... then Spain and Cyprus emerged as a "burden" in these economic problems. Another emerging issue is productivity, border policy, and the exchange rate that makes this organization stability unsteady. Another issue that emerged is the exclusivity of the organization. Another issues arising from the exclusivity of membership expansion problem. Preceded by the six founding countries, EU has 28 members now, as Croatia joined on 1st July 2013. The membership number is certain to grow rapidly with the number of countries that volunteered to become a member. Regardless of all the problems it faces today, the EU is still believed to be an organization that brings positive impact to its members. States' desire to be able to join the candidate can not be separated from the success tale of the European Union, particularly in the fields of economics and politics. EU membership process is not easy, the European Union was known to be selective in accepting new membership countries. The candidates must meet the requirements set forth by EU and also each member state countries without exception must approve the EU membership candidate. This process is considered too restrictive and difficult for candidates to get a...
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...associated member of the European Community since 1964, following the signing of the Ankara Agreement in 1963. They have been trying to become full members since and officially applied for admittance on April 14, 1987. Because the EC was in the midst of forming a politically and economically tight European Union, the EU did not consider Turkey’s application until 1993. They were not a candidate country until 1999. The EU had outlined 35 chapters for the country to comply with before their admittance is decided on a vote. Europe and Turkey extensively trade between each other. Turkey and the EU already have free trade between each other. Turkey’s exports and imports are mostly with Europe. In 2007, 56.4% of Turkish exports were to the EU, and 40.8% of their imports were from the EU. (Euro Comm)Once admitted as a full member of the European Union, the trade market will only grow. As a member of the European Union, Turkey’s economy will continue to grow. As of now, Turkey is able to export and import goods to and from Europe, but does not export many services. As of 2006, 63.5% of Turkey’s GDP came from services rather than agriculture and industry. (Euro Comm) When the EU admits turkey as a member, Turks will be able to freely cross the borders and provide service across Europe. With the influx of service workers into Europe, turkey and the Europeans will benefit. European countries will be able to receive services at low costs, and the Turkish economy will not be flooded with service...
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...significant economic effects it imposes on both parties involved. The UK taking up its membership into the EU in 1973 following its establishment in 1967 enabled vast benefits of free trade to be shared amongst members of this trading bloc. However, over a quarterly time series from 1999 to 2014 the UK has been noted to have run a relatively large balance of trade deficit in terms of its trade in goods with the EU (see figure 2), and as such lays emphasis on the UK’s lack of competitiveness, specifically in its manufacturing industry. The importance of the EU has increasingly become more significant in terms of the UK’s total economic activity, generated through trade transactions. Figure 1: ONS As seen in figure 1, there has been a downward trend in the transaction with the EU expressed as a percentage of UK GDP, falling by 231.25% from Q1 of 1991 to Q4 of 2014. In relations to the total trade in goods with the EU, there has generally been a deficit, which increased by 874.9% from 1999 to 2014. From figure 2 it can be observed that the largest deficit of -£21500m occurred in Q4 of 2014 and the lowest in Q4 of 1999. Figure 2: ONS The persistent balance of trade deficit seemed to be a result of imports from the EU to the UK exceeding exports. This could be the case as the percentage increase in exports from transactions made by the UK to the EU was only 43.2%, whereas imports rising by 104.92% from 1999 to 2014 were substantially higher. In this...
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...BSA 480 International Business B1-144 Workshop #3 November 10, 2011 European Union David McKeen Chris Deisher Twyla Dillard Brenda Rogers Flecia Williamson European Union 1 Introduction The precursor to the European Union was established after World War II in the late 1940s in an effort to unite the countries of Europe and end the period of wars between neighboring countries. These nations began to officially unite in 1949 with the Council of Europe. In 1950 the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community expanded the cooperation. The six nations involved in this initial treaty were Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. Today these countries are referred to as the "founding members." During the 1950s, the Cold War, protests, and divisions between Eastern and Western Europe showed the need for further European unification. In order to do this, the Treaty of Rome was signed on March 25, 1957, thus creating the European Economic Community and allowing people and products to move throughout Europe. Throughout the decades additional countries joined the community. In order to further unify Europe, the Single European Act was signed in 1987 with the aim of eventually creating a "single market" for trade. Europe was further unified in 1989 with the elimination of the boundary between Eastern and Western Europe - the Berlin Wall. Throughout the 1990s, the "single market" idea allowed easier trade, more citizen...
