...December 17, 1903, two brothers by the name of Wilbur and Orville Wright decided to test their contraption and it was successful. This event changed the course of aviation as the contraption known as Flyer 1 became the first successful powered heavier-than-air flight. During the course of World War I, airplanes proved to be a useful tool for the military. With the introduction of airmail planes were now utilized for commercial purposes. The Air Mail Act of 1925 gave birth to the airlines and passenger service began. But the airplane did not reach its full commercial potential until 1926 when the Air Commerce Act was passed. This legislation was responsible for issuing and enforcing traffic rules, licensing pilot, certifying aircrafts, etc. (History, n.d.) In 1938 the Civil Aeronautics Act was signed and this was the foundation for an authority to oversee the aviation industry. The Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) was tasked with the federal responsibilities that the Bureau or Air Commerce used to handle and also was now given the authority power to regulate airline fares and determine airline routes. But in 1940, President Franklin Roosevelt split the Civil Aeronautics Authority into two agencies, the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) and the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA). The CAB was given the task of accident investigation, regulating the airlines and rulemaking while the CAA retained the responsibilities of ATC, airmen certification and airway development. Even though all...
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...Approaching ILS in NextGen Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Abstract Currently the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the aviation industry are working towards a revolutionary revitalization of how air traffic will be controlled in National Airspace System (NAS) in the future. The goal of the effort behind the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is to provide for safer and more efficient operations in the NAS. The backbone of this modernization will rely on celestial based systems such as the Global Position System (GPS) to provide the primary source of all navigation information during all phases of flight from taxiing, take-off, enroute, approach, and landing. It is the final two phases of flight, approach and landing, that require the greatest level of precision and continuity, and which will witness the largest change; the eventual elimination of the Instrument Landing System (ILS). Today, ILS offers the most accurate method of safely guiding pilots into a landing in low to almost no visibility conditions. NextGen plans for the elimination of this system in favor of a combination of GPS and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B), and eventually ILS would not even be available for redundancy purposes. For such a critical phase of flight not only is an ILS currently the most accurate system, it should also be available for the foreseeable future to mitigate the lapses in the available GPS and INS technologies. Keywords: Instrument...
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...NextGen is a transformative change in the way aircraft flight is managed, and the operations of how we fly. NextGen enhances safety, reduces delays, saves fuel and reduces aviation’s adverse environmental impact. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has been in the process of intergrating new and existing technologies for many years now. This is a comprehensive effort to conduct the largest aircraft travel transformation in the history of flight. This transformation includes integrating satellites navigation and super advanced digital communications. Airports and aircraft in the National Airspace System will be connected to NextGen’s advanced infrastructure and will continually share real-time information to provide a better travel experience. (FAA.gov, 2012) NextGen’s astonishing transformation includes six core transformational programs: Collaborative Air Traffic Management Technologies, Data Communications, System Wide Information Management, NextGen Network Enabled Weather, NAS Voice System and Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast. These programs will facilitate the largest air transport transformation in history. According to the FAA website, there will be a continuous roll-out of improvements and upgrades, the FAA is building the capability to guide...
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...arrest (Editors, 2010). In the above incidents both the captains had a valid medical certificate and were declared fit to fly by their respective companies. According to the national heart, lung and blood institute, a heart attack occurs when the flow of oxygen-rich blood suddenly becomes restricted when flowing into a section of the heart muscle (Editors, 2013). This restriction is caused due to the build of plaque in the arteries of the heart. Patients with coronary heart diseases (CHD) are generally prone to heart attacks and one can only assume if either pilots were CHD candidates. The FAA requires all pilots undergo a medical examination by an authorized AME prior to legally operating an aircraft. From personal experience, the examination consists of a urine test, vision test, reflex test, and a general physical test. Pilots are required to notify the AME of all prior medical history before undergoing the examination but there is no possible manner to verify...
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...MODULE 1 DISCUSSION What were the driving forces behind the creation of the FAA and ICAO? This question is pertaining to the airline versus FAA safety responsibilities. How do these organizations differ in the effort for safety? You must include the reasons for your answers. In fact, the rationale supporting your answers may be more important than the actual answers. The primary driving force behind the creation of the FAA and ICAO was the protection and safety of the public, people on the ground, the aircraft and the flight crew. In the early years of aviation the airspace was completed unregulated, with no aircraft and pilot certification, training, and licensing standards, “No federal safety program existed, which prompted a number of states to pass legislation requiring aircraft licensing and registration. In addition, local governments enacted ordinances regulating flight operations and pilots, creating a patchwork of safety-related requirements and layers of authority (Rodrigues, 2012).” This occurred because the government could not reach agreement on what needed to be regulated until Congress passed the Air Commence Act of 1926. The Commence Act established safety, regulation, licensing, charts, accident investigation and more under the Department of Commerce Aeronautics Department, which, in 1934 changed to the Bureau of Air Commerce. Before the Department of Commerce set the standard, aircraft manufacturing companies were following rules that were unsatisfactory...
