... 7 November 2014 Question: a. Describe two theories that relate to motivation at work. 20% b. Outline the implications of your selected theories for managers. 30% c. Examine the limitations of using theories of motivation when managing organizations. 50% Motivation can be defined as the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal (Pinder, 1998). Motivation is one of the most frequently researched topics in organizational behavior (Latham and Pinder, 2005) and over the years, several theories have been coined and widely used by managers in their organisations. In 1950, 4 theories of employee motivation were formulated and one of them is Herzberg’s Two-‐Factor Theory of Motivation. The Two-‐Factor Theory of Motivation, or motivation-‐hygiene theory, was proposed by Frederick Herzberg in 1959. The theory states that there exist certain job factors...
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...produced a variety of theories researching people’s psychological desires; around what do they need in different levels, such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs. However, this time we try to focus on two-factor theory. Employees in an organization are either satisfied or dissatisfied with their job based on whether they are motivated or not on their job. However, the kind of motivation employees get determines their output level. Thus, a high level of satisfaction could lead to high output whilst high level of dissatisfaction with the job could lead to low output. However, the opposite of job satisfaction is not dissatisfaction, but rather a simple lack of satisfaction. In the same way, the opposite of job dissatisfaction is not satisfaction, but rather “no dissatisfaction” (Herzberg, Mausner, & Snyderman, The Motivation to Work, 1959). Now, it would interest managers to know the level of employee’s satisfaction and the factor(s) causing such satisfaction/ dissatisfaction. (Herzberg, Mausner, & Snyderman, The Motivation to Work, 1959) proposed that in understanding the relevant attitude of employees, it is possible to best understand such an employee’s motivation to work. That is, if searched by managers, they should get reasonable information on motivation of workers based on the internal concept of attitude which originates from a state of mind. To explain the concept of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction, Herzberg in 1959 developed a theory on job attitudes out of...
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...ABSTRACT The essay was written to provide an overview of the topic of job enrichment and its relevancy to the modern world organizations. The job enrichment was defined as a vertical restructuring method by virtue of giving the employee additional authority, autonomy, and control over the way the job is accomplished. There were many authors who talked about this topic differently by using different viewpoints. This also contained the job enrichment related theories such as the Hackman and Oldham’s Job Characteristic Model and the Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory. Job Characteristic Model was described five core job dimensions leading to three critical psychological states, resulting in work-related outcomes. They were identified as skill variety, task identity, task significance autonomy and feedback. Final outcomes should be identified as; job satisfaction, employee motivation, low absenteeism, high performance and low employee turnover. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory was completely different type of model which discussed about hygiene factors and motivation factors. According to Herzberg, intrinsic motivators such as challenging work, recognition, and responsibility produce employee satisfaction. At the same time absence of extrinsic hygiene factors such as including status, job security, salary, and fringe benefits produce dissatisfaction. The advantages and disadvantages of job enrichment program were evaluated based on different criteria’s. According to Cunningham and Eberle...
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...for a manager to understand the basic needs of employees, peers and his or her superiors. In this essay, I would like to introduce a variety of motivational theories, and to analyze the relationship between them and the management of motivation based on market research. In addition, this essay will also explain the effects of leadership styles on motivation. Motivational theories in business There are a series of motivation theories, which are helpful for a manager to manage the business. As if a manager knows different needs of subordinates,...
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...satisfied or motivated by certain factors, the individual will exert superior effort toward attaining organizational goals. People primarily do what they do to meet their needs or wants. Understanding that people are motivated by self-interest is the key to understanding motivation. Theories of motivation can be divided to explain the behavior and attitude of employees. These include content theories, based on the assumption that people have individual needs which motivate their actions, and theorists such as Maslow [1954], McClelland [1961], Herzberg [1966] and Alderfer [1969] are renowned for their works in this field. In contrast to content theories, process theories identified relations among variables which make up motivation and involve works from Heider [1958], Vroom [1964], Adams [1965], Locke [1976], and Lawler [1973]. In addition, reinforcement theory [B.F.Skinner, 1938] that proposes the consequences of the behaviors that motivate the employees to behave in predetermined ways. 2.1 Process motivation theories Process theory provides a description and analysis of how behavior is energized, directed, sustained and stopped. Its three process theories are as follow; ○ Equity theory – the structure of equity in workplace is based on ratio of inputs [contributions made by employees for the organization] to outcomes. This...
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...McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y 4 Introduction 4 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 5 Herzberg’s Theory of Motivation 6 Conclusion 9 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 9 Herzberg’s Theory of Motivation 9 McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y 9 Recommendations 0 Bibliography 11 References 11 Appendices 12 Executive Summary The purpose of this report was to examine how employees can be motivated in recessionary times. Research for this report included using reliable internet sources, class notes and looking through books in the library. When researching information on the internet I made sure that the only websites I used to produce this report were accurate ones. Although this was hard to do, I made sure that they were not ones that could be changed by any member of the public. On the internet I found a lot of very interesting information about how to motivate employees in recessionary times. I also used the hand out that we had received in our principles of management class. I found that this gave me a guideline to follow and what the main points where when motivating employees. The library facility was also very helpful, but I found that using the online library facility was more beneficial to me. It made it easier to get the information and a lot faster than having to look through a lot of books. Introduction Terms of Reference The report was drafted for Susan Leonard as part of the continuous assessment for the module principles of management two. The report...
