...Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma is cancer that begins in the lymph system in the white blood cells. These white blood cells are called lymphocytes and are in the immune system to fight off disease and infections. These white blood cells are found in the spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, as well as other areas of the body. When these cells are abnormal they either duplicate faster than normal cells or live too long, no longer fighting off disease. The cells duplicating faster causes a tumor to develop. The malignant lymphocytes take over the healthy cells in the bone marrow causing the lymph nodes to enlarge. Lymph nodes are small structures within the body that contain immune cells that help fight infection by attacking and destroying germs that are carried through the lymph fluid. The human body has 500-600 lymph nodes with the largest grouping in the neck, armpit and groin area. Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, armpit, chest, abdomen or pelvis are the most common symptoms. Other symptoms could include fever, night sweats, difficulty breathing, rapid weight loss, being tired or an itchy rash. However, there are many common illnesses and infections...
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...Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma What is Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma you may ask? It’s a cancer that starts in white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are a part of the body's immune system. Over the years the rate of NHL has increased rapidly. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is different from Hodgkins because NHL includes different types of lymphoma while Hodgkin's does not. You may ask, what’s the difference in NHL and HL? Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma doesn’t include the Reed-Sternberg cells although Hodgkin's does. Any type of lymphoma that doesn’t have to do with Reed-Sternberg cells is classified as Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. All according to the Lymphoma Research Foundation. Non-Hodgkins is the 5th most common cancer and the 3rd fastest growing. Non-Hodgkin's...
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...The disease I choose to write about is Cancer, specifically Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is a large group of cancers of lymphocytes (white blood cells). The disease can occur at any age but most notably older than 60. Cancer is prominent on both sides of my family. On my mom’s side there is (my grandmother, my aunt) which have both passed with cancer and my mother, my uncle, and my grandfather all have cancer that is in remission at this time. On my dad’s side, there was my dad and a brother and a sister. All of these individuals have died from Cancer with the exception of my step-grandfather who was diagnosed around 65 in early stage of renal (kidney) cancer and my Aunt who was diagnosed with renal cancer 25 years ago. My grandfather is once again, fighting cancer and seems to be losing this time. My father’s oldest brother and oldest sister died from cancer. They died when I was young so I don't know much about their type of cancer or what their daily lives were like. My father on the other hand was a smoker and was diagnosed with cancer when he was 38. He went thru chemo and radiation but it did not help. He passed within six months of being diagnosed with the cancer. I was working at a fast food place when I was in high school and one night I fell at work decided I was ok to stay. Until, later that night when I got home and started having really bad pain in my back. I then decided I needed to go to the emergency room and there they did test. My kidney...
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...Hodgkin’s disease, also known as Hodgkin’s lymphoma, was first discovered as a cancer of the lymphatic system by a man named Thomas Hodgkin in 1832. Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a moderately rare disease. An estimate of nine-thousand people are diagnosed with Hodgkin’s disease every year in the United States, and out of the currently identified cancers, Hodgkin’s disease accounts for lower than one percent. Despite its rarity, approximately 80% of treated patients will be cured. What causes Hodgkin’s disease is not entirely known, but evidence has given rise to propositions involving viral infection, particularly of the Epstein-Barr virus. There are several noted risk factors that increase one’s chances of contracting Hodgkin’s disease. The pathophysiology...
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...BRAC UNIVERSITY SUMMER 2014 BTE 310: MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY DATE: 21.08.2014 ASSIGNMENT: LEUKEMIA SUBMITTED BY: Prateem Das ID: 12136014 BIOTECHNOLOGY, MNS SUBMITTED TO: ROMANA SIDDIQUE LECTURER MNS DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES Introduction Leukemia is a type of cancer that results in the body making too many abnormal white blood cells. This uncontrolled production results in an excessive amount of white blood cells that may be immature (acute leukemia) or mature (chronic leukemia). The leukemic cells may not function well to fight infection and may interfere with the production of red blood cells (which carry oxygen) and platelets (which control bleeding). Normally, white blood cells play an important role in the body's natural defence system. They target and destroy foreign invaders like viruses and bacteria. White blood cells are made in the marrow (the spongy core) of your bones. Without healthy and functioning white blood cells, the body is at risk of developing severe and sometimes fatal infections. Different types of leukemia Acute leukemia develops within days to weeks, and large numbers of immature cells called "blasts" build up. These cells can't function as well as normal white blood cells, so people with acute leukemia are at a higher risk of infection. Because the body is so busy producing "blasts," it can't make as many red blood cells or platelets, which can cause anemia and bleeding disorders. Chronic leukemia...
