...New Terrorism? Predicting the Future of Terrorism Introduction/ Purpose Terrorism is an often controversial subject. “One man’s freedom fighter is another man’s terrorist.” This is a well known quote that is often used to allude to the complexity of terrorism. Terrorism, the word itself is a word that has possessed over a hundred definitions and a concept that has changed as the societies of the world have progressed. The use of the terms terrorism and terrorist are politically weighted, and are often used for a polarizing effect, where 'terrorism' becomes simply a relativist term for the violence committed by an enemy, from the point of view of the attacked. Because of the political nature of some struggles, 'terrorism' can become identified as simply any violence committed against established institutions. A terrorist is, strictly speaking, one who is personally involved in an act of terrorism. The term "terrorism" comes from the French 18th century word terrorisme (under their government's Reign of Terror), based on the Latin language verbs terrere (to tremble) and deterrere (to frighten from). The use of the term "terrorist" has had broader applications however, ranging in application from disgruntled citizens to common political dissidents. It is important to understand terrorism in our modern arena and under stand its effects on society. ‘Terrorism’, as a unified political and ideological motif did not arise spontaneously in response to particular instances...
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...with another. Conflicts are usually discussed in history when referring to battles between two forces. Likewise, the Imperial War Museum displayed a great overview of conflict arising from the First World War, dealing with life during wartime. Through the various displays of art, photography, personal documents, and historical equipment, conflict was clearly recognized within this British national museum. When I first entered into the Imperial War Museum, the large aircraft structures caught my attention, along with the machine guns. These great configurations are the history that students like myself have been reading about since grade school. There was always the question of how big or what exactly each artifact looked like. I think back to when I tried to visualize each battle story and struggle during different periods of war. It was not until I saw these structures up-close, that I was able to realize how enormous they really were; in some cases, how small and destructive they were. The model of “Little Boy” stood out to me and represented conflict in the sense that it was the first atomic bomb to be used as a weapon. At 28 inches long, this mighty piece of mass was able to create a nuclear chain reaction, or the bombing of Hiroshima. The aftermath of this bombing was devastating as the death toll exceeded 200,000 people due to solely the aftermath and lingering effects. Although this bomb was dropped intending to shorten the war, the long-term effects were far more devastating...
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...past year.” (Brown, 2011). “With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, several small brutal wars emerged as people fought for control of their now-independent nations. With the Soviet Union no longer serving as watchful overlord, several nationalist movements clashed in civil wars throughout central and eastern Europe.” (Schultz, p. 494). The change in foreign policy for western countries, especially America was massive. The collapse of the USSR was probably the biggest event in the second half of the 20th century and political change from it was inevitable. Its impact on western countries foreign policy should not be underestimated as its affects are seen today in places such as Iraq with the United States attempts to limit Nuclear weapons to reduce world tension. “With the conclusion of the Cold War, the world became a more open, accessible place, and this development would be a key part of the world economy that would shape the 1990s.” (Schultz, p. 496)....
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...TOWARDS A LIBERAL REALISM The student’s name: The course number: The date of submission: The instructor’s name: During the era, of George .W.Bush, a lot of political ambition has taken place. When he got into power, the focus of Bush was to provide an avenue for economic and political prosperity. However, with time because of influences emanating from both the international politics as well as from his own legal advisors, he adopted policies that suited the conditions of the occasion. For instance, during his era, there was the interplay between realism and liberalism. Realism was manifested at the time when his concerns leaned more on his quest to acquire the interests of the nation. However, he seemed to choose a different approach especially after the September 11, 2001 attack. At this time, the interests of the nation were to be abandoned and promote more for the security of the nation. Realism is a theory of international relations which holds the view that the interest of a nation overrides other considerations such as the moral values. Furthermore, actions undertaken by government leaders do not take into account the effect that such deeds may have on other sovereign states. They are therefore, likely to violate the ethical considerations when pursuing their goals and interests from other states. The idea of realism is closely related to the ideas of Thomas Hobbes of people in a state of nature. They are considered to attempt to gratify their...
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...conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Defense Department or any other agency of the Federal Government. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Portions of this work may be quoted or reprinted without permission, provided that a standard source credit line is included. NDU Press would appreciate a courtesy copy of reprints or reviews. Cover: President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden meet with members of the National Security Council in the Situation Room of the White House hours before his national address, September 10, 2014 (The White House/Pete Souza) First printing, October 2014 Contents The Roots of American Grand Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A Century Like No Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The Ends of Grand Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The Means of Grand Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 The Ways of Grand Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 The Way Ahead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...are considered to coexist in a spectrum of assaults on nations or religio-ethnic groups. These threats were more prominent during the 20th century which caused massive violations of human rights and jeopardized the overall security of humans. Determinants of ethnic cleansing and genocide root from socio-political factors influenced by deeply embedded ideologies which are manifested by political leaders of specific regime types. During World War II, German authorities targeted Jews and other minority groups like the gypsies and Pols due to their perceived racial inferiority. The German ideology in attempt to eradicate these auxiliary groups led to the conflict known as the Shoah. The Shoah is the biblical word meaning destruction and it is the standard Hebrew term for the murder of European Jewry. The Shoah was the systematic, bureaucratic and state sponsored persecution of six million Jews. Comparable to other ethnic based genocides, Germans believed they were racially superior and that Jews were inferior; and deemed a threat to the “German racial community” resulting in their mass murder. Various interpretations of the Shoah has given rise to similar attitudes and opinions regarding its historical events. The Holocaust Survivors and Victims Database, is one of the largest resources of its kind which includes millions of personal records from the extensive collections of archival and library materials, oral histories, artifacts, photographs, films and other materials that could...
