...Definition of Nutrition Nutrition is the sum total of the processes involved in taking in and the utilization of food substances by which growth, repair and maintenance of the body are accomplished. It involves ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation. Nutrients are stored by the body in various forms and drawn upon when the food in take is not sufficient. Nutritional Knowledge Man knows about science and about a thousand and one other things but about nutrition he knows virtually nothing. That happens to be one of the sciences about which man is blissfully ignorant. even though his welfare, existence, health and life itself depend upon it. Importance of Nutritional Knowledge Poor nutrition is a chronic problem linked to poverty, poor nutrition understanding and practices, and deficient sanitation and food security. Malnutrition globally provides many challenges to individuals and societies. Lack of proper nutrition contributes to worse class performance, lower test scores, and eventually less successful students and a less productive and competitive economy. Malnutrition and its consequences are immense contributors to deaths and disabilities worldwide. Promoting good nutrition helps children grow, promotes human development and advances economic growth and eradication of poverty. About Malnutrition Malnutrition refers to insufficient, excessive, or imbalanced consumption of nutrients. In developed countries, the diseases...
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...Zinc (Zn) with an atomic number 30 is a chemical element with bluish white colour having lustrous and diamagnetic properties [1]. It has hexagonal crystal structure found in five stable isotopes and is the 24th most abundant element on earth’s crust. The usage of the zinc has a long history and used prominently in ancient world [2-5]. Zinc has an enormous significance; an essential mineral and has vast biological and public health importance [5]. It has been found that zinc deficiency is associated with the progression of many diseases and estimates of two billion peoples are associated with zinc deficiencies in the developing world [7]. Despite this, zinc is not estimated routinely in biochemical laboratories. The deficiency of the zinc is...
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...Omdurman 406 Sudan 2 Rufaa Nutrition and Maternity Office, Ministry of Health, Gezira state, Sudan *Corresponding Author: samiralredaisy@yahoo.com Received 24 April 2013; Accepted 5 June 2013 Abstract. This study investigated factors influencing nutritional status of children less than five years old suffering anemia and night blindness in Khartoum State. Sample size was 138 children determined by 10% rate of prevalence of nutritional deficiency diseases among children living in Khartoum State. In addition, testing hemoglobin and anthropometric measurements were done. Results depicted that, illiteracy was prevailing, and household monthly income averaged 100 USD. Symptoms of anemia included loss of appetite (8777%), paleness (9375%), and eating clay (29%), while for night blindness they were xerophthalmia (20%); Pinot spots (52%); karatomalacia (12%), and Cornea ulceration (4%). Children suffering these two diseases had hemoglobin concentration below 60% standard, indicated to Iron deficiency anemia and cute malnutrition constitute 63% of the cases. Females are less malnourished compared to males. Significant relationship exists between household monthly income and number of meals per day taken by a child (P=0 .0003); and between nutritional status of children and number of meals taken by a child per day (P=0 .003); and between household monthly income and frequency of daily...
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...Jesse Gelsinger was diagnosed with partial OTC deficiency when he was a young child. He was found to have a unique mutation that formed spontaneously. Some of his cells had a defective OTC gene with a large deletion, whereas others had a normal gene. This type of condition is known as mosaicism. Jesse Gelsinger lived in Tucson, Arizona. He was the 18th and final subject in the study, and at age 18, he was the youngest person enrolled. He had learned about the trial in 1998 from his physician, and was only allowed into the study because another subject had dropped out. His father was stated in saying that he “was doing this for other people.”1 Jesse Gelsinger set aside his personal life to participate in the study, and took an unpaid leave from his job. On September 13, 1999, Gelsinger became the second subject to receive the highest dose of the adenovirus. In the other study participants, including the first to receive the highest dose, the adverse effects were only temporary muscle aches and fever. These side effects were not life threatening.1 About 18 hours after the infusion of the adenovirus vector, Gelsinger started to develop an altered mental status and jaundice. He then developed a systemic inflammatory response to the virus,...
