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History and Culture

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HISTORY & CULTURE(역사와 문화)

만약 보르네오섬이 존재하지 않았다면, 아마도 낭만적인 19세기의 어떤 작가가 만들었을 것이다. 알려지지 않은 종의 식물과 동물이 많이 살고 있는 다우림으로 덮힌 광활한 섬. 해적과 야만인, 무슬림의 군주와 영국의 귀족, 중국의 금광 채굴자와 취관을 가지고 다니는 유목민족 모두가 그들의 일에만 여념이 없는 섬이다.
세계에서 세 번째로 큰섬인 북서쪽의 남중국해의 옆 가장자리에 흐릿한 초록으로 덮혀있는 Sarawak(사라와크)는 전형적인 보르네오섬이다. 다른 사냥꾼과 채집인들이 그들의 조개와 동물음식의 나머지들을 쿠칭(Kuching) 근처에 Gua Sirih 동굴에 남겨두는것에 동안 Niah에 동굴에서는 간단하고 조그마한 도구를 만들며 2만년 보다 훨씬 더 전부터 원시인(cavemen)들이 살았다. 그러나 이러한 초기 사람들은 완전하게 보르네오섬에서 사라졌다. 후에 기원전 2500년쯤에 북쪽에서 보트로 도착한 오스트로네시아족에 의해 대체되었다.
유리나 돌, 구슬, 도기류 그리고 철로된 도구들로 하여금 Sarawak의 선사시대에 대해 어렴풋이 알수 있다. 힌두교의 코끼리신의 돌상과 Ganesh 그리고 부처의 또 하나의 돌상을 통해서 1000년 보다 전에 무역업자(아마도 수마트라에서 온듯한)들이 Sarawak의 해변에 왔다는 것을 짐작할 수 있다. 기원후 900년 중국사람들은 자기류의 제품을 코뿔소의 뿔이나 상어의 지느러미, 새들의 둥지 그리고 코뿔새의 뿔과 같은 외국산 상품과 교환하기 위해 그들의 평저선의 정기적인 항해를 만들었다.
유럽인들은 더 나중에 도착했다. 보르네오섬 방문에 대한 최초의 자세한 자료는 1521년 마젤란의 연대기와 Pigafetta에 의해 제공되었다. 동쪽의 재물은 서양의 무역상이나 탐험가에게 매우 매력적인 것 이었다. 그러한 서양의 무역상이나 탐험가는 최초에는 포르투갈인이었고 그 뒤를 이어 스페인인, 네덜란드인, 영국인, 프랑스인 이었다. 그들은 다음 3세기 동안 인도 서쪽 해변의 Goa에서 인도네시아 Spice섬에서 Ternate에 이르는 식민지와 무역거점을 마련했다.
네덜란드인들은 18세기 실패한 몇 가지 시도 후에 결국 1820년대 동안 보르네오 섬에 진출하기 위한 발판을 만들었다. 이러한 발판은 남쪽 해변에 Sambas와 Potianak에 있는 무슬림 지배자들과의 계약을 체결하는 것으로 가능했다. 곧, 이제 Sarawak의 차례였다.
현대적인 싱가폴의 설립자인 Stamford Raffles는 다른 많은 식민 통치자들과 마찬가지로 보르네오섬의 가능성을 거래하는 것에 지대한 관심을 가지고 있었다. 그 지역의 Dayak(다야크)족 에게는 해안근처의 부락과 지나가는 배를 공격하는 필리핀 서쪽으로부터의 잔인한 Illanun과 Balanini 족 침입자뿐만 해적행위도 심각한 문제였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이익의 가능성은 모험가들의 상상력을 지속적으로 자극했다.
보르네오섬의 가능성에 대한 Raffle의 글을 의심 없이 읽었던 그런 모험가들 중에 하나가 James Brooke이다. 1803년 인도에서 태어난 Brooke은 동인도 회사에서 중역직으로서의 그의 첫 번째 직업을 포기했다. 그 이유는 동쪽에서의 상거래를 통해 자신의 이익을 챙기기 위해서였다. 그는 실정과 압제로부터 원주민을 자유롭게 해줄 공정하고 자애로운 통치를 대체할 열의가 있음을 공언했다.

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