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...“HOW TOPROMOTE PEACE” |Peace Education | http://missmakanani.blogspot.com/2007/07/50-ways-to-promote-peace.html 1. Make friends with someone of another race, ethnicity, age, ability, or sexual orientation. Appreciating and embracing diversity helps to promote peace. 2. Get to know your neighbors. It’s hard to reclaim peace without a sense of community. 3. Take an adventure to neighborhoods of your town or country that are ethnically focused to appreciate diverse cultures. Cross-cultural understanding is key to building peace. 4. Travel to learn. Get first-hand experience in how things happen in other places and bring home questions about how you do things at home. 5. Drive with patience and tolerance. Keep the peace on our streets and highways. 6. Listen more. Really listen, without giving unsolicited advice. The validation of being heard is often more important than solving the problem. 7. Spend time with a youngster. This can often remind us of the meaning of a peaceful world. 8. Practice the art of patience. Be careful not to rush to judgment or action. 9. Start peace...
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...in the human population through human-to-human transmission. There are currently no licensed Ebola vaccines. As times progress threats to national security are constantly increasing with threats such as climate change, transnational crime, espionage, cyber terrorism and bio-terrorism. This paper is going to look at Ebola as a threat to national security. Weaponization Ebola's exponential spread has rekindled fears that terrorists may seek to turn the virus into a powerful weapon of mass destruction. Ebola virus is classified as a biosafety level 4 agent, as well as a Category A bioterrorism agent by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. It has the potential to be weaponized for use in biological warfare, National security and infectious disease experts agree the obstacles to a large-scale assault with Ebola are formidable. For starters, a bioterrorist would have to obtain the virus and be able to grow a massive supply in large vats, an extremely costly endeavour. Already there is historical precedent for states trying—and failing—to tap the virus for bioterror. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union was “growing up large amounts of microbes for potential use in bioterrorism. The Soviets attempted to cultivate smallpox, anthrax, tularaemia, botulism and haemorrhagic fevers including...
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...The personality position in scientific history encompasses the thought that each individual shapes the course of our history, and their inventions are exclusively their own therefore impacting and changing our world as the year’s progress. This thought if frequently trusted upon and viewed to be without a shadow of a doubt correct. When we research the past, if it is frequently done all we realize is incredible personalities thought of these single extraordinary thoughts and the world was never the same again. We also learn that these individuals held the sole obligation of changing the world. This attitude toward history is considered to be epic in light of the fact that incredible researchers are given a huge measure of acknowledgment for their discoveries. The personality position is also called the "Extraordinary Man" theory (Jones, 2011, p. 67). The naturalistic position communicates one's perspective as to the way of "reality". It is the view that this present reality in the real world is made up of elements which are interrelated to the point that one section definitely impacts alternate parts. To comprehend this present reality, the parts can't be separated however; the parts must be inspected in the context of the world. It is basically a logical phenomenon separated from a consistent positivistic perspective of the truth of world. It alludes to the request that utilize immediate contact in the middle of investigators and performers in the circumstances as a method...
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...administration deems Saddam Hussein reckless, ruthless, and not fully rational. Such a man, when mixed with nuclear weapons, is too unpredictable to be prevented from threatening the United States, the hawks say. But scrutiny of his past dealings with the world shows that Saddam, though cruel and calculating, is eminently deferrable. Should the United States invade Iraq and depose Saddam Hussein? If the United States is already at war with Iraq when this article is published, the immediate cause is likely to be Saddam's failure to comply with the new U.N. inspections regime to the Bush administration's satisfaction. But this failure is not the real reason Saddam and the united States have been on a collision course over the past year. The deeper root of the conflict is the U.S. position that Saddam must be toppled because he cannot be deterred from using weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Advocates of preventive war use numerous arguments to make their case, but their trump card is the charge that Saddam's past behavior proves he is too reckless, relentless, and aggressive to be allowed to possess WMD, especially nuclear weapons. They sometimes admit that war against Iraq might be costly, might lead to a lengthy U.S. occupation, and might complicate U.S. relations with other countries. But these concerns are eclipsed by the belief that the combination of Saddam plus nuclear weapons is too dangerous to accept. For that reason alone, he has to go. Even many opponents of preventive war...