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...Executive Summary | ii | An Overview and History of the Passenger Facility Charge Program | 1 | Passenger Facility Charge Limits and the Arguments For and Against Raising the Limits | 2 | The Statutory and Regulatory Aspects of the PFC Program | 5 | A Recommendation Regarding PFC Limits | 6 | Works Cited | 7 | Executive Summary As established by the Aviation Safety and Capacity Expansion Act of 1990, the Passenger Facility Charge (PFC) program – codified at 49 U.S.C. §40117 and regulated by 14 C.F.R. Part 158 – allows airports enplaning more than 2,500 passengers per year to charge passengers up to $4.50 per each flight segment but not more than $18.00 per round trip ticket (Price & Forrest, 2012). PFC funds are collected by the airlines, forwarded to the airports by the collecting airlines, and must be expended by airports for projects directly related to safety, security, capacity, noise reduction, and carrier competition enhancement (Price & Forrest, 2012). This paper will provide an overview of the PFC program and examine the program’s history, detail the arguments for and against an increase in current PFC limits, examine the potential implications or benefits of an increase or of keeping the limit where it is now, and discuss the statutory and regulatory aspects of the PFC program. Finally, this paper will make a recommendation as to whether or not the PFC limits should be removed or increased. An Overview and History of the Passenger Facility Charge Program ...
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...Aeronautical Science MGMT 203 Howard W. Loken June 25, 2014 Quality Assurance in Aviation Quality defined Quality Assurance (QA) is one of the most predominate factors in aviation organizations today. Quality Assurance programs have a direct link to safety in aviation. Quality can be considered a safety measure because a solid quality program can help prevent accidents and incidents. This is accomplished by procedures and guidance by government oversight that filters down to the operator of the type aircraft. Quality Assurance is a systematic method for gathering, analyzing information on quality, causes of defects and how they impact aviation operations. The QA system allows managers to make decisions concerning quality on facts and history of events to prevent future issues. This paper discusses how quality assurance in aviation must continue to play an important role in order to operate and maintain aircraft to the safest standard. Concepts and Principles The concept of Quality Assurance is the prevention of defects. This concept covers all aspects of each event from beginning to end. All aircraft maintenance personnel have a responsibility to adhere to the concepts ad principles of QA. To achieve QA concepts maintainers focus on prevention, knowledge, and special skills. Preventing maintenance failures is a goal of QA. This is accomplished by regulating events vice being regulated by events. Every aspect of the total maintenance effort is affected by QA to include...
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...to Purdue universities flight program. Because of this, the staff at the airport is constantly working on making the facility and its planes as functioning and safe as possible. Mark Hopkins is the Maintenance supervisor for all the airplanes owned by Purdue University. His job is to make sure all aircraft are inspected and fixed according to FAA regulation and by the specific plane manufacturer. An airport does not have the luxury of debating whether a maintenance department can be seen as a cost or profit facility; it’s a necessity. All the planes must be in nearly perfect working order before they leave the tarmac. If a failure happens during the flight, the accident may be catastrophic. To prevent these disasters from happening, Hopkins must implement various preventive and predictive maintenance measures. According to Hopkins, 50% of maintenance activities for the planes is preventive and 20% is predictive. Planning, however, is harder to determine. This is because planning maintenance for the airplanes is a task that requires the airport, the FAA, and the manufacture of the planes. Purdue must submit a Maintenance plane to the FAA for approval, as well as work with the manufacturer in order to establish the best maintenance plan for their planes. Hopkins also mentions that firefighting activities can vary from 20-40 percent of their maintenance depending on weather conditions, planes, and pilots. Budget is determined by the finance department based on the requirements from...
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...An Analysis of McDonnell Douglas’s Ethical Responsibility in the Crash of Turkish Airlines Flight 981 The Memorial of Flight 981 at Ermenonville (Johnston, 1976). Executive Summary In 1974, Turkish Airlines Flight 981 experienced a mid-flight cargo door failure which led to the first total loss of a wide-bodied aircraft in history. The aircraft was a McDonnell Douglas DC-10, and this tragedy was compounded by the fact that sufficient corrective action had not been taken by the manufacturer after precursory failures had occurred over the four previous years. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the ethical nature of McDonnell Douglas’s decisions throughout this crisis, discerning their priorities with regard to safety and financial gain, and to assess if these qualities have changed in response. The origin of this catastrophe lay in a poor handling of design and manufacturing. The cargo door’s design employed faulty philosophies, and decisions regarding its manufacture were driven by savings at the expense of safety. However, though the door’s faults were later exposed, a more serious problem involving the tail control lines in the passenger floor was continually overlooked until the crash. This was due primarily to a policy of using old design strategies which met minimum federal requirements. The company oversimplified the control lines’ failure mode when confronted with it in ground testing and, being committed to their own design, were unable to...
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...In recent months there has been much discussion over the pros and cons of drone commercialization in regards to its effect on economy, uses, and potential risks to the public. In 2012, Congress passed the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 in favor of the commercialization of drones which proposed general rules for small unmanned aircraft systems conducting non-recreational operations. Although speculations about these new rules in regards to United States’ businesses and economy are promising, issues such as privacy and safety have been neglected. The history of drones derived from the Wright Brother’s breakthrough experimentation with manned aircraft flight. Nearly a century later, “swift technological...
