...Submitted to: Mr. Noel A. Hermano Higgs Boson Higgs Boson What is Higgs Boson? What is Higgs Boson? Higgs Boson, the “God Particle” as coined by Leon Lederman back in 1993, is the particle that made up the Higgs Field. The Higgs Field is the energy field that permeated the entire universe, according to Dr. Peter Higgs. For example, our entire universe is covered with snowfield and we know that what makes up a snowfield is a snowflake. The same way it goes with the Higgs field; it is made up of Higgs Boson (Ellis, 2013). The Higgs Boson or the Higgs Particle is the very first elementary particle that does not spin at all; it has no electric charge, nor color charge. It was officially announced to the public last year (2012), 4th of the month of July at the European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland. Their discovery was confirmed as the Higgs boson on March 14 this year, bringing to an end to a 50-year search. The discovery of the Higgs Boson is very important because it is said to be the missing link in our understanding of the universe, known as the Standard Model. It has also led to Professor Higgs becoming the only person ever to have a fundamental particle named after him. (Wilson, 2013).It was regarded as the “God Particle” before but many physicists did not like the way it was called. Results to Results to More Interaction to the Higgs Field More mass More Interaction to the Higgs Field ...
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...working at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are more than 99 percent certain they've discovered the Higgs boson, aka the God particle—or at the least a brand-new particle exactly where they expected the Higgs to be. The long-sought particle may complete the standard model of physics by explaining why objects in our universe have mass—and in so doing, why galaxies, planets, and even humans have any right to exist. "We have a discovery," Heuer said at the seminar. "We have observed a new particle consistent with a Higgs boson." History in the Making At the meeting were four theorists who helped develop the Higgs theory in the 1960s, including Peter Higgs himself, who could be seen wiping away tears as the announcement was made. Although preliminary, the results show a so-called five-sigma of significance, which means that there is only a one in a million chance that the Higgs-like signal the teams observed is a statistical fluke. "It's a tremendous and exciting time," said physicist Michael Tuts, who works with the ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus) Experiment, one of the two Higgs-seeking LHC projects. The Columbia University physicist had organized a wee-hours gathering of physicists and students in the U.S. to watch the announcement, which took place at 9 a.m., Geneva time. "This is the payoff. This is what you do it for." The two LHC teams searching for the Higgs—the other being the CMS (Compact Muon, an elementary particle with a mass about 200 times that of an...
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...Particle Accelerator Since the evolution of advancement and science mankind always wondered about the existence of this universe and how it came into being. To answer these queries great scientists put forward many theories. Two most famous of them are “The Bing Bang Theory” and “The String Theory”. Nevertheless these are just theories. Therefore in order to prove them scientists at present using modern technology such as “The Large Hadron Collider” trying to stimulate what really happened at the beginning of time and space. This technology is also the Particle Accelerator as it accelerates particles such as Atoms at close to the speed of light. A Brief History of Time and Space “Is not He who created the heavens and the earth Able to create the likes of them? Yes; and He is the Knowing Creator. His command is only when He intends a thing that He says to it, ‘Be,’ and it is.” (Quran 36:81-82) The Big Bang theory states that around 12-15 billion years ago the universe came into existence from one single extremely hot and dense point, and that something triggered the explosion of this point that brought about the beginning of the universe. Matter was created along with its opposite antimatter. Time and space began at the moment of Big Bang. The Large Hadron Collider/ the Particle Accelerator The Large Hadron Collider is the largest and most powerful particle accelerator ever built. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) from 1998 to 2008, with...
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...The irony is that it’s everywhere, yet we can’t see ‘it’. We don’t know about its birth year or where ‘it’ exactly started. ‘It’ has had many definitions that have evolved from the ancient times to now. Aristotle defined ‘it’ as ‘the science of quantity’. But, as people dug deeper into ‘it’, they learnt new things and ‘it’ became more abstract. So people gave ‘it’ more logical and philosophical definitions. Bertrand Russell, a British mathematician, defined ‘it’ as ‘symbolic logic’. Walter Sawyer, another mathematician, defined ‘it’ as ‘the classification and study of all possible patterns’. Today, the encyclopedia defines ‘it’ as ‘the science of structure, order, and relation that has evolved from elemental practices of counting, measuring, and describing the shapes of objects’. This is the world of Mathematics. Where did it come from? Is it a human creation or is it a feature of the universe? Mathematics is undoubtedly one of the most important subjects known to man. It is artistic, exhaustive and sometimes even beautiful. But where did it come from? As we know, every science needs mathematics. Physics needs mathematics, chemistry needs mathematics, rocket science involves mathematics and so does the universal system of money. However, mathematics is the study of mathematics, which means that unlike the other sciences, it lacks an empirical component. One cannot see math happening. People might argue saying that if you had one person and if you cloned that person, you would...
