...The Civil War ended in May, 1865. Blacks had to overcome obstacles in order to thrive in the free world. They were met with opposition like The Black Codes, Jim Crow Laws and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan. The Black Codes were a set of laws made up by white southerners to ensure the newly freed blacks were restricted with activities and available to work (Black Codes. 2013). Some of the items included in the Black Codes were signing a yearly labor contract so the slave would be available for work and not move to the North. If the slave did not want to sign the contract, they faced being jailed, beaten and other forms of harm. The Black Codes restricted Blacks from entering into an interracial marriages, rent or own land and anything else that put a limit on freedom. The Black Codes were put in place to counteract the Federal Government’s move in giving freed Blacks 40 acres of land (“American Experience.” 2003) The Jim Crow Laws were a set of laws that operated primarily in the South from 1877 to the 1960s. The main premise of Jim Crow was to maintain racial segregation in public areas such as schools, restaurants and public transit. These laws were made to show black people where they ranked in terms of whites. One sign said. “No Dogs, Blacks, Mexicans” (Pilgrim, D., 2012). Some of these laws included where to sit on public transit, where they can drink water and how they are to treat white people when they cross their path. Many Christian ministers and theologians taught...
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...In the last 10 years, the US has had its hands full and the Military has been stretched thin trying to deal with the challenges of keeping peace in the world. Everyone has an opinion on how things should be handled in the name of peace. I am concentrating on two items that are “hot button “topics. Eric Snowden in his quest to do the right thing and Syria, who is denying they did any wrong. The court of public opinion is still out to lunch. Eric Snowden is a 30 year old former US contractor who is accused of being a traitor. Eric worked as a temp through Booz Allen Hamilton consulting firm. During the 3 months of employment, he downloaded information regarding wiretapping of high profile citizens of other countries. Before this information leaked out, Eric worked in other facets of top secret Government Entities like the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA). Eric’s supervisor at the CIA gave him a bad review and also passed on information that he was trying to seek information above his grade pay. The report also detailed the young man’s change in attitude and work habits (Brice, B. 2013). The red flags flew under the radar. The report costs him a job in Geneva so he moved on to the NSA as a contractor. During the 4 years of employment, he leaked thousands of documents to let the other countries know through media intervention what was going on. This snowball affect caused Eric to flee the country (Brice, 2013). Eric...
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...In the last 10 years, the US has had its hands full and the Military has been stretched thin trying to deal with the challenges of keeping peace in the world. Everyone has an opinion on how things should be handled in the name of peace. I am concentrating on two items that are “hot button “topics. Eric Snowden in his quest to do the right thing and Syria, who is denying they did any wrong. The court of public opinion is still out to lunch. Eric Snowden is a 30 year old former US contractor who is accused of being a traitor. Eric worked as a temp through Booz Allen Hamilton consulting firm. During the 3 months of employment, he downloaded information regarding wiretapping of high profile citizens of other countries. Before this information leaked out, Eric worked in other facets of top secret Government Entities like the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA). Eric’s supervisor at the CIA gave him a bad review and also passed on information that he was trying to seek information above his grade pay. The report also detailed the young man’s change in attitude and work habits (Brice, B. 2013). The red flags flew under the radar. The report costs him a job in Geneva so he moved on to the NSA as a contractor. During the 4 years of employment, he leaked thousands of documents to let the other countries know through media intervention what was going on. This snowball affect caused Eric to flee the country (Brice, 2013). Eric...
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...Product: Household Products - Food products Eggs Dozens/Last 30 Days Heavy (3+) (Principal Shoppers) Total Homemakers Total '000 Proj '000 Pct Pct Down Index Across Total 141733 48358 34.1 100 100 Men 44420 14028 31.6 29 93 Women 97313 34330 35.3 71 103 Educ: Graduated college plus 41659 13053 31.3 27 92 Educ: Attended college 26178 8880 33.9 18.4 99 Educ: Graduated high school 43231 14855 34.4 30.7 101 Educ: Did not graduate HS 17494 7196 41.1 14.9 121 Educ: Post graduate 14126 4437 31.4 9.2 92 Educ: No college 60726 22051 36.3 45.6 106 Age: 18-24 11341 3651 32.2 7.6 94 Age: 25-34 25619 8540 33.3 17.7 98 Age: 35-44 26425 10283 38.9 21.3 114 Age: 45-54 28853 10327 35.8 21.4 105 Age: 55-64 23150 7798 33.7 16.1 99 Age: 65+ 26345 7760 29.5 16 86 Adults 18-34 36959 12191 33 25.2 97 Adults 18-49 77986 28059 36 58 105 Adults 25-54 80897 29150 36 60.3 106 Men 18-34 12552 3867 30.8 8 90 Men 18-49 25324 8107 32 16.8 94 Men 25-54 25949 8194 31.6 16.9 93 Women 18-34 24407 8324 34.1 17.2 100 Women 18-49 52662 19953 37.9 41.3 111 Women 25-54 54948 20956 38.1 43.3 112 Occupation: Professional and Related Occupations 20927 6610 31.6 13.7 93 Occupation: Management, Business and Financial Operations2151 1 3960 32.6 8.2 96 Occupation: Sales and Office Occupations 20680 6559 31.7 13.6 93 Occupation: Natural Resources, Construction and Maintenance Occupations 4605 1624 35.3 3.4 103 Occupation: Other employed 22283 7936 35.6 16.4 104 HHI: 150,000+ 12467 3975 31.9 8.2 93 HHI: $75,000-$149,999 36833 12942...
