...Introduction to AI Outline • • • • Course overview What is AI? A brief history State of the Art Course overview • • • • • • • • • • • • • Intro to AI (chapter 1) Intelligent agents (chapter 2) Goal based agents and uninformed search(chapter 3.1-3.4) Informed Search : A* (chapter 3.5-3.6) Beyond classical search (chapter 4) Adversarial search alpha-beta pruning (chapter 5) Constraint satisfaction problem (chapter 6) Midterm 1 (chapter 1, 2, 3,4,5,6) Logical agents and propositional logic (chapter 7) First-order logic (chapter 8) Inference in first order logic (chapter 9) Midterm 2 (chapter 7, 8, 9) Quantifying uncertainty (chapter 13) Probabilistic reasoning using Bayes net (chapter 14) Probabilistic reasoning over time (chapter 15) Where is AI in Computer Science? Computer science : problem solving using computers • Computer Architecture and Operating System study how to build good computers. • Computation and Complexity Theory study what can be computed, what cannot be computed, i.e., the limits of different computing devices. • Programming Languages study how to use computers conveniently and efficiently. • Algorithms and Data Structures study how to solve popular computation problems efficiently. • Artificial Intelligence is relevant to any intellectual tasks, e.g., playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry, driving a car on a crowded street, diagnosing diseases What is AI? A scientific...
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...affecting this ethnic group, and finally we will see an example of a program that promotes health prevention. Current Health Status of American Indians and Alaska Natives The American Indian and Alaska Native populations make up about 2% of the total U.S. population, numbering roughly 5.2 million, according to the 2013 census. American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN), differ from the national average in culture, socioeconomic status, and education. The percentage of AI/AN’s who lacked health insurance in 2013 was 26.9% compared to the 16.6% of the national average (CDC, 2015). They have limited access to employer-sponsored health coverage due to working in low wage jobs and jobs that don’t offer insurance (Artiga, et. al., 2013). AI/AN have the highest poverty rate of all ethnic groups at 0.9% to 1.5% of the total population. This group is more likely to report being in fair or poor health. When comparing their health status to that of the national average, we see that they have a diabetes rate that is twice as high, and chronic liver disease that is three times higher. We can also see that the leading cause of death for AI/AN’s is cancer, whereas the leading cause of death for the national average is heart disease. The current health status of this ethnic group is greatly affected by...
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...journals, books, blogs, and watched online lectures to get this information. The topics that will be discussed are the first mention of anything remotely related in AI in history, then when actual progress was made, what that progress was and its stages, then the most popular artificial intelligence machines created, and finally ending on the discussion of the future of AI and the possibility of the singularity. Artificial Intelligence in Society Introduction Unbeknownst to me at the time my first experience with artificial intelligence was playing video games. I must have been at the ripe age of 5 already feverishly enjoying my Super Nintendo and Mario games. It never occurred to me the coding, algorithms, and all the hard work that was required to have the computer, my “opponent,” be challenging. My only assumption was it was always like that. It wasn’t until years later did I get the opportunity to see how artificial intelligence (AI) began. AI didn’t start so children could have fun; it started because some men had a dream, a dream to create artificial intelligent machine. The topics I will cover will be one of the first mentions of AI, the beginning of what we currently call AI, current AI systems that were used, and the future of what is to come. Ancient History The first mention of anything remotely related to AI involved imagination. It was in an ancient Greek myth by Homer, a poet. “He wrote of mechanical ‘tripods’ waiting on the gods at dinner.” (Buchanan 2005). This...