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...Particle” What is the Higgs boson and the Higgs field? The Higgs field has been described as a kind of cosmic "treacle" spread through the universe. According to Prof Higgs's 1964 theory, the field interacts with the tiny particles that make up atoms, and weighs them down so that they do not simply whizz around space at the speed of light. But in the half-century following the theory, produced independently by the six scientists within a few months of each other, nobody has been able to prove that the Higgs Field really exists. Prof Higgs predicted that the field would have a signature particle, a massive boson. What would the world be like without the Higgs boson? According to the Standard Model theory, it would not be recognisable. Without something to give mass to the basic building blocks of matter, everything would behave as light does, floating freely and not combining with other particles. Ordinary matter, as we know it, would not exist. How long has the search gone on? Scientists have been looking for the Higgs since the 1960s, but the search began in earnest more than 20 years ago with early experiments at Cern in Europe and Fermilab in the US. Does finding the Higgs boson mark the end of the search? It's just the end of the beginning. Confirming the existence of the Higgs would only be the start of a new era of particle physics as scientists focus on understanding how it works and look for unexpected phenomena. How do you find a Higgs boson? To find the particle...
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...INFORMATICS INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE NORTHGATE CYBERZONE ALABANG, MUNTINLUPA CITY ASSIGNMENT IN TECHNICAL WRITING AND RESEARCH SUBMITTED BY: DATE: ELISEO, JOSEPH ALLAIN F. JULY 15, 2014 Types of Paragraph Narration * A narrative paragraph tells a story of one specific event. * The primary focus of the topic sentence is to identify the event or thought, including your stance on it. * A narration paragraph explains the significance of the event, purpose for writing the narrative and includes enough detail to engage the reader. * Normally chronological (though sometimes uses flashbacks) * A sequential presentation of the events that add up to a story. Example: Jesus and his disciples went to a farm nearby the Nazareth. Native people came to see him. Hearing the miraculous things that he has done, they believe He can also show things they never saw before. Jesus healed the people who was sick and tormented by the devil. He casted away the devil but it went to a pig near the farm. The people panic and got scared that they heave Jesus away. Description * Description is not what you saw, but what readers need to see in order to imagine the scene, person, object, etc. * This type of paragraph causes us to think in more detail about a person, place, event, or situation. * A definition paragraph works in both fiction and academic pieces. * When writing a definition paragraph, use specific examples and be thorough...
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...The Higgs Boson’s conflict with Theology Klynton Rhodes Georgia Southern University The Higgs Boson’s conflict with Theology A scientific discovery is also a religious discovery. There is no conflict between science and religion. Our knowledge of God is made larger with every discovery we make about the world. –Joseph H. Taylor Jr, God Evidence According to Steve Paulson (2010) “The debate over science and religion is like catnip for anyone wanting to spout off about the improbability of God or the arrogance of scientists”(p.1). Since I was young I remember being told that no matter what I learned in science class about evolution, or the big bang, that God was real. According to Dr. Agustin Fuentes of Psychology today “There are some factions of Christianity whose leaders (and thus their followers) express adamant opposition to “evolution” and this is often used as the key example in the science vs. religion conflict.” Examples of controversial scientific discoveries such as cloning, and genetic manipulation, are considered to be inhumane. In my opinion God created science for humans to better understand the world he created, and according to Steve Paulson (2010) Albert Einstein shared my belief demonstrated when he stated “ Science without religion is lame; religion without science is blind” (p.3). It is well known that some people believe that the universe was started with the big bang as well as the subsequent reactions that followed. This brings into the discussion...