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...Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc. Thursday, October 24, 1929, easily ranks as the most dramatic day that Wall Street has ever seen. That day witnessed the beginning of the Great Stock Market Crash that over the following few years would result in an almost ninety percent decline in the Dow Jones Industrial Average ( DJIA). Although not nearly as dramatic as “ Black Thursday,” September 15, 2008, is a date that modern day Wall Street insiders will not soon forget. On that day, one of Wall Street’s iconic investment banking firms, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy. That bankruptcy filing ended the proud history of a firm that had played a major role in shaping the nation’s securities markets and economy for more than a century. Lehman Brothers had approximately $ 700 billion in assets when it failed, which makes it the largest corporate bankruptcy in U. S. history, easily surpassing the previ-ous headline- grabbing bankruptcies of Enron, General Motors, and WorldCom. By comparison, the telecommunications giant WorldCom, which temporarily held the title of the nation’s largest business failure after collapsing in 2002, had less than one-sixth the total assets claimed by Lehman Brothers. The shocking announcement that Lehman had filed for bankruptcy caused the DJIA to plunge more than 500 points within a few hours. That large loss was only a harbinger of things to come. Within six months, the DJIA had declined by more than 50 percent from its all- time high of 14,164...
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...Question 1: From this case study, it showed how Lehman Brothers walked down to the end of it business. Through Lehman Brothers’ case, it reflects the ugly side of a corporate. A big recognized company collapse due to it unsuccessful leadership management, culture and dishonesty by it people caused the company walked down to the end of it business. There are several points showed how it gone bankrupted. By using the ethical perspective to look at Lehman Brothers’ situation, it showed that the company being dishonest to it clients, failure in the company leadership and corporate management are the major problems that lead to the company downfalls. As a Wall Street icon, they disappointed the public and being irresponsible towards their actions, against the ethnical issue by not being honest to review the actual situation of the company, but using others method to cover it annual report. In my opinion, the top management is the main issue that caused the downfall of Lehman Brothers. According to the case study, it mentioned the major problem at Lehman was culture and reward, it showed the top management of the company did not have a structure way to motivate and guide their employees on the appropriate way of doing tasks. For example, individuals who makes questionable deals were hailed and treated as “conquering heroes” and the others who questionable the decision was often being ignored. This shows that the company only wants to have short term earning instead of...
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...Repo 105 On September 15th 2008, the fourth largest U.S investment bank, Lehman Brothers, filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy. With revenues peaking at $19.2 billion in 2007 and over $600 billion in assets, the collapse of Lehman became the largest bankruptcy in history. Lehman’s demise was attributed to their aggressive investment strategy and significant exposure to the subprime mortgage market. As the housing bubble grew, Lehman Brothers acquired several mortgage lenders, some of the acquired firms frequently made loans to home buyers without full documentation (Jeffers 2011). When consumers began defaulting on mortgages and market conditions began to unravel, Lehman as well as many other banks faced huge losses. The write down of debt securities had significant adverse effects on Lehman’s balance sheet. Furthermore, credit rating agencies began focusing more on leverage ratios of investments banks. Lehman’s leverage ratios were already extremely high. A downgrade on Lehman’s credit rating would have sent Lehman’s share price on a downward spiral and hinder their ability to receive financing. In order to prevent these occurrences Lehman would have to sell some of its assets or raise capital. Lehman was unable to sell any of its assets or raise any capital because no one knew what the value of their complex mortgage securities were. In response to deteriorating economic conditions the investment bank used a very aggressive accounting maneuver called “Repo 105”, its...
