...LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN OLD ENGLISH AND MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD……………………………………………………………..5 1.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUTHARK……………………………………5 1.1.1 THE RUNIC ALPHABET AS AN OLD GERMANIC WRITING TRADITION……………………………………………………………………6 1.1.2 OLD ENGLISH LITERATURE IN THE PERIOD OF ANGLO-SAXON ETHNIC EXTENSION…………………………………………………………7 1.2 LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN THE MIDDLE ENGLISH………………..11 1.2.1 LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND AFTER THE NORMAN CONQUEST……………………………………………….……….11 1.2.2 DIALECTAL DIVERSITY IN THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD.…...13 1.3 THE MIDDLE ENGLISH CORPUS……………………………………….15 1.3.1 GEOFFREY CHAUCER AND HIS LENDING SUPPORT OF THE LONDON STANDARD’S DIFFUSION……………………………………….17 1.3.2 THE ROLE OF THE PRINTING IN THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE………………………………………………….…….19 1.3.3 PRINCIPAL MIDDLE ENGLISH WRITTEN RECORDS AS A REFLECTION OF ONGOING CHANGES IN STANDARDIZATION………25 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….…………....28 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….30 APPENDIX 1……………………………………………………………………33 INTODUCTION linguistic history english language The English language has had a remarkable history. When we first catch it in historical records, it is a language of none-too-civilized tribes on the continent of Europe along the North Sea. From those murky and undistinguished beginnings, English has become the most widespread language in the world, used by more peoples for more purposes than any language on Earth. The early part of the Modern English saw the establishment...
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...History of the English Language English Language is one of the oldest Languages in the world. To become what it is today it has been through a series of changes in the course of history. The three main periods have been characterized by different influences which have made English a rich and complex language. During the 5th Century AD three Germanic tribes came to the British Isles from various parts of northwest Germany as well as Denmark. Through the years, the Saxons, Angles and Jutes mixed their different Germanic dialects. This group of dialects forms what linguists refer to as Old English or Anglo-Saxon. The arrival of St. Augustine in 597 and the introduction of Christianity into Saxon England brought more Latin words into the English language. Around 878 AD Danes and Norsemen, also called Vikings, invaded the country and English got many Norse words into the language. The most famous is a heroic epic poem called "Beowulf". It is the oldest known English poem and it is notable for its length - 3,183 lines. Experts say "Beowulf" was written in Britain more than one thousand years ago. The name of the person who wrote it is unknown. After William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and conquered England in 1066 AD he brought his nobles, who spoke French, to be the new government. By about 1200, England and France had split. English changed a lot, because it was mostly being spoken instead of written for about 300 years. The use of Old English came back, but with...
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...English is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic invaders and/or settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Britain. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually became predominant. The English language underwent extensive change in the Middle Ages. Written Old English of AD 1000 is similar in vocabulary and grammar to other old Germanic languages such as Old High German and Old Norse, and completely unintelligible to modern speakers, while the modern language is already largely recognisable in written Middle English of AD 1400. The transformation was caused by two further waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. A large proportion of the modern English vocabulary comes directly from Anglo-Norman. Close contact with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English. However, these changes had not reached South West England by the 9th century AD, where Old English was developed into a full-fledged literary...
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...HISTORY OF ENGLISH General Bambas, Rudolph C. The English Language: Its Origin and History. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1980.* Barber, Charles. The Story of Language. _____. The English Language: A Historical Introduction. (Cambridge Approaches to Linguistics). Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993. Rpt. Cambridge UP-Canto, c. 2000.* (Rev. version of The Story of Language). Baugh, A. C. A History of the English Language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1951. 1952. 1954. 1956. 2nd ed. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1959. 1960. 1962. 1963. 1965. 1968. 1971. 1974. 1976. Baugh, A. C., and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 3rd. ed: London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978.* _____. A History of the English Language. 4th ed. London: Routledge, 1993. 1993. 1994. 996. 1997. 2000. 2001. 2002. _____. A History of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Englewood Cliffs: Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2002; London: Routledge, 2002.* _____. A History of the English Language. London: Taylor and Francis-Routledge, 2010. Bex, Tony. "2. A (Very Brief) History of English." In Bex, Variety in Written English: Texts in Society /Societies in Text. (Interface). London: Routledge, 1996. 30-50.* Blake, Norman F. A History of the English Language. London: Macmillan, 1996. Rpt. Palgrave.* Bloomfield, M. W., and L. Newmark. A Linguistic Introduction to the History of English. New York: Knopf, 1963. _____. A Linguistic Introduction to the History of English.. Connecticut: Greenwood...