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...the organization to make sure that it is working for the purpose of making sure that it has efficient employees working for it, and the employees carry out the organizational activities in a proper manner. With the help of achievement of targets within the organization, there will be a case that the organization shall be in the position to have its targets achieved in case, there will be a situation that the organization will ensure that it provides good opportunities to the employees and cares for the safety of the employees to a larger level in the future. Key Functional areas of Human Resource Management The first functional area of human resource management is training provided to employees within the organization. Training is a process which is designed for providing knowledge to employees and skills for the purpose of carrying out the organizational activities. Second functional area is compensation and benefits for the employees (Martin, 2008). Regarding compensation and benefits, the employees in the organization are provided rewards for their better performance in the workplace at a point of time. The rewards are provided to the employees for the purpose of motivating them to a larger level. Third functional area is regarding safety and health of employees. The organization ensures that the activities of the organization are carried out in such a manner that best safety is given to the employees. The health of the employees within the organization should be at the...
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...based on the premise that accountants have a weak ethical reasoning in light of these scandals. The purpose of the research is to explore, using hypothesis, whether selection-socialization exists in accounting firms and its effect on accountant’s level of ethical reasoning. The research also investigates whether the selection of women has resulted in ethical reasoning that is similar to that of their male counterparts. This is important given the large number of women that have entered the accounting profession over the past few years. Based on the results reported in the cognitive and ethical reasoning literature the research explores two hypotheses as follows: 1. There is no significant difference between the P-scores of male and female staff accountants. 2. The dominant cognitive style among staff accountants is ST. The study employs the Myers/Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), a well-known measure for assessing cognitive styles and the Defining Issues Test (DIT) for assessing ethical reasoning of newly recruited auditors from Big-Five firms. Based on MBTI adapted from Fisher and Ott and descriptions of the cognitive styles, the authors deduce a third hypothesis that order for P-scores is SF, ST, NF and NT (lowest to highest). The research uses a sample of 90 consisting of 47 female and 43 male newly recruited auditors. Although not randomly selected, the sample is assumed to be representative of the population of new auditors in Big-Five accounting firms. ...
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...Northlake Bookstore: Benchmarking for Performance Evaluation By: Manuel Garza Hugo Hinojosa Graciela Rodriguez Jose Garcia Alejandro Arizpe Carlos Arizpe Summary of Facts Upon assessment of the FY2004 financial information, Wendy Wiley, Northlake Bookstore’s manager, identified the first ever drop in book sales over the previous quarter. After identifying the drop in sales, Wendy turned to Chuck Irwin, the Vice Chancellor of Finance for Northlake University. He mentioned that Wendy should conduct a benchmarking analysis in order to identify the deficiencies that led to the drop in book sales. In addition, Chuck also asked Wendy to develop a set of short-term performance goals and measurements for future evaluations. Northlake is a private university located in the Midwest U.S. Annual enrollment is estimated at 12,700 students. Northlake is overwhelmingly comprised of undergraduate students. Over 60% of the university’s revenues come from student tuitions, with the majority of the remaining 40% stemming from donations and gifts. Chucks, the Vice Chancellor, is worried that the donations and gifts have decreased dramatically during the current year. He believes this is due to the current uncertain economic conditions and the stock market’s erratic performance. Wendy has been the bookstore’s manager for 7 years now. She previously worked as a Wal-Mart sales manager where she acquired15 years of experience in...
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...components of the blood transport metabolic waste from the cells to the kidneys, nutrients from the digestive system to the cells, and hormones throughout the body. Scenario One Lily is a four-year-old Caucasian female with symptoms that are indicative of Iron Deficiency Anemia. This is one of the most common causes of anemia. Increased iron requirements, impaired iron absorption or hemorrhage can cause iron deficiency anemia. Without enough iron the body fails to synthesize hemoglobin and the ability to transport oxygen is reduces. Iron requirements are at the highest level during the first two years of life. Hemoglobin carries oxygen throughout our body and is a part of our red blood cell. If we don’t have enough iron, our body makes fewer and smaller red blood cells, which means less hemoglobin, and therefore we do not get enough oxygen (WebMD, Iron Deficiency Anemia).If we do not receive the correct amount of oxygen to our organs, and cells, the body will begin to suffer and we will begin to experience symptoms such as feeling weak, growing tired much easier, skin looks pale, trouble concentrating, and shortness of breath. There are several causes or reasons an individual can develop anemia or low iron levels in the body such as pregnant women, small children and teens that require more iron and are not getting enough in the food they are eating. If a woman’s menstrual cycle is extremely heavy and a she loses too much blood this cause a drop in iron. The leading cause of...
