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重大历史事件年表 时间 | 重大事件 | | 三大宗教 | 公元前6世纪 | 佛教创立(悉达多、古印度、《大藏经》即三藏经、对中国影响) | 公元1世纪 | 基督教兴起(耶稣、罗马帝国统治下的巴勒斯坦地区、《圣经》) | 392å¹´ | 基督教被正式宣布为罗马帝国的国教 | 7世纪初 | 伊斯兰教创立(阿拉伯半岛、穆罕默德、《古兰经》) | | 古希腊 | 公元前5世纪——公元前4世纪上半叶 | 古希腊的“古典时代”,古希腊城邦制度的全盛时期 | 公元前594å¹´ | 梭伦改革:首开先河 | 雅典民主政治建立过程中的里程碑 | 公元前508å¹´ | 克利斯提尼改革:最终确立 | | 公元前5世纪中叶后 | 雅典民主政治的全盛时代,伯利克里时代(公元前443å¹´-公元前429年) | | 古罗马 | 公元前509å¹´ | 罗马实行共和制,进入罗马共和国时期 | 公元前27å¹´ | ä»¥å±‹å¤§ç»´è¢«æŽˆäºˆâ€œå¥¥å¤æ–¯éƒ½â€ç§°å·ä¸ºæ ‡å¿—è¿›å…¥å¸å›½æ—¶ä»£ | 2世纪初 | 罗马成为括欧、亚、非洲的环地中海的大帝国 | 395å¹´ | åˆ†è£‚ä¸ºè¥¿ç½—é©¬å¸å›½ã€ä¸œç½—é©¬å¸å›½ï¼ˆæ‹œå åº­å¸å›½ï¼‰ | 476å¹´ | 西罗马帝国灭亡,西欧古代史结束、中世纪开始 | 共和国时期,公元前451-公元前450å¹´ | 古代罗马第一步成文法《十二铜表法》 | 公元前5世纪后 | 逐渐形成公民法 | 212年卡拉卡拉皇帝时期宣布授予帝国全体自由民以公民权,逐渐走向统一 | 公元前4世纪后 | 逐渐形成万民法 | | 1453å¹´ | å¥¥æ–¯æ›¼å†›é˜Ÿæ”»é™·å›å£«å¦ä¸å ¡ï¼Œæ‹œå åº­å¸å›½ç­äº¡ | 1457å¹´ | å¥¥æ–¯æ›¼äººè¿éƒ½å›å£«å¦ä¸å ¡ï¼ŒåŽæ”¹åä¸ºä¼Šæ–¯å¦å¸ƒå°” | | 中世纪西欧(476年——15、16世纪) | 6世纪下半叶 | 西欧封建制度大体产生 | 西欧封建制度的确立进程 | 8世纪 | 采邑改革促进封建制度的发展 | | 11世纪左右 | 西欧封建制度基本确立 | | 11世纪 | 中世纪城市开始复兴 | 1265å¹´ | è‹±å›½è®®ä¼šå¬å¼€æ ‡å¿—è‹±å›½ç­‰çº§å›ä¸»åˆ¶åˆæ­¥å½¢æˆ | 1302å¹´ | æ³•å›½ä¸‰çº§ä¼šè®®å¬å¼€æ ‡å¿—æ³•å›½ç­‰çº§å›ä¸»åˆ¶åˆæ­¥å½¢æˆ | 11世纪末始 | 大学开始兴起 | | 中国古代:史前——清朝前期 | 距今1万年前后新石器时代 | 原始农耕起源,有采集、渔猎时代进入农业时代;早期农业特点为稻作农业(水稻)与旱地农业(粟)同时出现、南北并立 | 公元前21世纪 | 中国历史上第一个王朝——夏朝建立 | 公元前17世纪 | 商朝建立(第一个有直接文字记载的王朝、信史) | 公元前1046å¹´ | 西周建立(武王灭商、武王伐纣、牧野之战),都城镐 | 公元前770å¹´-公元前221å¹´ | 社会大变革时期、社会转型时期、东周即春秋战国时期、百家争鸣时期 | 公元前770å¹´ | 平王东迁都城至洛邑,东周建立,分为春秋、战国两个时期 | 公元前221å¹´ | 秦国灭六国,建立中国历史上的一个大一统帝国——秦朝,开创的中央集权制成为中国历代王朝政治制度的蓝本 | 公元前209å¹´ | 中国历史上第一次农民起义、秦末农民起义——陈胜、吴广大泽乡起义 | 公元前206å¹´-公元前202å¹´ | 楚(项羽)汉(刘邦)战争(刘邦败项羽) | 公元前202å¹´ | 刘邦即汉高祖建西汉(公元前202年—公元9年),都城长安 | 公元前140年—公元前87å¹´ | æ±‰æ­¦å¸åˆ˜å½»åœ¨ä½ï¼Œä»Žæ— ä¸ºèµ°å‘æœ‰ä¸ºï¼Œè¥¿æ±‰çŽ‹æœè¾¾åˆ°é¼Žç›› | 25å¹´ | 刘秀(光武帝)重建汉朝即东汉(25年—220年),都城洛阳 | 208å¹´ | èµ¤å£ä¹‹æˆ˜ï¼ˆå­™ã€åˆ˜è”åˆæŠ—æ›¹ï¼‰ï¼Œä¸ºä¸‰å›½é¼Žç«‹å±€é¢å½¢æˆå¥ å®šåŸºç¡€ | 220å¹´ | 曹丕建魏,都城洛阳,东汉灭亡 | 221å¹´ | 刘备建蜀汉,都城成都 | 229å¹´ | å­™æƒå»ºå´ï¼Œéƒ½åŸŽå»ºä¸šï¼ˆä»Šå—äº¬ï¼‰ï¼Œä¸‰å›½é¼Žç«‹æ ¼å±€æœ€ç»ˆå½¢æˆ | | 西晋短暂统一 | 439年—581å¹´ | 北魏(鲜卑族建立)统一北方,后分裂为东魏与西魏、北齐与北周,此段时期即历史上的北朝 | 420年—589å¹´ | 宋(取代东晋)、齐、梁、陈在南方相继更替,历史上合称南朝 | 5世纪末 | 北魏孝文帝改革:全面推行汉化,促进民族融合(双向性) | 581å¹´ | 杨坚(隋文帝)篡周(北周)建隋(581年—618年),都城长安 | 589å¹´ | 隋南下灭陈,重建全国大一统局面 | 618å¹´ | 隋炀帝被杀,隋朝灭亡;李渊称帝,建立唐朝,都城长安 | 627年—649å¹´ | 贞观之治,唐太宗(庙号)在位,年号贞观 | 713年—741å¹´ | 唐玄宗(庙号)在位前期,唐朝达到鼎盛,史称“开元盛世” | | 五代十国时期 | | 多民族政权并立时期 | 960å¹´ | èµµåŒ¡èƒ¤å‘åŠ¨é™ˆæ¡¥å…µå˜ï¼Œé»„è¢åŠ èº«ï¼Œå»ºå®‹æœå³åŒ—å®‹ï¼ˆ960年—1127年),都城开封(东京),与少数民族政权辽(东北契丹)、西夏(党项)并立。 | 1125å¹´ | 金灭辽 | | | 1127å¹´ | 金(东北女真)军攻入开封,靖康(年号)之变,北宋亡;赵构宋高宗于南京(今河南商丘)继位,南宋建立,后定都临安(今杭州)。宋金长期对峙 | 1206å¹´ | 蒙古大汗铁木真(尊号成吉思汗)建立大蒙古国 | 1271å¹´ | 忽必烈建立元朝,后定都大都(今北京) | 1279å¹´ | å…ƒå†›æ”»ç ´åŽ“å±±ï¼Œå—å®‹ç­äº¡ | 1069年(熙宁二年) | 宋神宗时期,以富国强兵为号召的王安石变法,一定程度上改变了北宋“积贫积弱”的局面。哲宗时期,保守派司马光全面罢废新法,史称“元祐(年号)更化” | 北宋仁宗庆历年间 | æ¯•æ˜‡åˆ›åˆ¶æ³¥æ´»å­—å°åˆ·æˆåŠŸï¼Œä¸ºè¿‘ä»£æ´»å­—å°åˆ·ä¹¦çš„å…ˆé©±ï¼Œæ¯”æ¬§æ´²å¤è…¾å ¡é“…æ´»å­—çš„å‘æ˜Žæ—©4个世纪;13ä¸–çºªä¸œä¼ è‡³æœé²œã€æ—¥æœ¬ï¼Œåˆè¥¿ä¼ è‡³ä¸­äºšã€æ³¢æ–¯å’Œæ¬§æ´²ï¼Œå¯¹ä¸­å¤–æ–‡åŒ–äº¤æµå’Œä¼ æ’­äº§ç”Ÿé‡å¤§å½±å“ã€‚ | | 火药、火器——中国最早发明 | 唐末 | 火药开始用于战争 | 宋代 | 有火器:南宋“突火枪”、宋元年间“火铳”——具备管形火器特征 | 13世纪 | ç«è¯éšè’™å¤å›½è¥¿å¾ä¼ å…¥é˜¿æ‹‰ä¼¯åœ°åŒºï¼ŒåŽåˆä¼ åˆ°æ¬§æ´²ï¼Œå¯¹æ¬§æ´²åŽ†å²å‘å±•äº§ç”Ÿå·¨å¤§å½±å“ã€‚ | | 元朝(1368å¹´-1640年) | 1368å¹´ | 朱元璋(明太祖)建立明朝(1368年—1640年),都城应天(今南京),北上灭元朝。后,都城迁往北平。 | 1636å¹´ | 皇太极(满族)建立清朝(1636年—1912年) | 1644å¹´ | æŽè‡ªæˆæ”»å åŒ—äº¬ï¼Œå´‡ç¥¯ï¼ˆå¹´å·ï¼‰å¸è‡ªæ€ï¼Œæ˜Žæœç­äº¡ã€‚åŒå¹´ï¼Œæ¸…å†›å…¥å…³ï¼Œæ”»å åŒ—äº¬ | 16世纪中叶始 | 早期的西学东渐 | 17、18世纪 | 康乾盛世 | 康熙时期(1661—1722年) | ä¸ºåŠ å¼ºçš‡æƒï¼Œè®¾å—ä¹¦æˆ¿ï¼Œä½†ä½œç”¨æœ‰é™ | | 两次雅克萨之战,败沙俄,签《尼布楚条约》,划定中俄东段边界 | | 平定今新疆伊犁一带的蒙古准噶尔部叛乱 | | å‘å…µæ”»å å°æ¹¾ï¼Œè®¾å°æ¹¾åºœï¼Œå°†å°æ¹¾ç½®äºŽä¸­å¤®æ”¿åºœçš„ç»Ÿä¸€ç®¡è¾–ä¹‹ä¸‹ | 雍正时期(1722—1735年) | è®¾å†›æœºå¤„â€”â€”ä¸ºçš‡å¸å‡ºè°‹åˆ’ç­–ã€è¾…ä½çš‡å¸æ€»æ½å…¨å›½å†›æ”¿äº‹åŠ¡çš„ä¸­å¤®æœºæž„ï¼›ä¹¾éš†æ—¶æœŸï¼Œè¿›ä¸€æ­¥åŠ å¼ºå†›æœºå¤„çš„èŒèƒ½ï¼Œçš‡æƒç©ºå‰åŠ å¼º | | 平定今新疆伊犁一带的蒙古准噶尔部叛乱 | | 中央政府派出驻藏大臣,直接监管西藏政务; | 乾隆时期(1735—1795年) | ä¹¾éš†æ—¶æœŸï¼Œè¿›ä¸€æ­¥åŠ å¼ºå†›æœºå¤„çš„èŒèƒ½ï¼Œçš‡æƒç©ºå‰åŠ å¼º | | 最终平定今新疆伊犁一带的蒙古准噶尔部叛乱;后出兵平定新疆天山南路的回部叛乱,统一天山南北,设立伊犁将军,管辖当地军务与民政。 | | 提高驻藏大臣职权,与达赖、班禅共同管理西藏;实行金瓶掣签制,由驻藏大臣监督达赖、班禅的转世程序。 | | 编成《四库全书》,分经、史、子、集4部,保存了许多珍贵文献,为我国最大的一部丛书 | 14——16世纪 | è¥¿æ¬§ç”±å°å»ºç¤¾ä¼šå‘èµ„æœ¬ä¸»ä¹‰ç¤¾ä¼šè½¬åž‹æ—¶æœŸï¼Œä¸ºå·¥ä¸šæ–‡æ˜Žå…´èµ·åˆ›é€ æ¡ä»¶ã€‚ | 15世纪下半叶 | 英法等国民族国家形成,君主专制取代等级君主制 | 14——16世纪 | 发端于意大利的文艺复兴,以人文主义为武器抨击天主教会及其神学 | 16世纪 | 宗教改革,德国马丁.