...The History of Terrorism This comprehensive description for the history of terrorism analysis provides insight into the French and Russian revolutions expanding the terrorism knowledge to the Irish revolutionaries for political changes. The change of faces in terrorism activities shows as the left wing extremists slowly faded away with the collapse of the communism. The modern right wing extremist have an old history of using religious aspects as an excuse for killing innocent people to gain the political advantages. The future of terrorism takes a newer turn with the introduction for the weapons of mass destruction causing deaths of millions of innocents for the terrorist's statement, and mission. The development of the Department of Homeland Security and United States Patriot Act helped the Intelligence community, government agencies, and law enforcement departments provide viable information toward modern terrorism tactics. The fight for everlasting freedom becomes a combination of information resources working together toward the same objectives. Terrorism Phenomenon According to Jacqueline Carberry (1999), "the global terrorism phenomenon used for political aspirations, sometimes as freedom from oppression, and changing of governmental politics" (685). This phenomenon affects everyone in any city in the United States, and international world. The term terrorism has no boundaries or respect for the national and international world. Every government across the global community...
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...Effects of Terrorism HIS/ 145 May 08, 2013 Dr. Fontenot Effects of Terrorism Terrorism has become a global epidemic for communist and non communist countries. This paper will discuss what terrorism is and what effects it has on the American society. Terrorism is defined by Merriam-Webster Dictionary as systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation there is no single, university accepted definition of terrorism, terrorism is defined in the code Federal Regulations as Retrieved from (www.fbi.gov › Stats & Services) Reports and Publications “the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives” (28 C.F.R. Section 0.85). The F.B.I. states that there are two types of terrorism domestic and international while both definitions differing somewhat in opinion it can be said that terrorism is intended to create violent intimidation. Terrorism has affected not only Islamic countries, but it has brought America into its deadly realm as well. Leaders around the world are trying to find ways to comfort his or her citizens that their government is doing everything in his or her power to keep them safe from terrorist acts. The question remains unanswered as to how the United States got involved...
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...and Gérard Chaliand. The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007. Change plus vite, hélas! que le coeur d'un mortel. The form of a town changes more swiftly alas! Than the heart of a mortal. Charles Baudelaire, Le Cygne (The Swan) In The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda, edited by Gérard Chaliand and Arnaud Blin, readers will find an excellent compilation of essays regarding the history of terrorism. Beginning with the earliest recorded manifestations of terrorism to the present day, the editors provide not only detailed accounts of terrorism through the ages, but valuable historical context that helps the reader understand the complexities of the terrorism we face today. Overall, the purpose of this book is to show that terrorism is used for political purposes, that it is psychological in nature, and that this has been the case throughout history. The editors organize this collection of essays into a roughly chronological order that provides continuity to the argument that terrorism has evolved throughout history, while maintaining signature characteristics that distinguish it from other types of warfare. Beginning with the Zealots and Assassins of pre-medieval history, readers will soon begin to make connections between the various eras of terrorism. Additionally, this chronological arrangement lends itself to understanding that from its earliest stages, terrorism has always been a tactic...
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...Terrorism The world is filled with petrifying and frightening obstacles that everyone has gone through with terrorism. The history of terrorism goes back to the first assassination that was told to be an attack to just recently at the Fort Lauderdale Airport. It’s a problem in the United States the government is figuring out how to overcome the problem, the driven reason to terrorism, and who is planning these attacks. This leads to the book Little Brother comparing and contrasting to the worst attack in the United State which was 9/11. Since 1865 terrorism is existent and today continues to be a problem here in the United States. Terrorism back in 1865 was defined more as an assassination or attack on government officials. The first assassination...