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...direct care staffing (MDCS) requirements on nurse staffing levels, nurse skill mix, and quality. Data Sources. U.S. nursing home facility data from the Online Survey Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) System merged with MDCS requirements. Study Design. Facility-level outcomes of nurse staffing levels, nurse skill mix, and quality measures are regressed on the level of nurse staffing required by MDCS requirements in the prior year and other controls using fixed effect panel regression. Quality measures are care practices, resident outcomes, and regulatory deficiencies. Data Extraction Method. Analysis used all OSCAR surveys from 1999 to 2004, resulting in 17,552 unique facilities with a total of 94,371 survey observations. Principle Findings. The effect of MDCS requirements varied with reliance of the nursing home on Medicaid. Higher MDCS requirements increase nurse staffing levels, while their effect on nurse skill mix depends on the reliance of the nursing home on Medicaid. MDCS have mixed effects on care practices but are generally associated with improved resident outcomes and meeting regulatory standards. Conclusions. MDCS requirements change staffing levels and skill mix, improve certain aspects of quality, but can also lead to use of care practices associated with lower quality. Key Words. Minimum direct care staffing ratios, quality, nursing homes Nursing homes are faced with the challenge of providing ‘‘acceptable’’ levels of quality at low costs. States attempt to influence this...
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...malnutrition in America. Malnutrition results from a diet which is lacking in nutrients and it affects children most because they are in great need of the right amount of nutrients in their growing years. Malnutrition is also associated with rich diet lacking in nutrients which is the case with many of the developed countries of the world. It is important to maintain health standards in world’s one of the most developed country like America. Malnutrition can result into a number of nutrition disorders which include abundance or deficiency of important nutrients required from food (Water H. R., Penny M. E., R. C., Narro R., Willis J., Caulfield L. E., & Black, 2008). The increased uptake of unhealthy food products is also one of the main reasons of malnutrition. Children aged less than 18 are the main victims of the food irregularities. The data collected in this paper includes the communities of America and according to statistics there are around 16 million children in America who live in food insecurity in recent times. The problem is rarely a concern for adults because they are more aware of their nutrition choices and adult body is developed and not requires a continued supply of nutrients which is the case with children. Children under the age of 5 years are at the greatest risk of developing malnutrition. There are food secure and food insecure states defined based on the findings of the Community health services for children suffering from malnutrition (Schaible U. E., &...
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...disorder characterized by the persistent eating of nonnutritive substances. Some of the substances ingested are chalk, glass, cigarettes, toy parts, thread, hair, foam, clay, and feces. Although some people with DD seem to consume nonfood items rather indiscriminately, others tend to “specialize” by regularly ingesting one or two particular preferred items (Stiegler, 2005). The type of substance ingested tends to vary by age (Reel, 2013). The most cases of pica occur in children between 2 and 3 years old. It is very rare for adults to have pica, usually it is due to a developmental disability or a mental disorder (e.g. autism and schizophrenia). The eating of nonnutritive, nonfood substances may also manifest in pregnancy, when specific cravings might occur (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Pica is not classified in to main eating disorder section of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Rather, it is categorized within feeding and eating disorders or infancy or early childhood due to the fact that its highest frequency of occurrence is among children (Reel, 2013). This non-food cravings eating disorder can be found in 10 percent to 32 percent of children between the ages of 1 and 6, according to the National Library of Medicine. There is no single known etiology for pica. Risk factors for pica include poverty, neglect, lack of parental supervision, and being developmental delayed (Reel, 2013). However the American Psychiatric Association created diagnostic...