路德成为先驱 | 15、16世纪之交 | 新航路开辟,世界开始由分散走向整体,世界市场开始形成、西欧早起殖民活动开始。 | 17、18世纪 | 早期英、法、美资产阶级革命时期 | | 英国资产阶级革命(清教徒革命1640年—1688年) | 1640å¹´ | 英国长期议会召开(资、新贵族提出限制王权),资产阶级革命开始 | 1649å¹´ | 查理一世被送上断头台,共和国建立 | | 斯图亚特王朝专制复辟 | 1688å¹´ | 资、新贵族迎荷兰执政威廉.奥伦治为英国国王,詹姆士二世逃走即光荣革命(未流血牺牲),英国资产阶级革命结束。 | 1689å¹´ | 《权利法案》 | 确立议会至上原则及君主立宪制 | 1701å¹´ | 《王位继承法》 | | | 美国独立战争(美国第一次资产阶级革命 1775年—1781年) | 1775å¹´ | 来克星敦(列克星敦)枪声,独立战争开始 | 1776å¹´ | ã€Šç‹¬ç«‹å®£è¨€ã€‹å‘è¡¨ï¼Œæ ‡å¿—ç¾Žå›½ç‹¬ç«‹ï¼Œé¦–æ¬¡é˜è¿°â€œå¤©èµ‹äººæƒâ€ç†è®ºï¼Œè¢«é©¬å…‹æ€ç§°ä¸ºâ€œç¬¬ä¸€ä¸ªäººæƒå®£è¨€â€ | | 独立后为邦联政府权力软弱的邦联制 | 1787å¹´ | 费城制宪会议制定《合众国宪法》,确立中央与地方分权的联邦制;联邦政府按三权分立、相互制衡原则建立;解决了中央与地方及联邦政府内部的权力分配问题。 | | 法国大革命(1789年—1815年) | 1789å¹´5月 | 路易十六召开三级会议成为革命的导火线(第三等级要求政治改革) | 1789å¹´7月14æ—¥ | å·´é»Žäººæ°‘æ”»å å·´å£«åº•ç‹±,革命开始,君主立宪派控制国家(国庆节的由来) | 1789å¹´ | 《人权宣言》颁布,成为革命的纲领性文件(评价) | 1804å¹´ | æ‹¿ç ´ä»‘å¸å›½ï¼ˆæ³•å…°è¥¿ç¬¬ä¸€å¸å›½ï¼‰å»ºç«‹ï¼Œé¢å¸ƒã€Šæ‹¿ç ´ä»‘æ³•å…¸ã€‹ | 1815å¹´ | æ‹¿ç ´ä»‘å¸å›½å´©æºƒï¼Œæ³¢æ—çŽ‹æœå¤è¾Ÿ | | 工业社会来临 | | 英国工业革命(18世纪60年代-19世纪中叶) | | 从发明和使用机器开始 | 1782å¹´ | 瓦特改良万能蒸汽机,推动工业革命的步伐,开辟蒸汽时代 | 19世纪中叶 | å»ºæˆä»¥çººç»‡ã€ç…¤ç‚­ã€é’¢é“ã€æœºæ¢°ä¸ºæ ¸å¿ƒçš„çŽ°ä»£å·¥ä¸šä½“ç³» | 1860å¹´ | 英国成为“世界工厂” | 19世纪初 | 英国社会立法从工厂法开始,扩展到其他社会领域 | | 社会主义运动和马克思主义 | 1848å¹´ | ã€Šå…±äº§å…šå®£è¨€ã€‹åœ¨ä¼¦æ•¦å‘è¡¨ï¼Œæ ‡å¿—ç§‘å­¦å…±äº§ä¸»ä¹‰ï¼ˆæ‰¹åˆ¤èµ„æœ¬ä¸»ä¹‰åˆ¶åº¦ï¼Œæœ›é€šè¿‡æ— äº§é˜¶çº§é©å‘½æŽ¨ç¿»å®ƒï¼‰çš„è¯žç”Ÿ | | 资本主义世界体系的形成 | | 工业化浪潮扩展至北美、中东欧、亚洲大背景下 | | 美国内战 | 1861å¹´ | 宣布脱离联邦的南部诸州挑起内战 | 1862å¹´ | 林肯颁布《宅地法》、《解放宣言》,扭转战局 | 1863å¹´ | è‘›åº•æ–¯å ¡å¤§æ·ï¼Œæˆä¸ºå—åŒ—æˆ˜äº‰çš„è½¬æŠ˜ç‚¹ | 1865å¹´ | 南北战争以联邦政府的胜利结束 | | | | 德国统一 | 1864å¹´-1870å¹´ | 普、奥对丹麦战争 | 在普鲁士往王室领导下,通过三次王朝战争,取得民族统一,走上资本主义道路 | | 普奥战争 | | | 普法战争(1870-71法败割地赔款) | | 20世纪初 | å¾·å›½åœ¨å·¥ä¸šç”Ÿäº§æ–¹é¢è¶…è¿‡è‹±å›½ï¼Œæˆä¸ºæ¬§æ´²å¤´å·å·¥ä¸šå¼ºå›½ï¼Œå±…ä¸–ç•Œç¬¬äºŒä½ï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯åœ¨æœºæ¢°åˆ¶é€ å’ŒåŒ–å·¥æ–¹é¢å¤„äºŽé¢†å…ˆåœ°ä½ã€‚ | | 俄国 | 17世纪末 | å½¼å¾—ä¸€ä¸–æ”¹é©ï¼Œæ•ˆæ³•è¥¿æ¬§ï¼Œä¿ƒè¿›äº†ä¿„å›½å‘å±•ï¼›ä½†æ²™çš‡ä¸“åˆ¶å’Œå°å»ºå†œå¥´åˆ¶åº¦å¾—åˆ°åŠ å¼ºã€‚ï¼ˆä¸ºæ”¹å˜ç¤¾ä¼šæ€§è´¨ï¼‰ | 1861å¹´ | 