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Đến gặp nhà thơ Y Phương, tác giả của bài thơ “Nói với con” (SGK lớp 9) tại nhà riêng của ông, chúng tôi không khỏi ngạc nhiên với nhà thơ người dân tộc Tày này. Cánh cửa nhà mở toang, vọng ra tiếng ông đang ngâm một bài thơ tiếng Tày đầy sảng khoái. Khi chúng tôi tới, ông vừa gò lưng lau nhà vừa hát thơ. Ngẩng đầu lên, ông tươi cười, thay cho lời chào đáp lại ông nói:“nghề chính của tôi là tạp vụ, có nghề phụ làm thơ.”
* Đó là lúctôi dường như không biết lấy gì để vịn!

Sốngtrên đá không chê đá gập ghềnh
Sống trong thung không chê thung nghèo đói
Sống như sông như suối
Lên thác xuống ghềnh
Không lo cực nhọc”

Vợ chồng chúng tôi sinh cô con gái đầu lòng vào giữa năm 1979. Bài thơ “Nói với con” tôi viết năm 1980. Đó là thời điểm đất nước ta gặp vô vàn khó khăn. Thời kỳ cả nước mới thoát ra khỏi cuộc chiến tranh chống Mỹ lâu dài và gian khổ. Giống như một người mới ốm dậy, xã hội khi ấy bắt đầu xuất hiện người tốt, kẻ xấu để tranh giành sự sống. Thực ra, theo tôi không có con người xấu, mà chỉ có những tính xấu như trộm cắp, tham nhũng, lừa đảo, sự dối trá…Ta phải biến những cái xấu ấy thành “phân”, để “bón” cho cây cối và làm giàu cho đất cát.

Bài thơ với nhan đề là “Nói với con”, đó là lời tâm sự của tôi với đứa con gái đầu lòng. Tâm sự với con còn là tâm sự với chính mình. Nguyên do thì nhiều, nhưng lý do lớn nhất để bài thơ ra đời chính là lúc tôi dường như không biết lấy gì để vịn, để tin. Cả xã hội lúc bấy giờ đang hối hả gấp gáp kiếm tìm tiền bạc. Muốn sống đàng hoàng như một con người, tôi nghĩ phải bám vào văn hóa. Phải tin vào những giá trị tích cực vĩnh cửu của văn hóa. Chính vì thế, qua bài thơ ấy, tôi muốn nói rằng chúng ta phải vượt qua sự ngặt nghèo, đói khổ bằng văn hóa.

Chân phải bước tới cha
Chân trái bước tới mẹ
Một bước chạm tiếng nói
Hai bước tới tiếng cười
Người đồng mình yêu lắm con ơi
Đan lờ cài nan hoa
Vách nhà ken câu hát
Rừng cho hoa
Con đường cho những tấm lòng
Cha mẹ mãi nhớ về ngày cưới
Ngày đầu tiên đẹp nhất trên đời.

Người đồng mình thương lắm con ơi
Cao đo nỗi buồn
Xa nuôi chí lớn
Dẫu làm sao thì cha vẫn muốn
Sống trên đá không chê đá gập ghềnh
Sống trong thung không chê thung nghèo đói
Sống như sông như suối
Lên thác xuống ghềnh
Không lo cực nhọc
Người đồng mình thô sơ da thịt
Chẳng mấy ai nhỏ bé đâu con
Người đồng mình tự đục đá kê cao quê hương
Còn quê hương thì làm phong tục
Con ơi tuy thô sơ da thịt
Lên đường
Không bao giờ nhỏ bé được
Nghe con.

Bài thơ 28 câu này được xem như là viết riêng cho đứa con đầu lòng. Ở phạm vi hẹp, bài thơ chủ yếu đề cập đến văn hóa dân tộc, nhằm tôn vinh nét đẹp của văn hóa truyền thống dân tộc Tày.

Tôi rất bất ngờ khi biết “Nói với con” được đưa vào SGK. Tuy nhiên tôi không biết đích xác đưa vào năm nào. Quan trọng là tác phẩm của tôi đã được đông đảo các em học sinh đón nhận. Với những tác phẩm trong SGK, việc cải cách liên tục như hiện nay thì một tác phẩm nay “để”, mai “bóc” chuyện bình thường. Vì thế phần thưởng lớn nhất dành cho tôi là được mọi người biết đến, nhớ đến tác phẩm của mình.