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...History and Development of Political and Legal Institutions of European Union Introduction The European Union is a unique economic and political partnership between 28 European countries that together cover much of the continent, created in the aftermath of the Second World War. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by the inner six countries in 1951 and 1958, respectively. Through successive enlargements, the Union has grown from the six founding states—Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands—to the current 28. It took around 60 years from the Treaty of Brussels, 1948, to the Treaty of Lisbon, 2009, to get its final form. In 1993, under Maastricht Treaty the name European Economic Community was changed to European Union, which reflects the evolution of an economic union to an organization standardizing system of law to maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional development. Human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights: these are the core values of the EU. During the formation and development of European Union the number, structure, cross-link and interdependency of institutions and other bodies increased (Figure 1). In our work we will explain the history and development of political and legal institutions of European Union. Figure 1, Power structure of main political and legal...
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...INTRODUCTION The EU is one of the most unusual and widest-ranging political actors in the international system and has gradually expanded to encompass foreign policy initiatives towards nearly every corner of the globe, using a full range of foreign policy tools: diplomatic, economic, and now limited military operations related to peacekeeping and peace enforcement. Foreign policy of the European Union has a history of about two decades during which the EU has managed to overcome the characterization of “political dwarf” and became one of the key centers of global politics. In this dynamic world where everything is changing so fast, the development of foreign policy of the European Union acquires excessive actuality. While talking about the EU, it is necessary to mention the fact that in the relations between different countries the it always tends to be in the dominant position and is trying to be one of the global political actors. That is why this topic is very actual. I am focusing on my paper from the analytical point of view. My research paper consists of three parts. The first part is dedicated to the formation of the EU. I’ll speak about the enlargement processes, especially the fifth enlargement identifying its positive and negative aspects. In the second part the main stress is placed on the development of the EU. Here is going to be examined the candidate countries, Turkey’s integration perspectives. The third part...
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...Friday, November 26, 2010 Impediments of Turkey’s Accession into the European Union Turkey is a country located on the artificial border between Southeastern Europe and Southwest Asia that is currently under the application process to join the European Union. Turkey has been under review by the EU and has faced huge roadblocks due to social, cultural, geographic, religious, and economic factors. These issues can be pinpointed by the Armenian genocide by the Turkish people, the ongoing battle for the island of Cyprus, Turkey’s Islamic heritage, the location of Turkey in the European continent, low literacy rates, and below EU average earning levels. These factors, teamed with Turkey’s history of violence makes it unlikely to gain admission to the EU in the near future, although eventual membership is not out of the question One of the most predominant factors is the Armenian Genocide, in which troops of the Ottoman Empire slaughtered an estimated one and one half million Armenians. Armenia, which neighbors Turkey to the East and has a population of 3.3 million, has proven to be a major impediment in Turkey’s application to the EU (cia.gov). The Armenian genocide began during World War I and was a systematic killing of all Armenian citizens in the Ottoman Empire (umich.edu). The first step of this genocide was disarming, and eventually killing, any Armenian member of the Ottoman army; this measure was taken to avoid any uproar within the ranks. However, most would note that...