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... Spain) History of English General Bambas, Rudolph C. The English Language: Its Origin and History. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1980.* Barber, Charles. The Story of Language. _____. The English Language: A Historical Introduction. (Cambridge Approaches to Linguistics). Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993. Rpt. Cambridge UP-Canto, c. 2000.* (Rev. version of The Story of Language). Baugh, A. C. A History of the English Language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1951. 1952. 1954. 1956. 2nd ed. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1959. 1960. 1962. 1963. 1965. 1968. 1971. 1974. 1976. Baugh, A. C., and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 3rd. ed: London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978.* _____. A History of the English Language. 4th ed. London: Routledge, 1993. 1993. 1994. 996. 1997. 2000. 2001. 2002. _____. A History of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Englewood Cliffs: Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2002; London: Routledge, 2002.* _____. A History of the English Language. London: Taylor and Francis-Routledge, 2010. Bex, Tony. "2. A (Very Brief) History of English." In Bex, Variety in Written English: Texts in Society /Societies in Text. (Interface). London: Routledge, 1996. 30-50.* Blake, Norman F. A History of the English Language. London: Macmillan, 1996. Rpt. Palgrave.* Bloomfield, M. W., and L. Newmark. A Linguistic Introduction to the History of English. New York: Knopf, 1963. _____. A Linguistic Introduction to the History of English.. Connecticut:...
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...History of the English language NAME:Do Huong Giang GROUP: K18A1.1 Question 1:Why do historians of English tend to divide the stages of the language ‘s development into Old,Middle and Early Modern English? What distinguishes these different forms of the language from each other? ANSWER: Historians of English divided the stages of the language ‘s development into Old,Middle and Early Mordern English for some reasons.First,it was based on the Foundation of the UK.Old English was established when the invading Germanic tribles move down from Scandinavia and spread over Center Europe.1066 was the year ended the old English and started the Middle English.William the Conqueror invaded and conquered England.At that time,there was a kind of linguistic language between English and French.The Early Modern English started in the sudden and distint change in pronunciation(The Great Vowel Shift) and the Renaissance of Classical learning. Second,the development of the language connected closely with the English literature.The history of Old English was oral tradition literature.the famous poem was the song of Beowulf.The middle English associated with the printing house of William Caxton,beginning of the long process of standardization of spelling.The Early Modern English with Shakespeare ,a genius of the English language. We can distinguish these different forms of the language from each other by some factors such as spelling,pronunciation,grammar and vocabulary. ...
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...Unit 2 Individual Project October 20, 2013 English Language I am choosing to use the English language of Britain for this paper mainly because I can speak it, read it, and understand it. Well modern English I can speak, read, and understand. I was in the Navy for 12 years. My job in the navy was a Hospital Corpsman. In the medical field we still use a lot of words that have Latin origins. This is the same generally speaking of the early English language. English broke into three categories when we are speaking about the history of the English language. There is Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. I think it funny how in the 1990’s everyone wanted tattoos of their own name on them in Old English. It is funny because if they actually tried to read some Old English they would have a hard time making any words out. So the beginning of the English language is Old English and it was developed by people of the Germanic tribes migrated to Britain. This happened before the 12th century. It had a lot of Latin, French, and Old Norse influence. While if you read it you may figure out a few words it is very different from today’s spoken language. You would know such words as he, him, for and some others. You could figure out such words as name, was, were, and come, these are just some examples. From the 12th century on into the 15th century they spoke Middle English. This has a lot more French and Latin influence than anything...
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...0-925480-64-9 FIRST EDITION June 1999 Printed in the United States of America For coaching and additional support, visit our online Discussion Forum at www.LearningStrategies.com Learning Strategies Corporation Innovating ways for you to experience your potential 2000 Plymouth Road Minnetonka, Minnesota 55305-2335 USA Toll-Free 1-888-800-2688 • 1-952-767-9800 Fax 1-952-475-2373 Mail@LearningStrategies.com www.LearningStrategies.com v042507 www.LearningStrategies.com Lesson 1 (37 Mins) The Wonderful World of Words Lesson 4 (30 Mins) Learning to Learn Tracks 1-4 Introduction 5-6 First Vocabulary Lesson & Quick Quiz 7 Bennettdiction & Word Blast Lesson 2 (35 Mins) Tracks 8 9 10 11-12 13 14 15 16-17 18 English Language History and Development Word Blast Developing a Powerful Vocabulary The Distinguished...
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...George Orwell, "Politics and the English Language," 1946 [pic] Most people who bother with the matter at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way, but it is generally assumed that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it. Our civilization is decadent and our language -- so the argument runs -- must inevitably share in the general collapse. It follows that any struggle against the abuse of language is a sentimental archaism, like preferring candles to electric light or hansom cabs to aeroplanes. Underneath this lies the half-conscious belief that language is a natural growth and not an instrument which we shape for our own purposes. Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately have political and economic causes: it is not due simply to the bad influence of this or that individual writer. But an effect can become a cause, reinforcing the original cause and producing the same effect in an intensified form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the more completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that the process is reversible. Modern English, especially written English, is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be avoided if one...