亚历山大二世进行农奴制改革,走上资本主义道路(社会性质改变) | | 日本 | 19世纪中期 | 武装倒幕运动,推翻德川幕府,建立新政府 | 1868å¹´ | 日本明治维新开始,走上资本主义道路,成为工业化国家 | | 第二次工业革命(19世纪70年代始) | | æ ¸å¿ƒå†…å®¹ä¸ºç”µæœºçš„å‘æ˜Žå’Œè¿ç”¨ | 19世纪末 | 电作为新能源应用到生产和生活领域,电气时代到来 | 19世纪末 | 垄断形成,资本主义进入帝国主义阶段 | 19世纪末20世纪初 | 世界殖民体系最终形成;资本主义世界体系形成 | | 中国近代史(1840å¹´-1949年,民族民主革命时期) | | 旧民主主义革命时期(1840年——1919年) | | 鸦片战争(1840å¹´-1842年) | 1839å¹´ | 林则徐虎门销烟成为鸦片战争导火线 | 1840å¹´ | 战争爆发 | 1842å¹´ | 《南京条约签订》,半殖民地半封建社会开始 | | 第二次鸦片战争(1856-1860年) | 1856å¹´ | 英国借口“亚罗号事件” | 出兵中国,又称“英法联军之役”,是鸦片战争的继续和扩大 | | 法国借口“马神甫事件” | | 1858å¹´ | 清政府与英、法、美、俄签订《天津条约》 | 1860å¹´ | 英法联军火烧圆明园 | 1860å¹´ | 清政府与英、法签订《北京条约》 | | 太平天国运动(1851-1864年) | | 洪秀全创立拜上帝会 | | 上海地方官与英法侵略者组成“洋枪队”,镇压太平天国 | | 曾国藩创立湘军,镇压太平天国 | | æŽé¸¿ç« åˆ›ç«‹æ·®å†›ï¼Œé•‡åŽ‹å¤ªå¹³å¤©å›½ | | 洋务运动(19世纪60年代-90年代,中国近代化开端) | | 指导思想为中体西用 | 1861å¹´ | 总理各国事务衙门设立,为筹办洋务的最高行政机构 | 1865å¹´ | æŽé¸¿ç« è®¾ç«‹æ±Ÿå—åˆ¶é€ æ€»å±€ï¼Œæˆä¸ºå›½å†…æœ€å¤§çš„å†›äº‹ä¼ä¸š | 19世纪70年代起 | 整顿海防,筹建新式海军(北洋水师) | 1873å¹´ | æŽé¸¿ç« åœ¨ä¸Šæµ·åˆ›åŠžè½®èˆ¹æ‹›å•†å±€ï¼Œä¸ºè¿‘ä»£ä¸­å›½ç¬¬ä¸€å®¶è½®èˆ¹è¿è¾“ä¼ä¸šï¼Œæ´‹åŠ¡æ´¾å…´åŠžçš„ç¬¬ä¸€ä¸ªæ°‘ç”¨ä¼ä¸š | 1862å¹´ | æ€»ç†è¡™é—¨è®¾ç«‹äº¬å¸ˆåŒæ–‡é¦†ï¼Œä¸ºæ´‹åŠ¡æ´¾çš„ç¬¬ä¸€æ‰€æ–°å¼å­¦å ‚ | 1872å¹´ | 曾国藩派遣容闳率首批幼童赴美 | | 民族资本主义产生(19世纪60年代末、70年代初) | | 甲午中日战争(1894å¹´-1895年) | 1894å¹´ | 日本于丰岛海面袭击中国,战争开始 | 1895å¹´ | å¤±è´¥ï¼Œæ ‡å¿—æ´‹åŠ¡è¿åŠ¨ç ´äº§ | | ã€Šé©¬å…³æ¡çº¦ã€‹ç­¾è®¢ï¼ŒåŠ æ·±åŠæ®–æ°‘åœ°åŒ–ç¨‹åº¦ | | 变法维新 | 1895å¹´ | 康有为、梁启超联合各省应试举人上书光绪,史称公车上书,拉开变法维新运动的序幕 | | 百日维新(1898å¹´6月11æ—¥-1898å¹´9月21日) | 1898年(戊戌年)6月11æ—¥ | 光绪帝颁布“明定国是诏”,变法开始 | 1898å¹´9月21æ—¥ | 戊戌政变,戊戌六君子被杀 | | 瓜分狂潮 | 19世纪末 | å¸å›½ä¸»ä¹‰åœ¨ä¸­å›½åˆ’åˆ†åŠ¿åŠ›èŒƒå›´ã€å¼ºå ç§Ÿå€Ÿåœ° | 1899å¹´ | 美国提出“门户开放”政策(内涵),强化半殖民地秩序,形成帝国主义共同控制中国的局面 | | 八国联军侵华 | 19世纪末 | “扶清灭洋”的义和团运动兴起,成为其接口 | 1900å¹´ | 八国联军侵华 | 1901å¹´ | 《辛丑条约》签订,中国完全沦为半殖民地半封建社会的深渊 | | 清末新政(1901å¹´-1911年) | 1901å¹´-1905å¹´ | 未触及专制制度的新政 | 1906å¹´ | 宣布预备仿行宪政 | 1911å¹´ | 皇族内阁(满洲皇族为主)成立暴露其以立宪之名行专制集权之实 | | 辛亥革命 | 1894å¹´ | 孙中山在香山创立近代中国第一个革命团体——兴中会 | 1905å¹´ | 孙中山在东京成立同盟会,“十六字纲领”即三民主义,创办《民爆》 | 1911å¹´10月10æ—¥ | 武昌起义;后宣布改国号为中华民国 | 1912å¹´1月1æ—¥ | 孙中山在南京宣誓就职,中华民国南京临时政府正式成立。 | 1912å¹´ | 颁布临时参议院制定的具有资产阶级共和国性质《中华民国临时约法》 | 1912å¹´2月 | 宣统帝下诏退位,清朝结束 | 1912å¹´3月 | 袁世凯在北京就任临时大总统,辛亥革命果实落入其手中,北洋军阀统治开始(1912年——1927年) | | 第一次世界大战(1914å¹´-1918年) | 1914å¹´6月28æ—¥ | 萨拉热窝事件(塞尔维亚青年普林西普刺杀奥匈皇储)成为导火线 | 1914å¹´7月28æ—¥ | 第一次世界大战爆发 | 1918å¹´ | 一战以同盟国的失败结束 | 1919å¹´1月至6月 | 巴黎和会召开确立凡尔赛体系 | 1920å¹´ | 国际联盟成立 | 1921-1922å¹´ | 华盛顿会议召开确立华盛顿体系 | 1931å¹´ | 英国议会通过《威斯敏斯特法案》,英联邦正式成立 | 1917å¹´11月7æ—¥ | åæœˆé©å‘½èƒœåˆ©ï¼Œè‹ç»´åŸƒæ”¿æƒæˆç«‹ï¼Œçªç ´èµ„æœ¬ä¸»ä¹‰ä¸–ç•Œä½“ç³»ã€‚å¼€åˆ›ä¸¤ç§ç¤¾ä¼šåˆ¶åº¦ç«žäº‰çš„å±€é¢ | | | | 中国民主革命的转折 | | 民国初年(为维护或真正实现民主共和) | 1913å¹´ | 宋教仁被刺杀,引发二次革命(李烈钧在江西举兵),失败 | 1915å¹´ | 护国运动迫使袁世凯取消帝制(蔡锷在云南举兵) | 1916å¹´ | 袁世凯死后,中国进入军阀割据时期 | 1915å¹´9月 | é™ˆç‹¬ç§€åœ¨ä¸Šæµ·åˆ›åŠžã€Šé’å¹´æ‚å¿—ã€‹ï¼Œæ ‡å¿—æ–°æ–‡åŒ–è¿åŠ¨å¼€å§‹ | | 新民主主义革命时期(1919年——1949年) | | 五四运动与中国共产党成立时期 | 1919å¹´5月4æ—¥ | 彻底的反帝反封建的爱国运动——五四运动,新民主主义的开端 | 1921å¹´7月23æ—¥ | 上海后至浙江嘉兴南湖召开中共一大,中共成立 | | 国民革命(大革命)时期、第一次国共合作(1924年——1927年) | 1926å¹´ | åŒ—ä¼æˆ˜äº‰ï¼Œæ¶ˆç­å­™ä¼ èŠ³ã€å´ä½©å­šä¸»åŠ›ï¼Œæ ¹æœ¬ä¸ŠåŠ¨æ‘‡åŒ—æ´‹å†›é˜€çš„ç»Ÿæ²» | 1927å¹´4月12æ—¥ | 蒋介石在上海发动“四一二政变” | 1927å¹´4月18æ—¥ | 蒋介石在南京成立国民政府 | 1928å¹´ | 南京国民政府兴起改订新约运动,中国收回关税自主权 | | 土地革命时期、国共十年内战时期(1927年——1937年) | 1927å¹´10月 | æ¯›æ³½ä¸œå¼€åˆ›äº•å†ˆå±±å†œæ‘é©å‘½æ ¹æ®åœ°ï¼Œä»ŽåŸŽå¸‚èµ°å‘å†œæ‘ï¼Œæ˜¯ä¸­å›½é©å‘½å…·æœ‰è½¬æŠ˜æ„ä¹‰çš„æ–°èµ·ç‚¹ï¼›å®žè·µä¸Šå¼€è¾Ÿäº†å·¥å†œæ­¦è£…å‰²æ®é“è·¯ï¼ˆå†œæ‘åŒ…å›´åŸŽå¸‚ï¼Œæ­¦è£…å¤ºå–æ”¿æƒä¹‹è·¯ï¼‰ | 1928å¹´ | 朱德率领南昌起义余部与毛泽东部队会师,武装力量壮大。 | 1931å¹´9月18æ—¥ | 日本发动九一八事变,东北沦陷;1932年伪满洲国傀儡政权成立 | 1934å¹´ | 中央红军实行战略转移,从瑞金开始长征。 | 1936å¹´ | 三大主力红军会师于甘肃会宁地区,长征胜利结束 | | 抗日战争、第二次国共合作时期(1937年——1945年) | 1937å¹´7月7æ—¥ | ä¸ƒä¸ƒäº‹å˜å³å¢æ²Ÿæ¡¥äº‹å˜ï¼Œæ ‡å¿—æ—¥æœ¬å…¨é¢ä¾µåŽå¼€å§‹ï¼Œä¸­å›½å…¨æ°‘æ—æŠ—æˆ˜å¼€å§‹ | 1937å¹´8月 | 共产党改变军队为八路军、新四军 | 1937å¹´9月 | 蒋介石发表承认共产党合法地位的谈话,抗日民族统一战线正式形成 | 1937å¹´8月13æ—¥ | 日本发动八一三事变,淞沪抗战开始,3个月后上海沦陷 | 1937å¹´12月 | å—äº¬æ²¦é™·ï¼Œæ—¥å†›åˆ¶é€ äº†å—äº¬å¤§å± æ€ï¼Œå¼•èµ·ä¸­å›½å’Œå…¨ä¸–ç•Œäººæ°‘çš„æ„¤æ…¨ | 1945å¹´4月 | 抗战胜利前夜,中共七大召开,毛做《论联合政府》的报告,毛泽东思想成为中共一切工作的总方针 | 1945å¹´8月15æ—¥ | æ—¥æœ¬å¤©çš‡è£•ä»å®£å¸ƒæ— æ¡ä»¶æŠ•é™ï¼›9月2号正式签订投降书;抗战取得胜利——1840年以来中国反抗外侵第一次取得完全胜利的民族解放战争。