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...E SSAY COLLECT ION Crisis in the Eurozone Transatlantic Perspectives ESSAY COLLECTION Crisis in the Eurozone Transatlantic Perspectives This publication is a part of CFR’s International Institutions and Global Governance (IIGG) program and has been made possible by the generous support of the Robina Foundation. The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an independent, nonpartisan membership organization, think tank, and publisher dedicated to being a resource for its members, government officials, business executives, journalists, educators and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested citizens in order to help them better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other countries. Founded in 1921, CFR carries out its mission by maintaining a diverse membership, with special programs to promote interest and develop expertise in the next generation of foreign policy leaders; convening meetings at its headquarters in New York and in Washington, DC, and other cities where senior government officials, members of Congress, global leaders, and prominent thinkers come together with CFR members to discuss and debate major international issues; supporting a Studies Program that fosters independent research, enabling CFR scholars to produce articles, reports, and books and hold roundtables that analyze foreign policy issues and make concrete policy recommendations; publishing Foreign Affairs, the preeminent journal...
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...advantages to the EU for admitting Turkey to membership? What might be the EU's concerns? What would be the advantages and disadvantages for Turkey of becoming a member nation of the EU, both for Turkey and for the European Union? Negotiations for the accession of Turkey into the European Union began in 2005, but it could be years before Turkey is accepted. Issues that jeopardize the progress of negotiations include their poor relationship with the nations of Cyprus and Croatia, as well their domestic relationship with the Kurdish people and their unfavorable history of human rights issues. Despite these issues, one of the greatest advantages and hopes of the EU is that by bringing Turkey, a country whose vast majority is Muslim, into the EU it would help to improve Western and Islamic relationships. Turkey’s geographic positioning is also viewed as being a strategic location in that it could be a gateway to the Middle East and Asia for the EU, and could help the EU in many of their challenges of fighting terrorism, international crime, as well as monitoring climate change. (Pan, 2005) A concern and potential disadvantage to the EU, however, is that it would cause a wave of immigration of poor members from Turkey to the rest of the union nations. While being accepted into the EU would give Turkey the opportunity to benefit from growth and the reduction of trade barriers, the potential for loss of its young and skilled workers to the rest of the EU could be a drastic...
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...The main purpose of this paper is to make an analysis on the different sources of English law, and discuss the extent to which external sources have affected English law. A basic knowledge of English legal history is important for anyone wishing to study English law, for a number of reasons. Although the UK’s modern legal system, following centuries of legal reforms, is vastly different from that of the 11th century, many fundamental principles and philosophical ideas present in the modern legal system derive from centuries past. Equally, many existing rules of law have their origin in legal history and to fully understand the reason for the current legal norms, it is necessary to appreciate the historical events surrounding their creation (Boxford, 2006, p. 34). Some argue that the English legal system is too conservative and reluctant to adapt to modern conditions. Whilst this claim should not be over-exaggerated, it should also not be ignored. The UK today represents a country with an extremely rich legal history, but also one which seeks to play an active role in the modern global environment. A source of law means the process by which law comes into existence. English law is mainly derived from legislation (both Acts of Parliament and delegated legislation), case law, and European Union law. Custom is a minor source of law. English law, established historically Westminster courts (common law) and Chancery Court (equity), is a right of judicial practice, not only...
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...mix, which is why the term PIIGS is more commonly used now. TUTORIALS: Macroeconomics All of these countries are part of the eurozone and have been grouped together with the unflattering acronym of a barnyard animal known for its proclivity to mud, dirt and not-so- pleasant smells. The term itself is not an official title, nor does it separately delineate these countries from the European Union (EU). The term became a convenient way for currency traders and global investors to group these countries together. It has lived on as a club, of sorts, that no country would want to join and each participant would like to quit. While primarily concerned with resolving their economic struggles, the members of the PIIGS resent the negative connotations and some have renounced the use of the term altogether. Though each member has become a staple of the media's attention, many professional organizations have made efforts to reduce or eliminate the term itself due to its negative connotations. Their efforts are commendable; however, there is no mistaking that these countries have a history of facing economic difficulties, high unemployment and political instability. While some of their individual GDP growth rates are surprisingly impressive, most of it was financed, leaving these countries with heavy debt burdens. Consider the following information about each component of the PIIGS. Portugal Located on the tip of Spain in Southern Europe, this country ranks as the 14th largest economy...
