Introduction by Heywood – ideology : 1. Perspective/lens 2. Shape the nature of political system 3. Cement
An ideology is a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the basis for organized political actions, whether this is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow the existing system of power. All ideologies therefore have the following features. They : A . offer an account of the existing order,usually in the form of a 'world view' B . advance a model of a desired future, a version of the 'good society' C . explain how political change can and should be brought about – how to get from a to b

be able to explain the marxist concept of ideology p.6: First, ideology is about delusion and mystification: it perpetrates a false or mistaken view of the word, what Engels later referred to as 'false consciousness'.
Second, ideology is linked to the class system. Marx believed that the distortion implicit in ideology stems from the fact that it reflects the interests and perspective on society of the ruling class. The ruling class is unwilling to recognize itself as an oppressor and, equally, is anxious to reconcile the oppressed to their oppression. Liberalism, which portrays rights that can only be exercised by the propertied and privileged as universal entitlements, is therefore the classic example of ideology.
Third, ideology is a manifestation of power. In concealing the contradictions upon which capitalism, in common with all class societies, is based, ideology serves to hide from the exploited proletariat the fact of its own exploitation, thereby upholding a system of unequal class power.
Finally, Marx treated ideology as a temporary phenomenon. Ideology will only continue so long as the class system that generates it survives.
The proletariat, the 'grave digger' of capitalism – is destined not to establish another form of class society, but rather to abolish class inequality altogether by bringing about the collective ownership of wealth. The interests of the proletariat thus coincide with those of society as a whole. The proletariat, in short, does not need ideology because it is the only class that needs no illusions.

Understand the political spectrum (linear vs. horseshoe) Horseshoe theorists argue that the extreme left and the extreme right are a lot more similar than members of either group would admit. Fascism wants liberal market, and that the government won't intervene in contrast to communism.
Linear spectrum is the left-right divide.

Chapter 16 : The Gilded Age
What are the main social problems in the US in the 19th century?; relate these problems to the political ideology of classical liberalism – Workers complained on their work conditions and the poor housing, employers complained that the workers are scum. Inequality of wealth distribution; gap between rich and poor. Wealth flowed not to those who worked hardest but to those with business skills and access to money

Situation of trade unions in the Gilded Age (look at handout
Knights of labor – first significant labor union,survived only about 12 years. It accepted African Americans but excluded Asian Americans. Very progressive economically for their time.
The AFL represented only skilled workers. Most successful American union until 1950's understand the doctrineof "liberty of contract" and relate it to classical liberalism
Individuals should determine their working conditions and not the government = classical liberalism and negative freedom because they wanted the freedom to be left alone by the government understand concept of "industrial freedom" (see end of sub-section on "Labor and
Politics"

what are inclusive political and economic institution?; how do the authors draw connections between democracy and economic success

Chapter 18 : The Progressive Era
Explain the meaning of 'progressive' - Came into common use around 1910 as a way of describing a broad, loosely defined political movement of individuals and groups who hoped to bring about a significant change in American social and political life. Progressives included forward-looking businessmen who realized that workers must be accorded a voice in economic decision making, and labor activists bent on empowering industrial workers.
The Working Women – Visibility of women in urban places – at work,at shoppers, indicated that traditional gender roles were changing dramatically in Progressive America. The number of working women increased. The working women, immigrant and native, working-class and professional, became a symbol of female emancipation.
Explain Fordism – Ford produced cars, that ordinary people could afford, through developing techniques of production and marketing. Using the continuously conveyor belt, it reduced time and increased output. The economic system based on mass production and mass consumption came to be called Fordism.
Explain difference between AFL and IWW – AFL mainly represented the most privileged American workers – skilled industrial and craft laborers, nearly all of them white, male, and native born. In 1905, a group of unionists who rejected the AFL's exclusion formed the IWW. They accepted everyone to their union.
Understand the concept of collective bargaining - is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching agreements to regulate working conditions
Subsection 'Industrial Freedom' – Taylor's one best way = workers complained that they lost their freedom. Many Progressives believed that the key to increase industrial freedom lay in empowering workers to participate in economic decision making via strong unions,
Birth-control movement…