The sociology of emotions has increasingly emerged in recent decades (Turner & Stets 2006, p. 25). Various sociological perspectives have provided the literature different ways of understanding emotions. This paper will explore several major contributions of sociological studies into emotions. The theoretical perspectives of Durkheim (1976), Kemper (1978; 1987), Barbalet (1992), and Hochschild (2003; 1979; 1975) will be discussed. Furthermore, this paper will critically evaluate Hochschild’s (2003) concept of emotional labour. Critics have positively appraised and defended her thesis, where they argue that the concept is applicable and relevant in the workplace. However, many scholars have negatively evaluated her thesis by highlighting many …show more content…
Hochschild (2003, p. 7) defines emotional labour as the controlling of one’s own true feelings by creating a false outward appearance in order to maintain the feelings of others. Emotional labour differs from emotion work, as emotional labour is performed in a public environment that “is sold for a wage and therefore has exchange value” (Hochschild 2003 p. 7). According to Hochschild (2003), emotional labour comprises two methods in which an actor displays their appearance; surface acting and deep acting. Surface acting implies a change in how one externally appears (Hochschild 2003, p. 35). With deep acting, on the other hand, the actor shapes their inner self by generating a real feeling (Hochschild 2003, p. 35-6). Jobs that require emotional labour are characterised with three common features: direct contact with the public, being able to induce an emotion in the other person, and employer control over how employees act emotionally as part of their job (Hochschild 2003, p. 147). Her notable studies of flight attendants illustrates how an attendant must sustain her outward appearance and control her feelings as part of her job (Hochschild 2003, p. 8). Her façade acts to conceal her true feelings or mental state to keep passengers at ease (Hochschild 2003, p. 8). Hence, jobs of this kind usually require deep acting that is trained as an organisational requirement (Hochschild 2003, p. 33). Critics have shown positive appraisal for her work, stating that emotional labour is a hidden concept that requires more attention. However, many scholars have criticised her work by highlighting many weaknesses and limitations in her