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...itself to the artificial intelligence we have today and the endless possibilities for artificial intelligence in the future. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming a constant part of life as technology advances. Webster defines artificial intelligence as “the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it” (Wikipedia, 2010). When assessing AI, one must look at the past and present. Acquiring knowledge about the past and present of AI, the future of this ever-changing field of science allows thoughts of endless possibilities and unimaginable devices of the future; therefore, by studying and researching the advancement of this field from its past to its present, predictions for this field can be made. Method I researched information on the past, present, and future for the field of Artificial Intelligence. In researching the past of the scientific and computer field of artificial intelligence, I was able to better understand the chronological aspects of this field. These aspects include: how far we have come in our vision of AI by comparing the past and what is presently being undergone; therefore, lending itself to the endless possibilities of the advancement of AI. Results Past The history of the field of AI plays the most crucial role in understanding where AI...
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...destructive way or have ill-effects. This essay will describe some problems associated with AI and robots and describe some ethical issues associated with the use of this technology. The origin of artificial intelligence and robots can be found way back in Greek times because although they didn`t have the resources to develop the machines we see today they already had ideas of objects that could act like humans and be autonomous. In their literature there are traces of intelligent artifacts and traces of how mechanical devices were created to act with a limited degree of intelligence. Since AI is rooted in logic it can be said that Aristotle was the first to contribute to AI because he created syllogistic logic which is the first type of system that was designed to help with reasoning. But the first actual AI program was done by John McCarthy who in fact coined the term “Artificial Intelligence”. He and his students created the first computer programs that were able to solve logic problems. Today AI can be seen in everything from cell phones to video games but questions still remain about where the line will be drawn or if we have overstepped our boundaries with our creations. There are a lot of benefits to using AI such as increasing worker safety in manufacturing companies and helping to find cures for life threatening diseases but there are a myriad of problems associated with developing AI. The main...
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...Design Science Research Methodology and Its Application to Accounting Information Systems Research,” asserts most of research currently conducted in the accounting information systems (AIS) and information systems (IS) areas focuses on understanding why things work the way they do, also known as “natural science (Geerts, 2011).” The primary goal of the paper was to introduce the design science research methodology (DSRM) into accounting information systems (AIS) literature by discussing the DSRM, applying the DSRM to different AIS design science papers, and then integrating the DSRM as part of the operational AIS literature (Geerts, 2011). “Currently, integration is increasingly needed in the business environment. This need emerges from the efficiency and synergy requirements necessary in a complex and turbulent environment. In other words, integration is needed to facilitate coordination, which is again related to the building of competitive advantage.” (Granlund & Malmi, 2002, p. 305). Detail Geerts’ introduction gives definitions and history of the concept of DSRM and AIS so that the reader may transition along with the article. There is discussion of each methodology giving the history and the science behind it and then he moves into how the application of DSRM was discussed in the AIS area. According to Geerts the DSRM has three objectives and aims at improving the production, presentation, and evaluation of design science research while being consistent with its...
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...accountants. This is where AIS or Accounting Information Systems come in, this practice was originally handled “in house” by most businesses, but as technology changed and businesses became more web based, software packages from developers such as Microsoft and Oracle are sold to assist businesses with their accounting needs. AIS was developed for the collection, storage, and processing of financial and accounting data. In most organizations A.I.S. are made up of interrelated components that interact to achieve a common goal. Throughout this paper we will look at the history of AIS, why the A.I.S. is important to corporate America, and what future developments are necessary to move ahead with the system History of the AIS In order to understand Accounting Information Systems better it is important to break down what the term really means and why it is so important in modern day accounting. The development of AIS dates all the way back to Babylon, in the year 3600BCE, this is when the oldest known record of any business occurred. It is believed that AIS were used in many other countries before making it’s way to the U.S. Countries such as Greece, China, and Rome are all believed to have used this system during trade activities. A.I.S. were first comprised of someone jotting down notes with a pencil and paper and now years later it has developed into extensive software programs that take human error out of the equation. The emergence of the AIS discipline has arisen from...