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...Most people who bother with the matter at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way, but it is generally assumed that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it. Our civilization is decadent and our language — so the argument runs — must inevitably share in the general collapse. It follows that any struggle against the abuse of language is a sentimental archaism, like preferring candles to electric light or hansom cabs to aeroplanes. Underneath this lies the half-conscious belief that language is a natural growth and not an instrument which we shape for our own purposes. Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately have political and economic causes: it is not due simply to the bad influence of this or that individual writer. But an effect can become a cause, reinforcing the original cause and producing the same effect in an intensified form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the more completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that the process is reversible. Modern English, especially written English, is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be avoided if one is willing to take the necessary trouble. If one gets rid of these...
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...Noble or free from petty resentfulness "The king gave a magnanimous bow. 'I'll take that as a compliment.'" (Throne of Glass by Sarah J Maas, 498). Magn(a) - great, large; ous – having a quality of His apology was very magnanimous, offering little to no petty undertones. Maw – noun. the mouth or throat of an of animal, particularly one that is carnivorous. "Manon's sword was half out, her breathing ragged as she stared down the milky-pink maw spread wide enough to snap off her head." (Throne of Glass by Sarah J Maas, 499). Originates from Old English maga meaning "stomach" from the Proto-Germanic magon meaning "bag or stomach" She ran for her life, the jagged teeth of the gator's maw being her motivation. Cataclysmic – adjective. Anything relating to cataclysm (any violent disturbance or change) "He tried not to let himself imagine it. The cataclysmic carnage and destruction." (Throne of Glass by Sarah J Maas, 504). Cata – down, against, intensive; ic – having to do with; cataclysm – originates from 1630s French cataclymse, from the Latin cataclysmos or directly from the Greek kataklysmos meaning "deluge, flood, inundation" Any natural disaster could be cataclysmic to any...
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...History of English literature & Henrik Ibsen History of English literature is started from 325 BC. The oldest genre of literature is poetry. Though there is no pet however historically we divide history in four categories as old English, middle English, renaissance, modern literature, post modern literature. We have one of the old piece of literature as “ BEOWULF”. King Alfred and Aelfric are the pioneer of literature. Middle English literature is is also res round poetry, the key figure is Chaucer with his famous work “The Canterbury Tales”. William Langland is also contemporary to Chaucer. once we travel to 16th century we find the majestic features of English literature, Christopher Marlow, Sydney, Spencer and Shakespeare, they contributed a lot not only in poetry but also revolution of drama was brought about in the field of literature. History, tragedy, comedy plays were written. The King Lear are the great dramas of the age. Poetry also introduced romantic, classical, natural, metaphysical and super natural in subject; epics are also originated by Dryden and Pope also got popularity in 18th century. Jane Austen and Walter Scot are the prominent figures. Nineteen century brought slight changes. Now women got entered in the writers family. Emily Bronte and Charlotte Bronte also earned the fame. G.B. Shaw and E.M Foster participated in the field of essay writing. Though puritan age is one of the dark age in English history but after the restoration English literature got...
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...Norman Conquest, the English language was about to face yet another significant modification. Despite conquering and staying in England for over four centuries, the French did not succeed in discarding the English language from Britain. This occurred because the Norman King and the high nobles that came to the isles kept their language, Anglo Norman, for themselves, while the church spoke Latin, and the common people spoke Middle English. This resulted in a trilingual situation than instead of eliminating English, enriched it, in aspects such as grammar, pronunciation, and most significantly vocabulary. In the second half of the 15th century England entered was it is considered its most brilliant age. During this period English underwent major sound changes from the Great Vowel Shift, in which long vowels changed their pronunciation. This means that a vowel that used to be pronounced in one place in the mouth would be pronounced in a different place, more upwards in the mouth. Besides this, the language also started to standardize to put an end to immense variety of dialects that spread across the nation, and to put a stop the arbitrary way in which words were spelled by each...
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...|History of Patois (wi dialect) princess black | |[pic] | |(It long but I think it could give us a brief history of de patois) | | | |Creole languages are found all over the world on every continent. When two or more languages come into contact to form a new | |language a Creole language is born. Some type of human "upheaval" that forces people to find a way to communicate, without using | |their own languages, stimulates the creation of a Creole language. In the case of Creole languages in the Caribbean, the | |"upheaval" is the past history of slavery. Most Creole languages are based on one language. In Jamaica the African slaves were | |thrown into a situation where the only common means of communication was English, or at least broken English, therefor Jamaican | |Creole has a majority of its roots in English (Sebba 1, 1996). Essential words which people could not find an English name for, | |such as people, things (like plants and animals) and activities (especially religious ones) were taken from a variety of West | |African languages. ...
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...Throughout centuries, many languages have been disappearing due to political and social impacts. Many schools do not have the funding to be able to teach a certain language and many people choose not to speak their native or cultural language as well. There are many different languages that have gone extinct due to these issues and impacts. Navajo and Gaelic are considered endangered languages due to these political and social issues. Some of the political issues are the lack of funding from the government to the schools and the lack of experience from teachers who are not able to speak and teach the language. Some of the social issues are that as generations evolve, many choose not to speak their native language, due to the evolution of the...
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