成为中华民族走向复兴的历史转折点 | | 解放战争时期(1945年——1949年) | 1948年秋—1949年春 | 辽沈战役解放东北地区 | | 淮海战役解放华东和中原地区(徐州为中心) | | 平津战役解放天津、北平和平解放 | 1949å¹´4月 | 渡江战役,解放军渡过长江 | 1949å¹´4月23æ—¥ | 南京解放,宣告国民党统治的结束 | 1949å¹´5月27æ—¥ | 上海解放 | | 中华人民共和国时期(1949年——) | | 新民主主义社会向社会主义过渡时期(1949年——1956年) | 1949å¹´9月 | 中国人民政治协商会议召开,通过《共同纲领》,起临时宪法作用 | 1949å¹´10月1æ—¥ | 开国大典,中华人民共和国成立,结束三座大山统治,成为20世纪世界历史进程中最重大的事件之一 | 1950å¹´-1952å¹´ | 土地改革,实行《中华人民共和国土地改革法》,变地主土地所有制为农民土地所有制 | 1953å¹´ | è¿‡æ¸¡æ—¶æœŸæ€»è·¯çº¿æå‡ºï¼šä¸€åŒ–ä¸‰æ”¹é€ | 1953å¹´ | 第一个五年计划开始,集中力量发展重工业,建立国家工业化的国防现代化的初步基础。提前完成 | 1956å¹´ | ç¤¾ä¼šä¸»ä¹‰æ”¹é€ å®Œæˆï¼ˆå°†èµ„äº§é˜¶çº§ã€ä¸ªä½“å†œæ°‘ã€ä¸ªä½“æ‰‹å·¥ä¸šè€…å¾—ç”Ÿäº§èµ„æ–™ç§æœ‰åˆ¶æ”¹é€ æˆå…¬æœ‰åˆ¶ï¼‰ï¼Œä¸ºå»ºç«‹ç¤¾ä¼šä¸»ä¹‰åŸºæœ¬åˆ¶åº¦å¥ å®šç»æµŽåŸºç¡€ | | 社会主义建设的探索与曲折时期(1956——1976年) | 1958å¹´ | 中共八大二次会议提出总路线 | 三面红旗,左倾错误泛滥:忽视经济规律,过分夸大人的主观能动性 | | 开展大跃进、人民公社化运动 | | 1966å¹´ | 文化大革命开始 | 1976å¹´10月 | 粉碎“四人帮”,文化大革命结束 | | 改革开放时期(中国建设社会主义新时期、有中国特色社会主义时期) | 1978å¹´5月 | çœŸç†æ ‡å‡†é—®é¢˜è®¨è®ºï¼Œè§£æ”¾æ€æƒ³ | 1978å¹´12月 | 中共十一届三中全会召开,是中共历史上具有深远意义的伟大转折;制定的改革开放决策成为我国社会主义现代化建设的新起点 | 1982å¹´ | 中共十二大,邓小平首次提出“建设有中国特色的社会主义” | 1978年底、1979年初 | 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ç¾Žè‹±è”åˆå‘è¡¨ã€Šå¤§è¥¿æ´‹å®ªç« ã€‹ | 1942å¹´1月1æ—¥ | 《联合国家宣言》发表,世界反法西斯同盟正式形成 | 1943å¹´11月 | 美中英首脑举行开罗会议,发布《开罗宣言》,要求日本归还台湾等所有中国领土 | 1945å¹´5月8æ—¥ | 苏军攻克柏林,德国投降,欧洲战争结束 | 1945å¹´2月 | 雅尔塔会议 | 1945å¹´10月24æ—¥ | è”åˆå›½æ—¥ï¼Œã€Šè”åˆå›½å®ªç« ã€‹æ­£å¼ç”Ÿæ•ˆ | 1944å¹´7月 | 布雷顿森林国际金融会议召开,制定《布雷顿森林协定》,据此1945年成立国际货币基金组织、国际复兴开发银行(世界银行),布雷顿森林体系建立 | 1947å¹´ | 《关税与贸易总协定》缔结 | | 美苏冷战 | 1946å¹´3月 | 丘吉尔发表“富尔顿演说”(铁幕演说),冷战序幕拉开 | 1947å¹´ | æœé²é—¨ä¸»ä¹‰çš„æå‡ºæ ‡å¿—å†·æˆ˜æ­£å¼å¼€å§‹ | | ä¸¤å¤§é˜µè¥å½¢æˆã€ä¸¤æžæ ¼å±€å½¢æˆ | 1947å¹´ | 美国国务卿提出“马歇尔计划”(欧洲复兴计划) | 1947å¹´ | 苏联提出“莫洛托夫计划”,1949年成立经济互助委员会 | 1949å¹´ | 北大西洋公约组织成立 | 1955å¹´ | 华沙条约组织成立 | 1948å¹´ | 第一次柏林危机,导致德国分裂(1949年) | 20世纪50、60年代 | ç¾Žå›½å ä¼˜ï¼Œç¬¬äºŒæ¬¡æŸæž—å±æœºã€å¤å·´å¯¼å¼¹å±æœºä»¥è‹è”é€€è®©ç»“æŸ | 20世纪70年代 | è‹è”å ä¼˜ï¼Œç¾Žå›½é™·å…¥è¶Šå—æˆ˜äº‰ | 20世纪80年代 | ç¾Žå›½å ä¼˜ï¼Œé‡Œæ ¹æå‡ºâ€œæ˜Ÿçƒå¤§æˆ˜è®¡åˆ’â€ï¼Œå¼ºåŒ–å†›å¤‡ç«žèµ› | 20世纪80年代末 | 东欧剧变(波兰、匈牙利、捷克斯洛伐克等由社会主义转变为资本主义) | 1990å¹´10月 | 德国统一 | 1991å¹´12月 | 苏联(1922年——1991年)解体 | | 西欧一体化(区域经济联合的范例) | 1950å¹´ | 法国外长舒曼提出“舒曼计划”,联合经营法德煤钢企业 | 1951å¹´ | 《欧洲煤钢联营条约》签订,建立煤钢共同体 | 1957å¹´ | 《罗马条约》,欧洲经济共同体、原子能共同体成立 | 1967å¹´ | 欧共体成立 | 1993å¹´ | ã€Šæ¬§æ´²è”ç›Ÿæ¡çº¦ã€‹è¢«å…¨ä½“æˆå‘˜å›½æ‰¹å‡†ï¼Œæ¬§ç›Ÿæ­£å¼æˆç«‹ï¼Œæ”¿æ²»ä¸€ä½“åŒ–å–å¾—é‡å¤§çªç ´ | 2002å¹´ | 欧元启动 | | 经济全球化与区域经济合作 | 1967å¹´ | 东盟成立,1997年中、日、韩与其建立10+3模式,推动区域经济合作 | 1960å¹´ | 石油输出国组织(欧佩克)成立 | 1994å¹´ | 摩洛哥马拉喀什国际会议正式决定成立世界贸易组织 | 1995å¹´ | 世界贸易组织开始运作,负责管理世界经济和贸易秩序 |