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...History of Digital Crimes and Digital Terrorism and Their Common Current Forms Stephanie Fisk Strayer Universality CIS 170 Professor CIANCIOTTA Dec. 12th, 2013 Introduction Computer crime refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network. The computer may have been used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target. Net crime refers to criminal exploitation of the internet. Dr. Debarati Halder and Dr. K. Jaishankar (2011) defines cybercrimes as: "Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm to the victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks such as internet chat rooms, emails, notice boards, groups, and mobile phone. Such crimes may threaten a nation’s security and financial health. Problems surrounding these types of crimes have become high profile, particularly those surrounding cracking, copyright infringement, child pornography, and child grooming. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise. Internationally, both governmental and non-state actors engage in cybercrimes, including espionage, financial theft, and other cross-border crimes. Activity crossing international borders and involving the interests of at least one nation state is sometimes referred to as cyber warfare. The international legal system is attempting...
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...“This Time is Different: Comparing Al-Qaeda’s Unique Place in the History of Terrorism with the Freedom Fighters of the Irish Republican Army” Al Qaeda and the Irish Republican Army are two of the most complex and famous terrorist organizations in modern history. While both groups share some principles with one another, and undoubtedly have committed and continue to commit horrible acts, the world’s perception of each is undoubtedly different from the other. There is an apparent contradiction in Karl Heinzen’s famous quote: “If to kill is always a crime, then it is forbidden equally to all; if it is not a crime, then it is permitted equally to all.”[1] This difference in public perception is a result of several key tenets of each organization’s strategy and structure. The IRA fights to protect and support the liberties of the Irish people, while Al Qaeda relies upon the religious doctrine of a radical Islamic minority to carry out jihad against Western infidels. Al Qaeda, while claiming to represent the entire Muslim world, has never had a real home or a consistent base to draw upon; inversely, a large proportion of the Irish people are steadfast in their support for the cause. Al Qaeda’s indiscriminate killing of innocent civilians has resulted in a falling out with a large percentage of its former supporters. Finally, the IRA had a distinct, tangible, and realistic goal of expelling the British from Ireland, while Al Qaeda seeks to establish a new caliphate based...
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...A Historical View on Terrorism and Terrorist Ideologies A Historical View on Terrorism and Terrorist Ideologies Terrorism is a unique and frightening form of violence. Terrorism does not care if it is a time of peace, conflict, or war. One can never escape the threat of terrorism and it will most assuredly happen when one least expects it. A terrorist act is committed to bring down a great deal more than just a few buildings. Terrorists have what they believe with all their hearts to be a purpose behind their actions. Quite often there is such a deep rooted hatred imbedded into their souls that they feel they must act against the evils that haunt their lives (U.S. Army, 2000). The Department of Defense defines of terrorism as "the calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological" (U.S. Army, 2000). To put it into more simplistic and understandable terms, terrorism is committed for generally three main reasons: 1. Terrorist are against multi-party governments such as in the United States. 2. Terrorists are against specific religious groups. 3. Terrorists are against a person of a specific race. Terrorists come in every shape and size and terrorism is a tactic that may be used by any philosophy or by people with no philosophy at all, only objection. To assume there is a terrorist handbook that...
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...Revolution, saw Russia experiencing unprecedented levels of terrorism by an assortment of groups such as anarchists, nihilists, populists and socialists. The discussion of this tumultuous and critical period is among the most engaging passages in "The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda," edited by Gérard Chaliand and Arnaud Blin. The book, which includes essays by the editors as well as other scholars, provides a useful and levelheaded survey of a subject that is regularly understood and often manipulated. The very term "terrorism" is complex and takes on widely varying meanings depending on one's viewpoint. Accordingly, the book begins with a rigorous chapter by political scientist Ariel Merari that provides both a typology of terrorist acts and thoughtful insights on what distinguishes terrorism from other forms of violence. Although many definitions of terrorism exist, Merari discerns three common elements in these definitions: "(1) the use of violence; (2) political objectives; and (3) the intention of sowing fear in a target population." These common elements recur in the book's survey of terrorism, which begins with the ancient Jewish sect known as the Zealots, who rebelled against the Roman Empire, and an extremist Muslim group called the Assassins, who terrorized European crusaders. Chaliand and Blin make clear their purpose in including a discussion of these ancient organizations: "The histories of the Zealots and especially of the Assassins illustrate a...