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...for its operations. This office furthered their trading business and introduced them to the financial industry. In later years, Lehman became involved in the New York stock exchange where the underwriting business began. The firm grew rapidly and was very successful for years. After many years of hard work and success the company collapsed and filed for bankruptcy in 2008. Lehman had been unhealthy for a while and covered it up by secretly shuffling debt around to make its books look in order and deceive the real situation. Lehman used an aggressive accounting method to hide their losses and made it difficult for investors, executives and/or auditors to detect their actual financial status. This accounting method is known as REPO 105, which is repurchase agreement a bank uses to borrow cash short term. Lehman Brothers abused the accounting practice of repurchase agreements. Lehman Brothers was in a bad shape and they played the game of window dressing its balance sheet. The company was reporting short term loans as sales and utilizing the proceeds to pay off its debt. Lehman was borrowing short term cash with assets...
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...Lehman History Lehman Brothers had humble origins, tracing its roots back to a small general store that was founded by German immigrant Henry Lehman in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1844. In 1850, Henry Lehman and his brothers, Emanuel and Mayer, founded Lehman Brothers. While the firm prospered over the following decades as the U.S. economy grew into an international powerhouse, Lehman had to contend with plenty of challenges over the years. Lehman survived them all – the railroad bankruptcies of the 1800s, the Great Depression of the 1930s, two world wars, a capital shortage when it was spun off by American Express in 1994, and the Long Term Capital Management collapse and Russian debt default of 1998. However, despite its ability to survive past disasters, the collapse of the U.S. housing market ultimately brought Lehman Brothers to its knees, as its headlong rush into the subprime mortgage market proved to be a disastrous step. As the credit crisis erupted in August 2007 with the failure of two Bear Stearns hedge funds, Lehman's stock fell sharply. During that month, the company eliminated 2,500 mortgage-related jobs and shut down its BNC unit. In addition, it also closed offices of Alt-A lender Aurora in three states. Even as the correction in the U.S. housing market gained momentum, Lehman continued to be a major player in the mortgage market. In 2007, Lehman underwrote more mortgage-backed securities than any other firm, accumulating an $85-billion portfolio, or four times...
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...Thursday, October 24, 1929, easily ranks as the most dramatic day that Wall Street has ever seen.1 That day witnessed the beginning of the Great Stock Market Crash that over the following few years would result in an almost ninety percent decline in the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA). Although not nearly as dramatic as “Black Thursday,” September 15, 2008, is a date that modern day Wall Street insiders will not soon forget. On that day, one of Wall Street’s iconic investment banking firms, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy. That bankruptcy filing ended the proud history of a firm that had played a major role in shaping the nation’s securities markets and economy for more than a century. Lehman Brothers had approximately $700 billion in assets when it failed, which makes it the largest corporate bankruptcy in U.S. history, easily surpassing the previous headline-grabbing bankruptcies of Enron, General Motors, and WorldCom. By comparison, the telecommunications giant WorldCom, which temporarily held the title of the nation’s largest business failure after collapsing in 2002, had less than onesixth the total assets claimed by Lehman Brothers. The shocking announcement that Lehman had filed for bankruptcy caused the DJIA to plunge more than 500 points within a few hours. That large loss was only a harbinger of things to come. Within six months, the DJIA had declined by more than 50 percent from its all-time high of 14,164.53 that it had reached on October...
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...Review of Accounting Ethics - Week 3 Alessio Brasile Strayer University Financial Accounting ACC-557 Dr. A. Golding April 28, 2013 Review of Accounting Ethics - Week 3 Given the corporate ethical breaches in recent times, assess whether or not you believe that the current business and regulatory environment is more conducive to ethical behavior: In the past several years, Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, and others have committed financial scandals, which caused the stock market to take a hard hit. Investors and lenders learned from these scandals in the past, and just recently, have become hesitant to invest in any company that they think, or know for a fact, the company is corrupted and/or unethical. “United States regulators and lawmakers were very concerned that the economy would suffer if investors lost confidence in corporate accounting because of unethical financial reporting. In response, Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX, or Sarbox)” (Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso, 2012, p. 7). SOX is in place to minimize unethical conduct in corporations and ultimately, scandals. “As a result of SOX, top management must now certify the accuracy of financial information. In addition, penalties for fraudulent financial activity are much more severe” (Weygandt et al., 2012, p. 7). With these standard rules and regulations in place, corporations are less likely to commit any fraudulent activity because there is more scrutiny from lawmakers. Also, corporations have a better chance...
