the Fifth Edition It is mid 2004. World has left behind the DOTCOM bust, 9/11 tragedy, the economic downturn, etc. and moved on. Countless Indians have relentlessly worked for close to two decades to successfully establish “India” as a software brand. At times I take secret pleasure in seeing that a book that I have been part of, has contributed in its own little way in shaping so many budding careers that have made the “India” brand acceptable. Computing and the way people use C for doing it keeps changing as years go by. So overwhelming...
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...Carnegie Mellon Course Overview 15-213 /18-213: Introduction to Computer Systems 1st Lecture, Jan. 14, 2014 Instructors: Seth Copen Goldstein, Anthony Rowe, Greg Kesden The course that gives CMU its “Zip”! 1 Carnegie Mellon Overview Course theme Five realities How the course fits into the CS/ECE curriculum Logistics 2 Carnegie Mellon Course Theme: Abstraction Is Good But Don’t Forget Reality Most CS and CE courses emphasize abstraction Abstract data types Asymptotic analysis These abstractions have limits Especially in the presence of bugs Need to understand details of underlying implementations Useful outcomes from taking 213 Become more effective programmers Able to find and eliminate bugs efficiently Able to understand and tune for program performance Prepare for later “systems” classes in CS & ECE Compilers, Operating Systems, Networks, Computer Architecture, Embedded Systems, Storage Systems, etc. 3 Carnegie Mellon Great Reality #1: Ints are not Integers, Floats are not Reals Example 1: Is x2 ≥ 0? Float’s: Yes! Int’s: 40000 * 40000 1600000000 50000 * 50000 ?? Source: xkcd.com/571 4 Carnegie Mellon Great Reality #1: Ints are not Integers, Floats are not Reals Example 1: Is x2 ≥ 0? Float’s: Yes! Int’s: 40000 * 40000 1600000000 50000 * 50000 ?? Example 2: Is (x + y) + z = x + (y + z)? Unsigned & Signed Int’s: Yes! Float’s: ...
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...ArrayList Johnnie L. Bagley III PRG/420 October 09, 2013 Dr. Orenthio K. Goodwin ArrayList The differences between the Array and an ArrayList is a common question asked by beginners, just starting to code using Java. The Array and ArrayList are both used to store elements, which can be a primitive or an object in the case of ArrayList in Java. A main difference between the ArrayList and an Array in Java would be the static nature of the Array, but the ArrayList has a dynamic nature. Once an Array is created, programmers cannot change the size of it, but an ArrayList will be able to re-size itself at any time. There is one more notable difference between ArrayList and an Array (Paul, 2012). The Array is a core part of Java programming that has a special syntax and a semantics support within Java. An ArrayList is a part of the collection framework of popular classes, such as HashMap, Hashtable, and Vector. There are six more differences between Array and ArrayList which will be listed in numeral order: 1. First and Major difference between Array and ArrayList in Java would be that Array is a fixed length data structure, while ArrayList is a variable length collection class. 2. Another difference is that an Array cannot use Generics, due to it cannot store files, unlike the ArrayList that allows users to use Generics to ensure storage. 3. Programmers can compare the Array vs. ArrayList on how to calculate length of Array or size of an ArrayList. 4....
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...PHP Tutorial - Learn PHP If you want to learn the basics of PHP, then you've come to the right place. The goal of this tutorial is to teach you the basics of PHP so that you can: • • • Customize PHP scripts that you download, so that they better fit your needs. Begin to understand the working model of PHP, so you may begin to design your own PHP projects. Give you a solid base in PHP, so as to make you more valuable in the eyes of future employers. PHP stands for PHP Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP - What is it? Taken directly from PHP's home, PHP.net, "PHP is an HTML-embedded scripting language. Much of its syntax is borrowed from C, Java and Perl with a couple of unique PHP-specific features thrown in. The goal of the language is to allow web developers to write dynamically generated pages quickly." This is generally a good definition of PHP. However, it does contain a lot of terms you may not be used to. Another way to think of PHP is a powerful, behind the scenes scripting language that your visitors won't see! When someone visits your PHP webpage, your web server processes the PHP code. It then sees which parts it needs to show to visitors(content and pictures) and hides the other stuff(file operations, math calculations, etc.) then translates your PHP into HTML. After the translation into HTML, it sends the webpage to your visitor's web browser. PHP - What's it do? It is also helpful to think of PHP in terms of what it can do for you. PHP will allow you to: ...
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...Jason Latham Comparison of C, C++, and C# IADT Seattle The C family of languages has been a cornerstone in the programming field for years. So exactly what is the C family? It includes the C, C++ and C# (pronounced sharp) languages. Now that we know what they are, what are the differences between the three? Well, that is what will be discussed here. C is a minimalistic programming language because it could be compiled in a straightforward manner by a relatively simple compiler. C offers low-level access to memory via pointers and the ability to access specific hardware addresses. C generates only a few instructions of machine languages for each of its core language elements and does not require extensive run-time support. It can be concluded that C language is suitable for many systems-programming applications that had traditionally been implemented in assembly languages (Gabb, 2012). With its inherent low-level memory access and small run-time support, using C for embedded hardware systems is ideal. Many devices such as robots, machinery, and electronic tools are programmed utilizing its ability to access specific hardware addresses. However, as C is structured oriented programming language and focuses on the procedural programming paradigm, it is relatively hard to control the large-scale program. As C language has high level and machine level mixed programming capacity, it is used in most hardware related applications. It is very suitable for writing programs in embedded...
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...Minimum Shelf Problem Description At a shop of marbles, packs of marbles are prepared. Packets are named A, B, C, D, E …….. All packets are kept in a VERTICAL SHELF in random order. Any numbers of packets with these names could be kept in that shelf as in this example: bottom of shelf ---> [AAAJKRDFDEWAAYFYYKK]-----Top of shelf. All these packets are to be loaded on cars. The cars are lined in order, so that the packet could be loaded on them. The cars are also named [A, B, C, D, E,………….]. Each Car will load the packet with the same alphabet. So, for example, car ‘A’ will load all the packets with name ‘A’. Each particular car will come at the loading point only once. The cars will come at the loading point in alphabetical order. So, car ‘B’ will come and take all the packets with name ‘B’ from the shelf, then car ‘C’ will come. No matter how deep in the shelf any packet ‘B’ is, all of the ‘B’ packets will be displaced before the ‘C’ car arrives. For that purpose, some additional shelves are provided. The packets which are after the packet B, are kept in those shelves. Any one of these shelves contains only packets, having the same name. For example, if any particular shelf is used and if a packet with name X is in it, then only the packets having names X will be kept in it. That shelf will look like [XXXXXXX]. If any shelf is used once, then it could be used again only if it is vacant. Packets from the initial shelf could be unloaded from top only. Write a program...
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