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...countries that are very competitive in the skilled manual labour. This makes them a very attractive location for large corporations to outsource low, medium and sometimes even high levels of production. Multi-national firms can take advantage of cheap labour, high level of technical competence, and excellent infrastructure in these three nations. The Central Eastern European countries are part of the expanding Europe and the countries that fall within this area have opened up many opportunities for multi-national Firms. Many of these countries have recently joined the European Union and NATO have made formidable alliance and agreements that boost their investment opportunity value. History: Poland is a large country with a long and distinguished history. (Europe Global Studies, pg. 48) Poland's history as a state begins near the middle of the 10th century. By the mid-16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ruled a vast tract of land in central and Eastern Europe. During the 18th century, internal disorders weakened the nation, and in a series of agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned Poland among themselves, thus by the 1800, Poland had “disappeared” from the map of Europe. (Europe Global Studies, pg. 48) However Polish culture did stand strong and nationalism was always high, due to this the nobility spread and three empires worked on...
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...cultures that eventually create the form of the ‘European identity’. This would allow the existence of separate identities as well as a classification for the ‘European identity’. As the idea of identity is a complex subject that often depends on the opinion of the debater, this is a perfectly logical reasoning. However Klaus Welle, the secretary general for the European Parliament, stated that “If we want to build a lasting union of solidarity we also need to invest in European identity. We need to understand history as European history and not just as compilation of national histories”. This indicates that the EU believes we must form an entirely new identity that is not perceived as individual pasts but as a sole being. The national identities have created obstacles to European integration and can only be overcome by casting them off. Furthermore, one’s national identity comes readily to each person whilst a European identity seems to be manufactured by the stakeholders in the EU project of integration. An identity is composed of different opinions, principles and factors that are personal to each individual but are also influenced by the national...
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...The legislation is contained in (Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (1958)(i.e. Antitrust & cartels, Market liberalization, State aid control, Merger control) (EU, 2012). The World Bank issued a paper on Competition policy and regulatory mechanisms for the global business community and most of the countries in the world are following these principals (Rimmer, 2016). Antitrust Agreements between two or more firms which restrict competition, such as price fixing or market sharing Attempting to push a rival out of the market by predatory pricing is called Abuse of dominant position. Since 2004, national regulators (e.g. the UK) apply the EU rules. The rules apply to trade between member states in the common market. Mergers If a merger involves organisations with a turnover above a combined worldwide sales of €5bn, and €250m within the European common market it may be examined solely by the European Commission. The merger may be restricted or prevented if it impedes competition significantly and detrimentally affects consumers. With around 5 or 6 major players in the mining sector that Rio Tinto operates in the possibility of a merger is quite high. Cartels Cartels are illegal under EU competition law. They are normally hidden from view; the EU Commission offers an incentive (Freedom from any monetary implications).for the first member of a cartel to...
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...society." France then began to develop into a nation, or a modern political institution. Many of its national values are based on Enlightenment philosophers, who said that "governments should be reflections of the governed, of the people" (Lesson 1). Just as France does, every nation has a history, or "origin story," that describes how it originated and what type of being belongs in the French nation. After the Gauls, Roman Empire, and German invasion, the French Revolution finally brought about three values that define the French nation: liberté, fraternité, and égalité (liberty, brotherhood, and equality). The following two articles will show how these values and others, such as French exceptionalism and separatism, affect the French attitude towards the European Union. The first article summarizes France's response to a request from the European Commission for information about its recent Roma expulsions. According to the background, government in France "has been expelling large numbers of Roma since 2009, but in alleged systematic and potentially discriminatory way" ("France Handed Ultimatum in Roma Row"). Because of this, the Commission needed proof that these expulsions followed EU rules. The first aspect of this article, the expulsion of Roma people from France, exemplifies the separatism in France....
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