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...from the desires of his imagination and the rare strength of his will to create. His implements have been modified as time has gone on, but his longing, his passion to create; to change his world has not. The paper will address Artificial Intelligence from several aspects. The history, the key players, everyday uses, technologies and the future will be conversed. Definition Artificial intelligence is defined as the study of intelligent behavior and the attempt to find ways in which such behavior could be engineered in any type of artifact. Simply is the act of putting human intelligence into a machine. AI is a major section of computer science dealing with the reformation of intelligent behavior in computers: the capability of a machine to emulate intelligent human behavior. It can be correlated to the parallel task of using computers to understand human intelligence; however AI does not have to limit itself to methods that are physically visible. History The pursuit for artificial intelligence is not a new venture for science it’s been around before Christ. Even in Egyptian times looked to talking statues for mystical advice the quest for the thinking machine was there. Artificial intelligence (AI) are both a term and a science was coined 120 years later, after the operational digital computer had made...
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...ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Paper Presentation On “Artificial Intelligence(AI)” INDEX :1. ABSTRACT. 1 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2. INTRODUCTION. 3. HISTORY OF AI. 4. CATEGORIES OF AI. A. CONVENTIONAL AI. B. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE (CI). 5. FIELDS OF AI. 6. AAAI. 7. APPLICATIONS. ABSTRACT This paper is the introduction to Artificial intelligence (AI). Artificial intelligence is exhibited by artificial entity, a system is generally assumed to be a computer. AI systems are now in routine use in economics, medicine, engineering and the military, as well as being built into many common home computer software applications, traditional strategy games like computer chess and other video games. We tried to explain the brief ideas of AI and its application to various fields. It cleared the concept of computational and conventional categories. It includes various advanced systems such as Neural Network, Fuzzy Systems and Evolutionary computation. AI is used in typical problems such as Pattern 2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE recognition, Natural language processing and more. This system is working throughout the world as an artificial brain. Intelligence involves mechanisms, and AI research has discovered how to make computers carry out some of them and not others. If doing a task requires only mechanisms that are well understood today, computer programs can give very impressive performances on these tasks. Such programs should...
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...in need of a new accounting system to facilitate the expanding success of her company. This proposal will feature options that will efficiently accommodate these needs. New Accounting System There are six major components of an Accounting Information System (AIS). • Employees • Procedure and Instructions • Data • Software • Information Infrastructure • Internal Controls. Employees The new Accounting Information System will assist all departments to work in unison. Management can establish sales goals so staff will know how much inventory to order, inventory will notify accounting of the new payable and invoice customer, sales can enter the order, warehouse can package order and shipping department can ship it out. The customer service department can track shipping. The AIS is designed to be user friendly and meet all needs. Authorized personnel can access the same system and share the same information. Procedure and Instructions Processing data will be achieved by both manual input and automated in collecting, retrieving and storing data. Procedures and instructions must be followed consistently to be effective. Datastructured query language (SQL) is the choice of processing database. Data The new AIS solely depends on accurate and complete data. Having all this information in one place is important to the effectiveness of the system. Consist of the following: • Sales Orders and Reports • Billing and Purchases. • Invoices and Ledgers....
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...theology and art, James Hal Cane and Ai Weiwei. Both of them have made tremendous contributions to their specialized fields and have sort solutions to various problems in they identified. This paper covers their ideas/contributions, journey of creativity and how they impacted their fields of specialization. James Hal Cone is a theologian famously known for advocating for Black liberation theology. This kind of theology relates to the experience of African Americans, Black culture and history. It was to put Christianity in a context that would help African American people overcome oppression. He sought to deal with questions raised by African Americans in relation to the bible. He has also written a number of books including; Black Theology and Black Power (1969), and For My People: Black Theology and The Black Church. Currently, Hal is the Charter Augustus Briggs Distinguished Professor of Systematic Theology at Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York. Ai Weiwei is a Chinese activist and contemporary artist. He is famous for his architectural projects, sculptural installations and his open criticism of the Chinese government. Ai also uses videos and photographs to express his art. He collaborated with other writers on books promoting avant-garde Chinese art. He kept on suggesting injustices in the Government through documentary films and launching citizen investigations especially when buildings, collapsed or were destroyed by fire. Ai and Cone both sought to solve different...