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...granted this right that is inherent to the foundation of the international system, fail to protect their citizens from harm. Too often in recent history have governments neglected to protect their people during conflicts or crises, and with a world with increasing visibility and communication, states have responded with a basic plan to prevent mass crimes such as Bosnia and Rwanda. Thus, Responsibility to Protect (R2P) was developed as a caveat for the international community to intervene when a government fails to protect its own citizens from mass atrocities. Genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing are the four conditions under which the international community is authorized to intervene, should a state fail to protect its citizens (Rudolph 2014). In the past 20 years, R2P has been under construction and constantly under evolution from theory to practice. While parameter definition and norm building continue to cycle from lessons learned, the three foundational pillars upon which the R2P model dangles from remains the same: “Pillar 1: Every state has the responsibility to protect its populations from the four mass atrocity crimes Pillar 2: The wider international community has the responsibility to encourage and assist individual states in meeting that responsibility Pillar 3: If a state is manifestly failing to protect its populations, the international community must be prepared to take appropriate collective action, in a timely and decisive manner...
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...| Suicide Bomber Profile | Suicidal Tendencies of Suicide Bombers | | | | | Tendencies of Suicide Bombers Suicide terrorism is the targeted use of self-obliteration of human beings against non-combatant individuals (usually civilian populations) with the objective of causing political change within a country. Even though a suicide attack is aimed to destroy an initial target, its primary use is a weapon of psychological warfare intended to affect a larger public audience. The main target is not those who are killed, instead it is aimed at those made to witness it. In the last 3 decades, it is estimated that there has been around 1200 suicide attacks taking place in different parts of the world, making up about 4% of all terrorist attacks but 32% (14,599 individuals) of all terrorism-related deaths. Approximately 90% of these attacks have occurred in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Israel alone. Although there is an association between suicide and suicidal behavior and homicide and violence to others, few studies on suicide comment on the phenomenon of the ‘suicide’ bomber. In the absence of any universally agreed definition of the term ‘terrorism’, the term tends to be very subjective: One person's terrorist may be another's freedom fighter. According to some authors on the history of terrorism, suicide or self-sacrifice associated with terrorist violence is not a new phenomenon. [1] In fact, suicide attacks are very old modus operandi. In...
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...themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. 6. And they were all two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon, and they called it Mount Hermon, because they had sworn and bound themselves by mutual implications upon it. 7. And these are the names of their leaders: Semiazaz, their leader, Arakiba, Rameel, Kokabiel, Tamiel, Ramiel, Danel, Ezeqeel, Baraqijal, Asael, Armoros, Batarel, Ananel, Zaquel, Samsapeel, Satarel, Turel, Jomjael, Sariel. 8. These are their chiefs of tens. VII. 1. And all the others together with them took unto themselves wives, and each chose for himself one, and they began to go unto them and to defile themselves with them, and they taught them charms and enchantments, and the cutting of roots, and made them acquainted with plants. 2. And they became pregnant, and they bare great giants, whose height was three thousand ells: 3. Who consumed all the acquisitions of men. And when men could no longer sustain them, (sic) 4. The Giants turned against them and devoured mankind. 5. And they began to sin...
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...Nihilism!!! What is Nihilism? A common (but misleading) description of nihilism is the 'belief in nothing'. Instead, a far more useful one would substitute 'faith' for 'belief' where faith is defined as the "firm belief in something for which there is no proof." A universal definition of nihilism could then well be the rejection of that which requires faith for salvation or actualization and would span to include anything from theology to secular ideology. Within nihilism faith and similar values are discarded because they've no absolute, objective substance, they are invalid serving only as yet another exploitable lie never producing any strategically beneficial outcome. Faith is an imperative hazard to group and individual because it compels suspension of reason, critical analysis and common sense. Faith is "don't let those pesky facts get in the way of our political plan or our mystically ordained path to heaven"; faith is "do what I tell you because I said so". All things that can't be disproved need faith, utopia needs faith, idealism needs faith, and spiritual salvation needs faith. Fuck faith. The second element nihilism rejects is the belief in final purpose, that the universe is built upon non-random events and that everything is structured towards an eventual conclusive revelation. This is called teleology and it's the fatal flaw plaguing the whole rainbow of false solutions from Marxism to Buddhism and everything in between. Teleology compels obedience towards the...
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...Lone Wolf Terrorism Introduction Problem background and significance In the United States terrorism incidents such as the attack in 1995 in Oklahoma by Timothy McVeigh and the September 11th attack in 2001, have led to the realization that lone wolf terrorism posses a grave threat to the safety of the public. Terrorism analysts and law enforcement authorities have insisted that it is hard to spot lone terrorists before they strike and this is of great threat to the security of a nation. From FBI information it is evident that lone terrorism trends indicate that it is an ongoing risk both in side the United States and outside the country (Risen & Johnston, 2003) In 2003 the director of the FBI stated that there was an increased threat from persons who are affiliated or sympathetic with the Al Qaeda and they act without having any conspiracies surrounding them or external support. Scholars in the field of terrorism have in the past concentrated on the how terrorist groups work so as to explain how individuals work. The general view of terrorism is that it is a group activity which is mainly influenced by leaders training, recruitment, obedience and conformity, solidarity and moral disengagement. Due to the imbalance that exists between the focus by scholars on terrorism that is group based on one hand and apparent threat posed by lone wolf terrorist on the other hand, necessitates the empirical and conceptual analysis of lone wolf terrorism so as to establish a good understanding...
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