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...Física de partículas - Más allá del átomo CERN LHC John Ellis Bosón de Higgs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtBqyehjcNs Diego A. Correa Paredes 4020 Comienzan a mostrar unos átomos y nos cuestionan cuál será su futuro y que estos puede explicarnos mejor el universo, nos muestran a dos cientificos del CERN en Ginebra los cuáles dicen que el colisionador se abrirá y lo que intentará descubrir, posteriormente aparece el CERN y un hombre explicando lo que investiga el CERN y cual es su propósito, aparece el despacho de John Ellis, y el habla con un entrevistador, el cual le pregunta acerca de la materia y de lo que la gente se puede llegar a cuestionar con los descubrimientos de este mismo, John explica que es tienen un microscopio, el más grande del universo y que lo que hacen ahí es intentar comprender la materia y que con su microscopio pueden ver hasta el núcleo y que por eso dice que es el microscopio más grande, y explica como lo investigan y que propósitos se plantean antes de colisionar partículas, también quieren encontrar materia oscura y poder verla, posteriormente explica de donde proviene toda la materia ya que el entrevistador se lo pregunta, explica acerca de su “ADN cósmico” y que el gran enigma es que los cientificos dicen que la mayor parte de la materia del universo no puede verse ya que no emiten luz, y quieren saber por que la materia oscura no lo tiene, y...
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...How has the model of the structure of the atom changed over time? The idea of an atom was first conceived by the ancient philosophers of Greece. In the fifth century BC, Leucippus and his student Democritus suggested that there were small indivisible particles, which he called atoms – from the Greek atomos meaning ‘uncuttable’. This idea of atoms has been built on by many other scientists over hundreds of years. These scientists have drawn conclusions from a variety of different experiments. Some conclusions have been arrived at when scientists were researching other questions, and some ideas have been proven by designing a specific experiment. A model of the structure of the atom is still evolving today. Particle physicists are working at particle accelerators like CERN, on newly discovered quarks. In this task you will be researching one of the models to have been developed over the years to describe the structure of an atom. Task Your task is to produce a report into one of the different models of the atom that has been developed by scientists since 1890. Your research should be done online, using the web links provided below as well as any other credible sources you feel would be useful. Your report will be a written report and should include images and, where appropriate, diagrams of the experiments conducted. Your report should include: * Information about the key scientists who developed this model of the atom * A description of what they believed...
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...presented in the lecture. Mainly knowledge is derived from facts and analysis people make. But facts themselves are relative as they are agreed on by a group of people, for example: water consists of H and O, but both hydrogen and oxygen are agreed to exist, and, probably, if some other scientists studied the contents of water, they would name these atoms differently, or maybe present the structure on a totally different way. The same relativity worked for an atom – some time ago people agreed and believed it to be the smallest indivisible particle. But later this agreement was understood to be wrong by the discovery of electrons and protons. The time passed and people found quarks. And now a new agreement is made by the acceptance of Higgs boson. In science the chain of accepted facts is endless, as the humankind is revealing more and more. On this point one could remember the definition of knowledge – “justified true belief”. Two words out of three show the relativity of knowledge. “Justified” – the knowledge should be justified by someone, and in the end is subjective, “belief” – not simply existing fact, but what a person or a society thinks. Even the word “true” has some uncertainty: although truth can be in only one form, it always depends on what people define as true and this understanding can change in time. Of course there are things that are defined as less or more relative (the things people agree on or things they are unsure of). But I do not think that some knowledge...
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...astro-ph/0301505 UMN–TH–2127/03 TPI–MINN–03/02 January 2003 arXiv:astro-ph/0301505v2 25 Jan 2003 TASI LECTURES ON DARK MATTER∗ KEITH A. OLIVE† William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA E-mail: olive@umn.edu Observational evidence and theoretical motivation for dark matter are presented and connections to the CMB and BBN are made. Problems for baryonic and neutrino dark matter are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the prospects for supersymmetric dark matter. 1. Lecture 1 The nature and identity of the dark matter of the Universe is one of the most challenging problems facing modern cosmology. The problem is a long-standing one, going back to early observations of mass-to-light ratios by Zwicky1 . Given the distribution (by number) of galaxies with total luminosity L, φ(L), one can compute the mean luminosity density of galaxies L= which is determined to be2 L ≃ 2 ± 0.2 × 108 ho L⊙ M pc−3 (2) Lφ(L)dL (1) where L⊙ = 3.8 × 1033 erg s−1 is the solar luminosity. In the absence of a cosmological constant, one can define a critical energy density, ρc = 3H 2 /8πGN = 1.88 × 10−29 ho 2 g cm−3 , such that ρ = ρc for three-space curvature k = 0, where the present value of the Hubble parameter has been defined by Ho = 100ho km Mpc−1 s−1 . We can now define a critical mass-to-light ratio is given by (M/L)c = ρc /L ≃ 1390ho(M⊙ /L⊙ ) (3) ∗ Summary of lectures given at the Theoretical Advanced...