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...Terrorism of America On September 11, 2001 life in America changed forever when terrorists crashed planes into the twin towers, pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania. Since the occurrence of those events the word “terrorism” has been part of the common vocabulary in our day to day lives. The threat of terrorism has brought about many changes. It has created tighter security restrictions, increased intelligence gathering, and for some a sense of paranoia. It has also created a hatred towards those who seek to terrorize the United States. One must ask what is terrorism exactly and why does it happen? The word terrorism was first used in the late 18th century. In Geoffrey Nunberg’s essay “The War of Words: “Terror” and “Terrorism” he uses French Revolutionary Robespierre’s definition of terror as “nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible; it is therefore an emanation of virtue” (Nunberg 433). Terrorism was the action of a people who were working for and ideological cause. It was a means of bringing about change. Whether the action was positive or negative was determined by the group defining it. While those acting to bring...
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...What is Terrorism? By: James Morris Terrorism Terrorism is political phenomenon by which offenders threaten or use violence on civilians with the intent of exploiting fear. It can be defined as substitute classification of political violence. A quote by Sloan (2006) states “Terrorism is intentional violent acts carried out by nonstate actors against noncombatants with the purpose of effecting a political response.” In our society, the term terrorism is a method or strategy to effect political change in an area. Terrorism can be seen as crime, exploitation of fear, and a form of warfare (Lutz, 2005). Since the 1700’s, history has always kept record of the different types of violence our world has faced. And with terrorism it comes with consequences. (Sloan, 2006). A quote by Moghaddam & Marsella (2004) says “It is usually perpetrated by groups utilizing warfare, due to the fact that they are unable to gain advantage while using conventional methods.” Terrorism as Crime The relationship between the terrorism and crime are both equally considered as wrong doing. Traditionally, within the legal system of the United States, domestic terrorism is treated as a criminal act (Bender & Leone, 1986). It is directed toward civilians for the purpose of inducing fear, dread, and terror. Lutz states (2005) “The focus would be on collection of evidence that would be used in court to prosecute those accused of threats or acts of terrorism.” In a sense, all terrorism can be...
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...aftermath because these events provided a unique “teachable moment,” even though there was often bitter disagreement about what ideological messages related to 9/11 should be promoted in the schools. Within one year, many non-profit organizations and even the United States Department of State developed materials on 9/11 that were disseminated to secondary schools. As the first editions of post-9/11 textbooks came out, it was also evident that content about 9/11 and what happened in its wake would be given special attention. To investigate what was being communicated to young people about 9/11 and its aftermath to students, we analyzed nine curricula from the non-profits and the government in the first few years after 9/11, a sample of nine of history and government textbooks published between 2004–06, and then a subsample of three of the 2009–10 editions of these same texts. Major findings include the multiple purposes for which 9/11-related content is directed, the lack of sufficient detail to help students understand 9/11, the lack of attention to many of the controversies that post 9/11 policies generated, and conceptual confusion about the...
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...War on Terrorism Why we can’t win * “Human logic should show America and Britain that they can’t win the war against terrorism. But there is also a hidden reason why we can’t win—unless gigantic changes are made.”1 * If we are willing to learn-history has some very valuable and powerful lessons to teach us. For example, it teaches us that we cannot win our war against terrorism. * As history has proven, there are some essential lessons to be learned about the future of our nation. History is a wonderful teacher. We will start with that and then move on to a greater teacher of why we can’t win and conquer this beast of we call “terrorism” unless there are some massive and drastic changes made-if it isn’t already too late! Especially within the leadership of government and we as an American people and nation. We will be destined to simply accept it as the norm and just continue to prepare for the next extremist group to attack. UNLESS…. changes are made quickly!! Terrorisms Roots In order to understand this war, we have ourselves in, we must first understand where it all came from and how it began. Iraq has been a major player in America’s global war on terrorism. They are and have been an extremely dangerous part of the equation. But, they are not the head of the terrorist snake. To see the roots of terrorism, we must go back in history. It’s not nearly enough to just destroy the branches of the tree, we must pull up the terrorist tree by the roots. That is the...