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...Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. Then using other data such as annual precipitation, passenger and aircraft traffic volumes and other factors, we attempted to correlate these factors with overall delays. These data could assist airport management in predicting periods of flight delay. Design/methodology/approach: Data were taken and analyzed from the data base “Research and Innovation Technology Administration” (RITA) for the years 2005-2011 for Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. The data included 2.8 million flights originating and departing from this airport. Data were also gathered from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) showing precipitation. Additional data were gathered from the FAA regarding delay causes, number and types of delays and changes to the infrastructure of ATL airport. Findings: There is a repeatable annual pattern of delays at ATL that can be modelled using delay data from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics. This pattern appears to be caused primarily by the frequency and amount of precipitation that falls at ATL and by the amount of flights that arrive and depart at...
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...Semaj griffin 4/14/2015 Ivy tech community college Jeffrey Mitchell Literature review Safety After the events of September 11, 2001, questions were raised regarding the reliability and security of American commercial air travel and the safety of U.S. airports from which commercial planes depart and land. More than any other component of the U.S. transportation system, air security has garnered the most attention because historically, in large measure, the adoption of counterterrorism policies and programs are in direct response to specific events (Waugh, 2004) in his article says that. Airplanes were used to carry out the events of September 11th, therefore the aviation sector has received a large amount of counterterrorism attention. Since 9/11 and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security and the Transportation Security Administration, several measures have been implemented to enhance aviation security. Deployment of federal passenger screeners at the nation’s airports - Institution of 100% checked baggage screening; utilization of explosive detection systems or explosive trace detection equipment to screen checked baggage - Background checks on all airport personnel - Suspension of the Transit without Visa program (and the International-to-International transit program (ITI), eliminating terrorists’ ability to exploit such programs to gain access to U.S.-bound aircraft or the United States - Expansion of the Federal Air Marshal program so that thousands...
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...Semaj griffin 4/14/2015 Ivy tech community college Jeffrey Mitchell Literature review Safety After the events of September 11, 2001, questions were raised regarding the reliability and security of American commercial air travel and the safety of U.S. airports from which commercial planes depart and land. More than any other component of the U.S. transportation system, air security has garnered the most attention because historically, in large measure, the adoption of counterterrorism policies and programs are in direct response to specific events (Waugh, 2004) in his article says that. Airplanes were used to carry out the events of September 11th, therefore the aviation sector has received a large amount of counterterrorism attention. Since 9/11 and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security and the Transportation Security Administration, several measures have been implemented to enhance aviation security. Deployment of federal passenger screeners at the nation’s airports - Institution of 100% checked baggage screening; utilization of explosive detection systems or explosive trace detection equipment to screen checked baggage - Background checks on all airport personnel - Suspension of the Transit without Visa program (and the International-to-International transit program (ITI), eliminating terrorists’ ability to exploit such programs to gain access to U.S.-bound aircraft or the United States - Expansion of the Federal Air Marshal program so that thousands...
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...for the elimination of discrimination against individuals with disabilities.” Title III of the ADA specifically prohibits discrimination in “public accommodations,” i.e., publicly accessible yet privately owned businesses. Examples of these “public accommodations” include “terminal[s], depot[s], or other station[s] used for specified public transportation.” Notably, however, transportation by aircraft is expressly excluded from the definition of “public transportation,” and therefore, the ADA does not apply to airline terminals. The likely reason for this exclusion is that, four years earlier, Congress prohibited discriminatory conduct by air carriers against individuals with disabilities in an amendment to the Federal Aviation Act (FAA): the ACAA of 1986. Pursuant to authorizations granted under the ACAA, the Department of Transportation (DOT) set forth express...
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...Introduction Southwest Airlines was founded in 1967 by Rollin King and Herb Kelleher in vision of creating an affordable airfare to public. They had the idea that if they could offer the speed and convenience of air service at a price competitively near that of driving or bus service then they could win over customers. According to frequently-cited story, King described his vision concept to Kelleher over dinner by drawing on a paper napkin a triangle symbolizing the routes, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio, later became known as “The Golden Triangle”. This image is still found today on their website. In November 27, 1967, with $500,000 in the bank account, Kelleher filed the application with the Texas Aeronautics Commission (TAC) with only three Boeing 737 aircraft. The original name of the company was Air Southwest co. (Southwest Airlines, 2012) In March 1971, Lamar Muse joins Air Southwest as president and sold promissory notes raising an excess of $1.25 million to cover aircraft and startup cost and changes its name to Southwest Airlines Co. (Southwest). In September 29, 1971, Southwest receives it fourth aircraft. The primary aspect of the firm’s business model is to eliminate the unnecessary frills offered by competitors, thus reducing the cost to customers. Southwest also reduced cost by focusing on a smaller number of routes and only flying one type of aircraft, the Boeing 737. Choosing only to fly one type of aircraft was a very strong and successful strategic...
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