...After evaluating Hertz, we recommend that Carlyle Group purchase Hertz for at least $2.3 billion. If they want to achieve a 20% return, they should offer $5.2 billion. A higher offer price is recommended due to the competitive nature of the dual-track process. The dual-track process has created a rather interesting environment for potential investors. Not only are investors competing with each other, but if the case that a deal is not worked out then Ford has made provisions for the company to be made public through an initial public offering (IPO). Hertz is a well established company with global operations. Furthermore, it has a stable revenue history that has had an extraordinary amount of consecutive growth. Additionally, Hertz has built a great deal of brand equity worldwide; especially in regards to the airport services they provide. All of this makes Hertz an ideal candidate for a leveraged buyout. The interesting aspect to this case is how the dual-track process was structured. Ford must have known that their subsidiary would have been a prime target for a leveraged buyout and gained enough confidence to put the pressure of the IPO option as an incentive for potential investors to move quickly. However, even if no investors emerged to acquire Hertz, it is also reasonable to suspect that Hertz would have fared well in the IPO. Yet, in the event that Hertz was sold through an IPO, there is a substantial amount of risk involved. Ford would have been subjected to whatever...
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...The Hertz Corporation – Leveraged Buy Out Key Inferences and Conclusions: 1. Hertz was attractive as a leverage buyout candidate, having: • Relatively low existing debt loads with assets available to further leverage; • A multi-year history of stable and recurring cash flows; • Hard assets (Rental Fleet and Equipment) that may be used as collateral for lower cost secured debt; • The potential for new management to make operational or other improvements to the firm to boost cash flows; • Market conditions (9/11) that depress the valuation or stock price. 2. CD&R had the following advantages if this deal went through • The use of debt increases (leverages) the financial return to the private equity sponsor. The total return of an asset to its owners, all else being equal and within strict restrictive assumptions, is unaffected by the structure of its financing. As the debt in an LBO has a relatively fixed, albeit high, cost of capital, any returns in excess of this cost of capital flow through to the equity. • The tax shield of the acquisition debt increases the value of the firm. This enables the private equity sponsor to pay a higher price than would otherwise be possible. Because income flowing through to equity is taxed, while interest payments to debt are not, the capitalized value of cash flowing to debt is greater than the same cash stream flowing to equity. Advantages of Private Equity LBOs: 1. One of the strengths of private equity investments is that...
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...Lindsey Bembry Leveraged Buyouts A leveraged buyout, LBO, is an acquisition of a company or a portion of a company with a considerable portion of loaned funds. The assets of the target company are used as collateral. Each leveraged buyout is unique in that companies have their own capital structure. The one characteristic that is common within each LBO is the use of financial leverage to complete the purchase of the target company. In order for a LBO to take place, an investor, private equity firms or financial sponsor is needed. In a typical LBO, the firm obtaining the company will finance the purchase with a mixture of debt and equity. A segment of the debt in a LBO is protected by the assets of the target company. New cash flows from the bought out business are then used to pay the debt from the buyout. Leveraged buyouts happen to companies of all sizes and in all different types of industries. However, some elements from possible target firms include; small debt loads, history of positive cash flows, a significant amount of tangible assets, the possibility of new management making improvements, and for valuation/stock price to be minimal. Debt financing is borrowing money from a source with the intent to pay back the principal plus an agreed upon interest. An advantage of debt financing is those who use it can maintain ownership. Corporate balance sheets typically use principal and interest payments as a business expense which can be deducted from income...
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...tly A sk ed Fr equen in s Question orporate C FinanCe io, a llocch ur izio D uiry, M a lv i Pa sc a l Q tonio Sa Le Fur , A n Ya nn From the team behind Pierre Vernimmen’s % = Corporate FinanCe + 3 Frequently Asked Questions in Corporate Finance Frequently Asked Questions in Corporate Finance Pierre Vernimmen, Pascal Quiry, Antonio Salvi, Maurizio Dallocchio and Yann LeFur A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published in 2011 Copyright 2011 Pierre Vernimmen Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com The rights of Pierre Vernimmen, Pascal Quiry, Antonio Salvi, Maurizio Dallocchio and Yann LeFur to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with...
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...A Blueprint for Corporate Governance Fred R. Kaen AMACOM AMERICAN MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION A Blueprint for Corporate Governance This Page Intentionally Left Blank A Blueprint for Corporate Governance Strategy, Accountability, and the Preservation of Shareholder Value Fred R. Kaen American Management Association New York • Atlanta • Brussels • Buenos Aires • Chicago • London • Mexico City San Francisco • Shanghai • Tokyo • Toronto • Washington, D. C. Special discounts on bulk quantities of AMACOM books are available to corporations, professional associations, and other organizations. For details, contact Special Sales Department, AMACOM, a division of American Management Association, 1601 Broadway, New York, NY 10019. Tel.: 212-903-8316. Fax: 212-903-8083. Web site: www.amacombooks.org This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional service. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kaen, Fred R. A blueprint for corporate governance : strategy, accountability, and the preservation of shareholder value / Fred R. Kaen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8144-0586-X 1. Corporate governance. 2. Corporate governance—United...
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...Fourth Edition Reframing Organizations Artistry, Choice, and Leadership LEE G. BOLMAN TERRENCE E. DEAL B est- se l l i n g a u t h o rs of LEADING WITH SOUL FOURTH EDITION Reframing Organizations Artistry, Choice, and Leadership Lee G. Bolman • Terrence E. Deal Copyright © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741—www.josseybass.com No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-6468600, or on the Web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, 201-7486011, fax 201-748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Credits are on page 528. Readers should be aware that Internet Web sites offered as citations and/or sources for further information may have changed or disappeared between the time this was written and when it is read. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer...
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