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...To understand problems in today’s society, one must possess an understanding of the history of social movements that have led us to our current standing in time. History is meaningful and relevant from a psychological perspective because it allows us to understand how dynamics between social groups have developed over time, and this understanding can also be useful in the application of public policy (Perlman, Hunter, & Stewart, 2015). However, just because a historical event or social movement may transform policy, it doesn’t necessarily shift individual attitudes. Perpetrators and victims of historical injustice often view events differently because they have different incentives for acknowledging the past. People who benefit from inequality tend to distance themselves and blame the victims, while the victims attempt to preserve memories of past atrocities (Perlman et al., 2015)....

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Meaning of History

...The Meaning of History Student’s Name University Affiliation MEANING OF HISTORY The term history combines a number of terminologies for it to have a meaning. It therefore refers to a systematic account of natural phenomena involving accounts of events that are narrated in a chronological order and deal with past of mankind. History can also be defined as the dialogues that relates the present with the past. Evolution of mankind sometimes defines the word history. It explains the story of man and his progression in civilization, his downfalls, successes, his laws and wars, religion, arts and development. In other words it can be summarized as the biography of great men who were heroes in the past. The origin of history started way back in Greek being connected to the world famous historians Thucydides and Heredeotus.The word history also relates to writers or narrators of events referred