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...Oluwaseyi Mat. No.: 11/sms11/017 Dept.: Intelligence and security studies Submitted to: Dr. Bodunde Question: America has no peace, it only manages peace. Evaluate this statement with particular reference to the international system. ABSTRACT The topic of terrorism is quite complex. It is complex because it combines so many different aspects of human experience, including subjects such as politics, psychology, philosophy, military strategy, and history, to name a few. Terrorism is also emotive both because experiences of terrorist acts arouse tremendous feelings, and because those who see terrorists as justified often have strong feelings concerning the rightness of the use of violence. Terrorism is not a new phenomenon in human experience. Violence has been used throughout human history by those who chose to oppose states, kings, and princes. This sort of violence can be differentiated from what is termed as terrorism. Violence in opposition to a government is often targeted against soldiers and those who govern. Terrorism, however, is characterized by the use of violence against civilians, with the expressed desire of causing terror or panic in the population. Terrorism is not unique to the 20th and 21st centuries. Terrorism existed in 18th century revolutionary France during the reign of terror, as well as among the Zealots of Palestine in opposition to Roman rule some 2000 years ago. Today, terrorist activity can be found in Israel, Indonesia, United Kingdom, Sri Lanka, Colombia...
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...Danielle Kelley The meaning of terrorism Paper The word Terrorism is very complicated to describe that even the U.S. government they cannot come up with a solution of one of the definitions. For that, reason has not obtained a universal recognition of one definition that explains terrorism. Through the year’s research has shown that it has been difficult for practitioners and researchers to come up with one meaning for terrorism. Some feel a reason for this dilemma is because the word terrorism has become more of a popular term, which is use loosely, also frequently describe various violent conduct it does not fully explain the definition of terrorism entirely means. In this paper, it will be discussing the Definitions of terrorism, including your definition of terrorism based on your analysis of the readings, Two to three important terrorist events how they shaped the history of terrorism the Descriptions of the following terms, also the conclusion. By discovering the whole meaning of terrorism will show how vast the word and expel its history other categories the word can describe under. Description of terrorism Each of the agencies in the criminal justice system has the different meaning, form the word terrorism, so it can help them fully understand how to label it. As for instance, the federal bureau of investigations knows, as the FBI meaning of terrorism is an illegal use of force, also violence...
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...Terrorism is a complex term with a long history and different meanings, depending on the context and who uses it. Here you’ll find articles that define terrorism and explain different facets of the term. HISTORY Terrorism has struck all through history and around the world. In the 19th century, Western Europeans, Russians, and Americans adopted terrorism, and believed that the best way to get what they wanted was to assassinate people holding high positions of power. The 20th century, terrorism went through some great changes. The use of new technology such as automatic weapons and electrically bursting explosives encouraged terrorists to act violently and provided them with an easier way of attacking. At the time, attacks were mainly from groups trying to undermine or overthrow existing political institutions. However, today terrorism exists with different causes and purposes in mind. Terrorism went from numerous attacks in the 20th century, to less frequent but more destructive assaults in the 21st century. The threat of terrorism has now become more deadly. Over the past couple years; terrorists have developed new tactics such as portable bombs, suicide operatives, and weapons of mass destruction. These have been known to result in hundreds, not to say thousands of people being injured or killed. Some people even become terrorist, or are forced into terrorizing for reasons that they do not even know. As Michael Herr mentions, “Every day people were dying because...
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