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Hero

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Intan Resti A. (20130420059)
Hafizha (20130420337)
Nanda Pratiwi (20130420431)

BAB 9
AKAD MURABAHAH

Pengertian Akad Murabahah
Secara luas, jual beli dapat diartikan sebagai pertukaran harta atas dasar saling rela. Menrut (Sabiq 2008) jual beli adalah memindahkan milik dengan ganti (iwad) yang dapat dibenarkan (sesuai syariah) . perukaran dapat dilakukan antara uang dengan barang, barang dengan barang yang biasa kita kenal dengan barter dan uang misalnya pertukaran nilai mata uang rupiah dengan yen.
Sabda Rasulullah SAW : “Menuntut ilmu itu diwajibkan bagi setiap orang muslim.” (HR. Ibnu Majah)
Pertukaran uang dengan barang yang biasa kita kenal dengan jual beli dapat dilakukan secara tunai atau dengan cara pembelian tangguh. Pertukaran barang dengan barang, terlebih dahulu harus memperhatikan apakah barang tersebut merupakan barang ribawi )secara kasat mata tidak dapat dibedakan) atau bukan. Untuk pertukaran barang ribawi seperti emas dengan emas, perak dengan perak, gandum dengan gandum, tepung dengan tepung, kurma dengan kurma,m anggur dengan anggur, maka pertukarannya agar sesuai syariah harus dengan jumlah yang sama dan harus dari tangan atau tunai, karena kelebihannya adalah riba.
Murabahah adalah transaksi penjualan barang dengan menyatakan harga perolehan dan keuntungan (margin) yang disepakati oleh penjual dan pembeli. Hal yang membedakan murabahah dengan penjualan yang biasa kita kenal adalah penjual secara jelas memberi tahu kepada pembeli berapa harga pokok barang tersebut dan berapa besar keuntungan yang diinginkannya. Pembeli dan penjual dapat melakukan tawar-menawar atas besaran margin ntungan sehingga akhirnya dipeoleh kesepakatan.
Kemudian timbul perdebatan bekenaan dengan harga perolehan., apakah hanya sebesar harga beli atau boleh ditambahkan dengan biaya lain. Harga belu menggunakan harga pokok yaitu harga beli dikurangu dengan diskon pembelian. Apabia diskon diberikan setelah akad, maka diskon yang didapat akan menjadi hak pembeli atau hak penjual sesuai dengan kesepakatan mereka di awal akad. Dalam PSAK 102 dijelaskan lebih lanjut, jika akad tidak mengatur, maka diskon tersebut menjadi hak penjual. Namun pada hakikatnya, diskon pembelian adalah hak pembeli. Sehingga akan lebih baik jika prosedur operasional perusahaan menyatakan bahwa diskon setiap akad murabahah adalah hak pembeli. Diskon yang terkait dengan pembelian barang, antara lain meliputi (PDAK No. 102 oar 11) : (a) Diskon dalam bentuk apapun dari pemasok atas pembelian barang (b) Diskon biaya asuransi dari perusahaan asuransi dalam rangka pembelian barang (c) Komisi dalam bentuk apapun yang diterima terkait dengan pembelian barang
Penjualan dapat dilakukan secara tunai atau kredit. Dalam akad murabahah, diperkenankan harga berbeda untuk cara pembayaran yang berbeda. Misalnya, harga tunai, harga tangguh dengan periode 1 tahun atau 2 tahun berbeda. Namun penjual dan pembeli harus memilih harga mana yang disepakati dalam akad tersebut dan begitu disepakati maka hanya ada satu harga yang digunakan dan harga ini tidak dapat berubah. apabila akd penjualan secara tangguh dan pembeli dapat melunasinya secara tepat waktu atau bahkan ia melakukan pelunasan lebih cepat dari periode yang telah ditetapkan, maka penjual boleh memberikan potongan. Namun demikian, besarnya potongan ini tidak boleh diperjanjikan di awal akad. Restrukturisasi piutang dilakukan terhadap debitur yang mengalami penurunan kemampuan pembayaran piutang yang bersifat permanen. Restrukturisasi piutang dapat dilakukan dalam bentuk (PSAK ED 108) : a. Memberi potongan sisa tagihan, sehingga jumlah angsuran menjadi kecil b. Melakukan penjadwalan ulang, dimana jumah tagihan yang tersisa tetap dan perpanjangan masa pembayaran disesuaikan dengan kesepakatan kedua pihak sehingga angsuran menjadi ebih kecil c. Mengonversi akad murabahah, dengan cara menjual objek murabahah kepada penjual sesuai nilai pasar, kemudian dari uang yang ada digunakan untuk melunasi sisa tagihan.

Jenis Akad Murabahah Ada dua jenis akad murabahah, yaitu : 1. Murabahah dengan pesanan (murabaha to the purchase order)
Dalam murabahah jenis ini, penjual melakukan pembelian barang setelah ada pemesanan dari pembeli. Dapat bersifat mengikat atau tidak mengikat pembeli untuk membeli barang yang dipesan. Mengikat berarti pembeli harus membeli barang yang dipesan dan tidak dapat membatalkan pesanan. 2. Murabahah tanpa pesanan, murabahah jenis ini bersifat tidak mengikat
Dasar Syariah
Sumber hukum akad murabahah 1. Al-Quran
“hai orang-orang beriman penuhilah akad akad itu.....” (QS 5:1)

“Allah telah menghalalkan jual beli dan mengharamkan riba” (QS 2:275)

“..... dan tolong menolonglah dalam (mengerjakan) kebajikan dan takwa.... “ (QS 5:2) 2. Al-Hadis
Dari Abu Sa’id Al-Khudri bahwa Rasulullah SAW bersabda: “sesungguhnya jual beli itu harus dilakukan suka sama suka.” (HR. Al-Baihaqi, Ibnu Majah, dan Sahih menurut Ibnu Hibban)
Rukun dan ketentuan akad murabahah
Rukun dan ketentuan murabahah yaitu : 1. Pelaku 2. Objek jual beli, harus memenuhi a. Barang yang diperjualbelikan adalah halal b. Barang yang dijualbelikan harus dapat diambil manfaatnya c. Barang tersebut dimiliki oleh penjual d. Barang tersebut diserahkan tanpa tergantung dengan kejadian tertentu di masa depan e. Barang harus diketahui secara spesifik f. Barang dapat diketahui kualitas dan kuantitas g. Harga barang jelas h. Barang yang diakadkan ada di tangan penjual 3. Ijab kabul

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