to as historians e.g. we have historians narrating the new history of the Era of the Polis. History follows the example of discovering past human dimensions which one of the history authors divides it into five different stages. The Golden age, the Silver age, the age of Bronze and finally the Iron Age. History incorporates a number of significance that helps us to understand its meaning better. It makes life richer by providing importance to the books one reads, the sites one visits and the kind of...

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History Is a Lie

...novels, essays, historical and scientific works. His best-known histories are The Age of Louis XIV (1751), and his Essay on the Customs and the Spirit of the Nations (1756). He broke from the tradition of narrating political and military events, and emphasized traditions, societal history and achievements in the arts and sciences. One of his famous sayings, “History is the lie commonly agreed upon”, is quite contrary as some agree with it while others argue that that is not the case. Based on the analysis and readings I agree with what Voltaire said. Some people associate history with past whereas history is not the same as past. As past is the occurrence of all the events even the minor ones while history is the selection of some events from the past which are then given meaning to by the historians. So what we study is not actually history but historiography (the writings of history). An example of which can be a person selling gingerbread man in a low lying area and some random people come to his stall and beat him up and kill him [1]. So the historians will not give importance to this event – which is definitely part of the past but it is not the part of written history. At the same time history is majorly affected by the involvement of the role of power in its writing. History is always created by the winners. This means that the people who are on the winning end of any event will determine what the correct history will be. This can be seen with the example of Germany losing...

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