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...Lessons from Lehman Brothers: Will We Ever Learn? On September 15, 2008, financial services firm lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy with the U.S Bankruptcy Court in the Southern District of New York. That action - the largest Chapter 11 filling in financial history – unleashed a “crisis of confidence that threw financial markets worldwide into turmoil, sparking the worst crisis since the Great Depression.” The fall of this Wall Street icon is, unfortunately, not a new one, as we’ve seen in the stories of Enron, WorldCom, and others. In a report released by bankruptcy court-appointed examiner Anton Valukas, Lehman executives and the firm’s auditor, Ernst and Young, were lambasted for actions that led to the firm’s collapse. He said, “Lehman repeatedly exceeded its own internal risk limits and controls, and a wide range of bad calls by its management led to the bank’s failure.” Let’s look behind the scenes at some of the issues. One of the major problems at Lehman was its culture and reward structure. Excessive risk taking by employees was openly lauded and rewarded handsomely. Individuals making questionable deals were hailed and treated as “conquering heroes.” On the other hand, anyone who questioned decisions was often ignored or overruled. For instance, Oliver Budde, who served as an associate generals counsel at Lehman for nine years, was responsible for preparing the firm’s public filings on executives were paid,” Budde argued with his bosses for years about that matter...
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...Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. The control break downs of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. included the massive amount of money borrowed to fund its investments. A considerable portion of this investment was in real estate, which made the investment defenseless against a fall in the market. Lehman also used one of its small companies to reallocate investments off its books. The firm was active in the market for Residential Mortgage Backed Securities (RMBS). The process involved buying several residential mortgages, combining them and selling them as securities. RMBS buyers actually purchased claims on the cash flow generated by the securities. Lehman produced a great amount of these securities, making the demand high for mortgage originators. This led mortgage originators to extend credit to people who were not credit worthy, or did not have enough income causing these people to have upside down mortgages on their homes when housing prices plummeted in 2006. In 2000, the stock market started to decline and the Federal Reserve significantly reduced interest rates. These lower interest rates caused inexpensive mortgage payments, which lead to a large demand for homes. Homeowners took advantage of the low interest rates and refinanced their mortgages. In 2008, Lehman announced that they would file for bankruptcy after a huge loss in the market, a loss of investors and their inability to find an adequate buyer. Soon after, their collapse set the market into panic mode...
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...Word Article Analysis Unethical Practices in Accounting ACC/291 Principles of Accounting 2 Michaele Musters Instructor: Word Article Analysis of Unethical Practices in Accounting Ethical Practices and conducts maybe taken or act different by everyone, thus many times to identify unethical practices and behaviors, we have to see who is in control. It is essential to analyze what can be done, or thought what might be done against legally acceptable accounting principles and conducts. The Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002, was enacted by The United States Congress to protect investors from fraudulent accounting practices, made by fraudulent executives in corporations. After the Scandal, the entire accounting world changed in many ways, that it created a new vision and ways of work. It sort of created a world of winds of anxiety for corporate executives and accountants. In the Sarbanes-Oxley act , there is a section call 302 that requires management to certify the accuracy of the reported financial statement. Then all corporations were forced to reform strictly to improve financial disclosures to prevent accounting frauds. After the Act, management introduced internal control in order to comply with all the Sarbanes-Oxley act requires for a corporations behavior. Today, all corporations are obligated to certify the company’s financial reports. They are also responsible and they must take full responsibility if there is a misleading, or fake accounting information...
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...ignored basic regulatory rules which created financial danger. Basic rules are the way companies grow and expand. Their desire to make money at all cost was more important than following basic ethical values. 2) What was the culture at Lehman Brothers like? How did this culture contribute the company’s downfall? The culture at Lehman Brothers was to take risks at all costs. When Transactions were presented to them they ignored the warning signals costing them. This eventually led to shady deals which eventually lead to the company’s downfall. Repo 105 is a good example of how Lehman misused this device to get some $50 billion of undesirable assets of its balance sheet at the end of the first and second quarter of 2008, instead of selling those assets at a loss. They continued to take lots of risks which caused them to lose a lot of money, there by bringing down there previously good name. They did tax deals like Repo 105 and didn’t care if it was legal or not. 3) What role did Lehman’s executives play in the company’s collapse? Were they being responsible and ethical? Discuss. They were very stubborn, and displayed very bad conduct and poor judgment. Valuka’s report was highly critical of Lehman’s executives who should have done more, done better. He pointed...
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