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...conceptually against standard evolutionary theory. Although there are several older claims to this effect, Lynn Margulis’s conjectures about how endosymbioses can be interpreted as posing problems for neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory. During the 1960’s, there was a lot going on historically. The Sixties was dominated by the Vietnam War, Civil Rights Protests, the 60s also saw the assassinations of US President John F Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Cuban Missile Crisis, and finally ended on a good note when the first man is landed on the moon. During the 1960’s, the Voting Acts Right was also enabled. There were many scientific discoveries throughout the world in the 1960”s. In Britain, in 1964, the first theory of the Higgs boson is put forward by Peter Higgs, a particle-physics theorist at the University of Edinburgh, and five other physicists. The particle is discovered in 2012 at CERN's Large Hadron Collider and its existence is confirmed in 2013. In the 1960’s, the English had their first use of sodium cromoglycate for asthma prophylaxis associated with Roger Altounyan. In South Africa, in the 1960's, Helikon vortex separation processis, an aerodynamic uranium enrichment process designed around a device called a vortex tube, developed the process, operating a facility at Pelindaba near Pretoria. The United States competed with all of this by diving deeper into the endosymbiotic theory. It was greatly evolved within the 1960’s. These were just a few of the leading scientific...
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...Philosophy 144: Introduction to the Philosophy of Science Professor Andersen Spring 2013 Monday and Wednesday, 12:30-‐1:20PM Blusson 9660 Email: handerse@sfu.ca Office phone: 778-‐782-‐4851 (does not accept messages) Office: WMX 5611 Office hours: Monday 10:30AM-‐11:30; Tuesday 1PM-‐2PM; or by appointment Overview: This course will provide an introduction to issues surrounding the history and philosophy of the sciences. We will consider the trajectory of how science as we now think of it came to be, where new ideas and new technologies transformed major worldviews into what we now recognize as the beginnings of modern science. The historical part of this course will begin with the physics of Aristotle, look at important episodes in the development of science such as the work of Copernicus and Galileo, and conclude with Newton and his massive achievement in creating a framework for modern ...
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...You better look up theory and see what it means, the concept of God or Godhood is a theory, "A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment. Such fact-supported theories are not "guesses" but reliable accounts of the real world. The theory of biological evolution is more than "just a theory." It is as factual an explanation of the universe as the atomic theory of matter or the germ theory of disease. Our understanding of gravity is still a work in progress. But the phenomenon of gravity, like evolution, is an accepted fact." Notice that a scientific theory is a well- substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world. The bible says the same thing, we can prove the existence of God and eternal life though the study of nature. Romans 1:20 "For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities--his eternal power and divine nature--have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse." You want to find God then look no further than the heavens, study the stars, the life and death of the Suns of God. How does a Son(Sun) of God become flesh? One of the last elements a Star produces before it dies is the carbon atom. As Stars go Supernova these atoms explode out into the Universe. We are carbon based life forms. Meaning the very carbon atoms that make up our being only came into...
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...Mysteries of the Multiverse Name: Assif Khan Student no: Subject: PCS-181 The term multiverse has many nicknames including but not limited to quantum universes, alternate universes, alternate realities etc. But, what is the multiverse? If one was to look up the meaning of the word, the definition that is provided in the Oxford Dictionary states “a hypothetical space or realm consisting of a number of universes, of which our own universe is only one”1. The use of the term multiverse or its other moniker parallel universe, has been used in cosmology, physics, and philosophy to perhaps more prominently in science-fiction literature and movies for decades. Ever since Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding in the 1920s, there have been questions regarding the possibility of there being more than one universe. However, there has been no evidence to support the existence of multiverse. Interestingly, despite us humans being inherently logical beings, we still entertain the notion of multiverse which someone has yet to discover or observe. Why should the notion of having more than one universe than our own be any more valid than other scientific idiosyncrasies? As it turns out, the existence of parallel universes was not readily acceptable to physicists either. However, Eternal Inflations theory, String theory; which predicts the possibility of the existence of more than trillions of universes within multiverse as well as there being more than three dimensions...
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