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...Essay Question Compare and Contrast Two theories of motivation. Suggest how a team leader might use these theories to motivate their team. Motivation according to Vroom (1964) is based within the individual , which influences one to complete a task. It is important for team leaders to motivate their team in order to 'improve productivity' (Hyun and Oh ,2011, P103) and ensure that employees enjoy their jobs. Many theories of motivation have been developed, which allows team leaders use in work to motivate their teams The theory's which will be compared and contrasted in this essay are:- Herzbergs two-factor theory and Adams equity theory. Herzbergs theory, has become widely used as well as an respectable theory for explaining motivation and job satisfaction( Oscar,2005). Whilst Adam theory of equity explains the concept of perception of equitability and inequitability experience by the individual which determines how motivation they are. (Al-Zawahreh and Al-Madi 2012) Herzbergs (Herzbergs 1968) two factor theory of motivation was developed from responses of workers through the use of an 'critical incident' interviewing technique , in comparison to the equity theory which was developed through the use of the laboratory. (French et al, 2011). Hence the methodology issues raised in both questions the reliability of the theory's. This being, for the former (two-factor theory) although gathered data from real life industries of work,socially desirable answer may...
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...Final Report MGT321 (Organizational Behavior) Section: 10 Chapter: 06 Motivation Concepts Prepared By: Prepared For: 1. Nusrat Sababa Shamma ID: 083425030 Md Mujibul Hoque ………………………………. 2. Nazratun Sururan Shahrin ID: 0910029030 Faculty of ………………………………. School of Business 3. Jesmin Jerin ID: 0910036030 ………………………………. 4. Badrun Nahar ID: 0910150030 ……………………………….. Students of School of Business North South University August 8th, 2010 Md. Mujibul Hoque (MJB) Faculty: School of Business North South University Subject: Submission of a report. Dear Sir, With due regards and respect we state that we are very thankful to you as you assigned us this report on ‘‘Motivation Concepts”. It is a great opportunity for us to acquire theoretical and practical knowledge about motivation concepts of the garments sector of Bangladesh. We have tried our best to gather what we believe to be the most complete information available. Your kind acceptance and any type of appreciation would surely inspire us. We would always be available and ready to explain further any of the context of the whenever asked. Sincerely yours, Nusrat Sababa Shamma ...
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...Registration Number#: 412002452 Date: 10/09/2013 With the use of motivation theory discuss how Caribbean managers can enhance the motivation of their employees? Provide relevant examples to illustrate your answer. The purpose of this paper is to exemplify, with the use of motivational theories how Caribbean managers can relate and enhance the motivation of employees. Employees' performance has been proven to have some correlation with their motivation within the workplace. Motivation is defined as the processes that accounts for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Workers can be either negatively or positively motivated. Positive motivation can consist of goals or rewards that would allow for self-actualization. On the other hand, Negative motivation occurs where one undertakes responsibility of a task they do not feel comfortable with. Motivation can be divided into two types; Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Intrinsic Motivation refers to the individual's motivational stimuli within ones self. He or she formulates the drive to perform a specific task because its results are in accordance with their beliefs or it fulfills a desire and therefore importance is attached, meaning they thrive on the fact they are faced with a challenge to their ability. However, Extrinsic Motivation means that the individual's motivational stimuli affected by outside forces. In other...
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...research topics have been done on motivation like motivation theories, ways to encourage employee motivation, measures of motivation, principles of motivation, how to motivate your people pro 2.0 Read more: file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/mansco/My%20Documents/evaluate-the-effect-of-motivation-on-employees-productivity-business-essay.php.htm#ixzz2nioT8wef 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 INTRODUCTION Kandy Fabrics (PVT) LTD (KF) manufactures of quality handloom and power loom fabrics. And their office is situated in Warakamura Matale. Also they have factories in Kaludawela (Matale) and Palamuna (Baticalo). 100 workers are working in Warakamura factory and Matale factory. And Bank of Ceylon (BOC) government service sector serving nationally and internationally. Both organizations are trying to achieve their organizational objectives by different management and leadership styles. 02. DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT Managers are the people who guide on towards achieve organizational objectives effectively and efficiently. It can be describe as the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the efforts of organization members and of using all resources to achieve goals. Figure I: Functions of management In order to help identify main trends in the development of organizational behavior and management theory, it is usual to categories the work of writers into various...