* Nhiều giáo viên và học sinh đã đến nhà nhờ giảng về bài thơ

Bài thơ “Nói với con”, dù thấy chẳng có gì đặc biệt hay, nhưng cũng khiến nhiều người băn khoăn . Chẳng hạn trong bài thơ có hai câu:

“Người đồng mình thô sơ da thịt
Chẳng mấy ai nhỏ bé đâu con”

Đấy là hai câu chốt của bài thơ “Nói với con”. Thế nhưng, nhiều giáo viên dường như chưa hiểu hàm ý của hai câu thơ. Nên khi giảng bài, họ chỉ dựa vào hướng dẫn trong SGK là chính. Thực ra, theo tác giả, ý nghĩa của bài thơ khác hơn nhiều. Nó cao và sâu hơn câu chuyện về tình phụ tử. Chúng ta đừng viện cớ thiếu thốn khó khăn mà đánh mất đạo đức, văn hóa. Tôi thấy, dường như giờ đây, nhiều con em các dân tộc không mấy mặn mà với văn hóa truyền thống. Và họ đang tự nguyện nhập ngoại, lai căng một cách dễ dãi. Tôi ủng hộ hòa nhập nhưng không thể hòa tan. Văn hóa dân tộc là tài sản lớn. Giữ cho mình và giữ cho con cháu mình. Tôi là người dân tộc Tày. Chúng tôi sinh hoạt như những người Tày ngay giữa lòng Thủ đô. Không phải do tôi sợ đánh mất bản bản sắc riêng mà là niềm tự hào chính đáng về văn hóa dân tộc của mình. Tôi tự hào vì tôi là người Tày.

Có lần, một cậu bé ở tận trong Huế lặn lội ra Hà Nội, tìm đến nhà và hỏi chuyện tôi về bài thơ. Hình như cậu bé chuẩn bị thi vào trường quốc học Huế. Đúng vậy. Cậu học trò ấy đã chọn bài thơ “Nói với con” để làm bài thi môn văn. Và cậu ấy đã đỗ thủ khoa. Một số giáo viên ở trường chuyên ở các tỉnh, cũng đích thân tới tận nhà gặp và hỏi trực tiếp tôi về bài thơ “Nói với con”.

Bài thơ mà mọi người hay băn khoăn thắc mắc nhất là hai câu: “Chân phải bước tới cha/ Chân trái bước tới mẹ” nghĩa là sao? Tôi bật cười, cái đó thì quá đơn giản. Có gì đâu, đứa con sinh ra thì phải có cha có mẹ. Đó là khởi điểm của một con người. Một điều nữa “vách nhà ken câu hát” làyếu tố văn hóa phi vật thể. Người con trai ngồi ngoài vách. Người con gái ở bên trong vách. Họ hát cho nhau nghe. Hát tràn đêm đến sáng bạch. Bởi thế, bức vách ở đây không chỉ là một bức vách cụ thể bằng đất bằng đá nữa. Nó đã trở thành một chủ thể văn hóa. Văn hóa ăn nhau ở sự khác biệt chứ không nói sự hơn kém.

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...------------------------------------------------- http://vnthuquan.net/(S(1rcl4v45ae4z5mugzj1lc545))/truyen/truyen.aspx?tid=2qtqv3m3237nvnnn0n4n2n31n343tq83a3q3m3237nvn&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1#phandau ------------------------------------------------- The Great Gatsby From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the novel. For the film, TV and opera adaptations, see The Great Gatsby (disambiguation). The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922. The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession for the beautiful debutante Daisy Buchanan. Considered to be Fitzgerald's magnum opus, The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence, idealism, resistance to change, social upheaval, and excess, creating a portrait of the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties that has been described as a cautionary tale regarding theAmerican Dream.[1][2] Fitzgerald, inspired by the parties he had attended while visiting Long Island's north shore, began planning the novel in 1923 desiring to produce, in his words, "something new—something extraordinary and beautiful and simple and intricately patterned."[3] Progress was slow with Fitzgerald completing his first draft following a move to the French Riviera in 1924. His editor, Maxwell Perkins, felt the book...

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...Набережна Катерина Політологія «Вплив політичного режиму та етнічних проблем на траекторію політичного розвитку Зімбабве» На сучасний стан розвитку Зімбабве мав першочерговий вплив політичний режим, встановлений диктатурою Роберта Мугабе. Авторитарний режим являє собою державний лад, при якому всю чи більшу частину влади зосереджено в руках однієї особи чи групи осіб, тобто політичний плюралізм є обмеженим, відсутня всепояснювальна ідеологія, низький рівень соціальної мобілізації. Характерними рисами є монополізація влади і політики, недопущення реальної політичної опозиції і конкуренції, місцевого самоврядування, застосування репресій і терору. Саме такі риси були притаманні Зімбабве. Після здобуття незалежності в Зімбабве відбуваються вибори до парламенту, який на той час мав двопартійну систему. Двома конкуруючими партіями були Африканський Національний Союз (ЗАНУ) на чолі з Робертом Мугабе та Союз Африканського Народу Зімбабве (ЗАПУ), очолюваний Джошуа Нкомо. Ці дві партії підтримувалися різними етнічними групами: ЗАНУ підтримували шона, а ЗАПУ – ндебеле. Партія Мугабе перемагає на виборах та створює коаліцію з ЗАПУ задля знищення опозиції та створення однопартійної системи. Мугабе запропонував лідеру партії ЗАПУ Джошуа Нкомо на вибір будь-яку посаду в уряді, і Нкомо зайняв пост міністра внутрішніх справ. У 1982 році коаліція була ліквідована внаслідок обвинувачення Нкомо у організації політичного заговору з метою організації державного перевороту, яке було висунуте Робертом...

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