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...Hunger Data The world hunger problem: Facts, figures and statistics • In the Asian, African and Latin American countries, well over 500 million people are living in what the World Bank has called "absolute poverty" • Every year 15 million children die of hunger • For the price of one missile, a school full of hungry children could eat lunch every day for 5 years • Throughout the 1990's more than 100 million children will die from illness and starvation. Those 100 million deaths could be prevented for the price of ten Stealth bombers, or what the world spends on its military in two days! • The World Health Organization estimates that one-third of the world is well-fed, one-third is under-fed one-third is starving- Since you've entered this site at least 200 people have died of starvation. Over 4 million will die this year. • One in twelve people worldwide is malnourished, including 160 million children under the age of 5. United Nations Food and Agriculture • The Indian subcontinent has nearly half the world's hungry people. Africa and the rest of Asia together have approximately 40%, and the remaining hungry people are found in Latin America and other parts of the world. Hunger in Global Economy • Nearly one in four people, 1.3 billion - a majority of humanity - live on less than $1 per day, while the world's 358 billionaires have assets exceeding the combined annual incomes of countries with 45 percent of the world's people. UNICEF ...
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...care. Nearly one-third of children in the developing world are malnourished. The effects of changing environmental conditions in increasing malnutrition are multifactorial. Poor environmental conditions may increase insect and protozoal infections and also contribute to environmental deficiencies in micronutrients. Overpopulation, more commonly seen in developing countries, can reduce food production, leading to inadequate food intake or intake of foods of poor nutritional quality. Conversely, the effects of malnutrition on individuals can create and maintain poverty, which can further hamper economic and social development. Bangladesh being the eighth most populous country in the world, and one of the poorest a significant progress has been made in recent years in reducing the incidence of poverty and malnutrition, the fact remains that roughly half of its 15.5 million citizens live in deprivation, while roughly half of all children under 6 years show some evidence of chronic malnutrition. Poverty and malnutrition in Bangladesh are characterized by regional variation. Factors such as proneness to natural disasters, distribution and quality of land, access to education and health facilities, level of infrastructure development, employment opportunities, and dietary and hygiene practices provide possible explanations for this. Future efforts by the Government and aid agencies to further reduce poverty and malnutrition...
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...16 April 2010 Vegetarian Diets: The More Positive Side Is Being Revealed For many people understanding exactly what a vegetarian is can be difficult. Essentially, a vegetarian is one that does not consume meat. There are, however, several different types of vegetarians that are defined by certain restrictions. For quite some time people have thought of vegetarianism as a negative thing; recently, vegetarianism has become more appealing and accessible thanks to the year-round availability of fresh produce, more vegetarian dining options, and the growing culinary influence of cultures with largely plant-based diets (Becoming a Vegetarian 4-6). The traditional idea concerning vegetarian diets was that there were various nutritional deficiencies. New research, however, highlights the positive side of vegetarianism. In the Western world, the popularity of vegetarianism grew in the 20th century because of the combination of nutritional, ethical, and environmental concerns (Heller). With vegetarianism gaining popularity, many people are more aware of the different forms of the diet. Vegetarian eating covers a broad territory and can run the gamut from people who avoid all animal products to people who simply refrain from eating a few select animal foods (Bauer 185). The strictest type of vegetarian is the vegan. Vegans abstain from eating or using all animal products. They withdraw from eating meat, dairy, and eggs. Vegans also prefer to not wear wool, silk, or leather. Strict...
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...poison. Vitamin literally means “life, containing nitrogen.” (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 321). The first vitamins contained nitrogen, however vitamins that do not contain nitrogen are just as important to life. Vitamins, as well as minerals, are very important to living beings because they are the substances which assist in the metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients or the development of bodily structures. In the absence of vitamins, there is a wide variety of symptoms that can occur. These things are including, but not limited to, blindness, dementia, and the improper development of bodily structures. The assistance that is provided by vitamins is of high importance, but that is not the only function of vitamins. Vitamins prevent deficiency symptoms, but if the proper dosage is taken they also help your body perform optimally. Your bodily system stays healthy as a result. (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 322) Vitamins are not like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. First of all, vitamins do not provide any energy to the body. (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 322) Vitamins are also individual units, not complex chains of molecules. Vitamins also vary from energy yielding nutrients in the way that they are measured. Vitamins are usually measured in micrograms (µg) or milligrams (mg), while energy yielding nutrients are usually measured in grams (g). There are two distinct similarities between the two. This is that both vitamins and energy-yielding nutrients are available from...
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