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...related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable. Intelligence is basically the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world. Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines.There is no solid definition of intelligence relating it to human intelligence. The problem is that it cannot yet be characterize in general what kinds of computational procedures can be called intelligent. We understand some of the mechanisms of intelligence and not others. Sometimes Artificial Intelligence is about simulating human intelligence but not always.On the one hand, we can learn something about how to make machines solve problems by observing other people or just by observing our own methods. On the other hand, most work in AI involves studying the problems the world presents to intelligence rather than studying people or animals. AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy who coined the term in 1956,defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines." 2.HISTORY Although the computer provided the technology necessary for AI, it was not until the early 1950's that the link between human intelligence and machines...
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..."intelligent" computer that is on par, or more likely superior, to our own brain sends chills down the spine. Are these concerns realistic? Or are they unfounded worries of people who don't understand the issue? Some proponents of artificial intelligence insist that such concerns are the result of semantic misunderstanding. By definition, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the area of computer science focusing on creating machines that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent ("Artificial Intelligence”, Herzfeld Noreen). The ability to create intelligent machines has intrigued humans since ancient times and today with the advent of the computer and 50 years of research into AI programming techniques, the dream of smart machines is becoming a reality (Nonlinear Science and Complexity, M. Marques). Researchers are creating systems which can mimic human thought, understand speech, beat the best human chess player, and countless other feats never before possible. The next paragraphs will be focused on the history of Artificial Intelligence, from the idea to its concept. The aspects and application of AI will be analyzed, as well as its pro and cons. Artificial intelligence has been around for longer then most people think. We all think that artificial intelligence has been in research for about 20 years or so. In all actuality after thousands of...
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...try to explain why we consider artificial intelligence to be a subject most worthy of study, and in which we try to decide what exactly it is, this being a good thing to decide before embarking. Humankind has given itself the scientific name homo sapiens--man the wise--because our mental capacities are so important to our everyday lives and our sense of self. The field of artificial intelligence, or AI, attempts to understand intelligent entities. Thus, one reason to study it is to learn more about ourselves. But unlike philosophy and psychology, which are also concerned with intelligence, AI strives to build intelligent entities as well as understand them. Another reason to study AI is that these constructed intelligent entities are interesting and useful in their own right. AI has produced many significant and impressive products even at this early stage in its development. Although no one can predict the future in detail, it is clear that computers with human-level intelligence (or better) would have a huge impact on our everyday lives and on the future course of civilization. AI addresses one of the ultimate puzzles. How is it possible for a slow, tiny brain{brain}, whether biological or electronic, to perceive, understand, predict, and manipulate a world far larger and more complicated than itself? How do we go about making something with those properties? These are hard questions, but unlike the search for faster-than-light travel or an antigravity device, the...
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...Intelligence Chapter 1 Chapter 1 1 Outline ♦ What is AI? ♦ A brief history ♦ The state of the art Chapter 1 2 What is AI? Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally Chapter 1 3 Acting humanly: The Turing test Turing (1950) “Computing machinery and intelligence”: ♦ “Can machines think?” −→ “Can machines behave intelligently?” ♦ Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game HUMAN HUMAN INTERROGATOR ? AI SYSTEM ♦ Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes ♦ Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years ♦ Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning Problem: Turing test is not reproducible, constructive, or amenable to mathematical analysis Chapter 1 4 Thinking humanly: Cognitive Science 1960s “cognitive revolution”: information-processing psychology replaced prevailing orthodoxy of behaviorism Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain – What level of abstraction? “Knowledge” or “circuits”? – How to validate? Requires 1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down) or 2) Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up) Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science and Cognitive Neuroscience) are now distinct from AI Both share with AI the following characteristic: the available theories do not...
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