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...properly defined are the following definitions: S. Hall (1968) believes “motivation to be a process where members of a group pull together to effect an organisation through loyalty and commitment”. Definition from Online Business Dictionary says “motivation is internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal. Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors such as the intensity of desire or need, incentive or reward value of the goal, and expectations of the individual and of his or her peers. These factors are the reasons one has for behaving a certain way”. These two definitions are almost similar: The driving force behind you in making you do whatever you are up to is motivation. It makes you get started, get going, and reach new highs. Without it nothing in this world would be accomplished. Both definitions say that motivation works if people are committed to the job. But S. Hall says that motivation works with a group of people, but the other definition explains that motivation could work with each member of the group also. Online Business Dictionary explains that motivation also depends from conscious and...
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...Abstract The Engstrom Auto Mirrors plant is a small supplier factory based in the state of Indiana who is currently facing a crisis. They are in a drastic downturn in production and finance. The Engstrom plant has been experiencing damaging blows in their sales and morale. Ron Bent, plant manager, had to lay off more than 15% percent of the work force. The productivity was severely hit in a negative way. Employee morale suffered, and the quality of the product was sub-par. Customers of the plant was losing faith in their product. Downturns wasn’t a new occurrence at the plant. When the plant had reached a similar time they introduced the Scanlon Plan which was an incentive plan aim to increase the morale of the workers, increase the productivity and quality. But when the bonuses stopped, Ron Bent was at a cross road to figure out how to get the plant back on track for success. Should the plan be revised or should a new plan be instituted? Introduction The Engstrom Auto Mirror Plant experienced a decrease in productivity over a period of time coupled with the fact of proven employee dissatisfaction from the decline in success of the firm’s Scanlon Plan. Employees expressed doubt about bonus calculations and Assistant Manager Joe Haley conducted inventory reports and conversations with employees which indicated possible stealing of inventory. Irritation and suspicion where emotions the employees felt when their bonuses were taking away. Ron Bent who is the plant manager failed...
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...* Contents Summary 2 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Definition of Motivation 2 3.0 theories of motivation 3 3.1 Hertzberg’s two (2) factor theory 3 3.2 McGregor’s X and Y theory 3 3.3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs 3 3.4 McClelland’s Human Motivation theory 4 4.0 Failure of employee motivation programs 4 4.1 Empirical Study 1 4 4.2 Empirical study 2 5 5.0 Improving employee motivation 6 5.1 Applying McGregor’s X and Y theory 6 5.2 Applying McClelland’s Acquire needs theory 6 5.3 Applying Hertzberg’s two factor theory 6 5.4 Applying Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory 7 6.0 Conclusion 7 7.0 References 8 8.0 Appendices 9 Source: Maslow’s Love and Belonging Needs 10 * Summary The purpose of this documentation is to highlight the different factors that influence employee motivation. Different type of people a motivated by different factors, some are intrinsically (non-materialistic) motivated while others are motivated extrinsically (materialistic). This document also provides an analysis of two (2) empirical studies relating to the reasons of failure in the employee motivation program. There are various ways to improve motivation amongst employees, as this will be presented within this documentation. * 1.0 Introduction Employee motivation continue to be an imperative issue for leaders and mangers. Unmotivated employees are inclined to devote minimal or no effort in their jobs, produce low quality work, exit the company if given the opportunity...
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...TERM PROJECT LaKendra Adesuyi Keller Graduate School of Management ~ Devry University Instructor: Ed Panelli GM591 ~ Leadership and Organizational Behavior June 16, 2011 BACKGROUND ABC Company is a national manufacturing company that provides brake pads, ball joints and other small connecting parts for major car manufacturers. The company has been in business for the past 30 years and has built a solid foundation upon quality above the rest. ABC employs 150 laborers at $8.50 per hour, all healthcare benefits are 50% employee paid, and the company requires 10 hour mandatory work days at 6 day intervals with 1 day of rest in between. In the way of other perks and benefits the company does offer an all inclusive Paid Time Off (PTO) plan that works on an accrual basis of 2 days per month. The facility is located in a rural location where most workers are living below the poverty line and do not typically have cars to get to work. In April of 2009 ABC began to experience great distress; their quality ratings dropped tremendously and complaints from end users had increased dramatically as recalls skyrocketed due to faulty materials at the hand of ABC. The company was losing money on materials and labor to replace the defective parts. After being threatened with a heavy lawsuit over a fatal car accident Senior Management at ABC decided to take action. Dan Reuthers, CEO of the company began to take note as productivity paled in comparison to the...
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... The report has been prepared by our group called “Brainstormers” & the submission date of this report is August 9, 2011. This report has been prepared on the basis of the standard procedures of Long & Formal Report Writing based on the book Business Communication (Lesikar, Flatley & Rentz, 2008, chap.12) eleventh edition. |1.2 Problem and Purpose | The purpose of this report is to analyze the “Impact of Hygiene- Motivation factors on employees’ behavior” on the basis of the satisfaction and dissatisfaction of employees of Pawla Knitwear (Pvt.) Ltd. For this research we selected 30 employees from Narayanganj Office and factory of Pawla...
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