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...pathogen is non-cardia gastric cancer. Some H. Pylori are carriers of a toxin called cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA). They inject this toxin from a needle like appendage into the junctions where cells of the stomach lining meet. This toxin alters the structure of stomach cells and allows the bacteria to attach to them more easily. However, it suppresses needed proteins to the epithelial cells creating rapid reproduction of said cells. Furthermore, Gastric MALT lymphoma is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is characterized by the slow multiplication of B lymphocytes, a type of immune cell, in the stomach lining. This cancer represents approximately 12 percent of the extranodal (outside of lymph nodes) non-Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs among men and approximately 18 percent of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma among women (Wu, 337–346). Normally, the lining of the stomach lacks lymphoid tissue, but development of this tissue is often stimulated in response to colonization of the lining by H. pylori. Only in rare cases does...
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...| 2012 | | Leukemia and Lymphoma Society Tawanda Bryant | [Leukemia and Lymphoma Society] | The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS) is: Cure leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease and myeloma, and improves the quality of life of patients and their families. Providing free information and support services, Leukemia and Lymphoma funds lifesaving blood cancer research around the world. | LEUKEMIA & LYMPHOMA SOCIETY TAWANDA BRYANT 11410 COUNTY ROAD 20 BOLIGEE, AL 35443 (205) 336-9851 tbryant3030@yahoo.com LEADERSHIP and ORGANIZATIONAL MAR12 SEC AA March 9, 2012 INSTRUCTOR: SHAROLYN HERGOTT LEUKEMIA & LYMPHOMA SOCIETY I have picked this organization because my best friend passed away last year with leukemia and I wanted to find out more on this disease and what I can do to help. Been passionate and concern about not only her health but the health of her kids, my research will show why it is important to me as well as others. Having a passion for helping other in any way I can is what I am going for. I also like the face that I can somewhat relate to their illness and pain they endure within their life. I would love to find a quicker cure for these diseases, but I know others are working on something better. Having someone close to you with any type of disease, not just leukemia or lymphoma is hard to take in and understand. Having the ability to communicate, have critical thinking, collaboration, and the ability to problem solve is what I aim...
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...Advanced Pathophysiology Case Study 6 Case Study 6 Scenario: John is a 4 year-old boy who was admitted for chemotherapy following diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). He had a white blood cell count of 250,000. Clinical presentation included loss of appetite, easily bruised, gum bleeding, and fatigue. Physical examination revealed marked splenomegaly, pale skin color, temperature of 102°F, and upper abdomen tenderness along with nonspecific arthralgia. Pathophysiology signs and symptoms The primary pathophysiological etiology for signs, symptoms and laboratory findings in 4 year-old John’s case study are secondary splenomegaly as a result of primary Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Because of its proximity to the diaphragm, splenomegaly results in pain or fullness in the left upper abdomen (subsequent tenderness and loss of appetite) that may spread to the left shoulder (non-specific arthralgia). Splenomegaly may result in anemia (bruising, bleeding gums, decrease in pallor) fatigue and frequent infections (4 year old John’s WBC 250, 000 count and fever 102°F). However, in John’s case, some of the symptoms related to splenomegaly can also overlap with those of his diagnosis of ALL such as fever and abdominal distention. Additionally, anorexia, headache, seizures, lethargy, arthralgia, infection, and bruising are also potential side effects (Ghazi et al., 2010). Pathophysiology of acute lymphoblastic leukemia-AML comparison According to Gedaly...
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...consumers (humans) those who consume them on a daily basis. How have these pesticides affected the health of the people who continually ingest them? Throughout the years, the physical health of people has been negatively impacted by the use of dangerous pesticides. To begin with the carcinogens found in pesticides have been linked to the development of various types of cancers. One type of cancer that seemed to have a presence among farmers who sprayed their crops with pesticides was cancer known as non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. This cancer is the most prevalent when relating to the people who administer the pesticides. Alavanja states that “Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is among the most widely studied cancers in relation to pesticide use. In reviews of the literature, Blair & Zahm (32, 34) reported that NHL has been linked with phenoxyacetic acid herbicides, organochlorine pesticides, and organophosphate pesticides in analytical epidemiological studies”(Alavanja). This shows how many different types of these pesticides have been traced back to these chemicals that are found in something as simple as a Granny Smith apple. Alavanja also discusses other types of cancer that have been linked to the use of pesticides including Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma, Soft-Tissue Sarcoma, Prostate Cancer, Lung Cancer, Ovarian...
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...Pathophysiology: Neoplasia and Renal System School of Nursing 1. Cancer Staging Cancer staging describes the severity of a person’s cancer based on the person’s initial tumor, and whether or not the cancer has metastasized (American Cancer Society, 2012, www.cancer.org). Knowledge of the stage is very important in that is can be used to explain prognosis to the patient, and can be used by the doctor and the patient to plan treatment. Staging of cancer is based on knowledge of the way in which cancer progresses in the body. Malignant cells grow and reproduce without any control or order, and they do not die when they should. In most cases the cancer cells will form a mass called a tumor. As the tumor grows it can invade tissues and organs that are close to it. The malignant cells can also break away from the tumor and enter the bloodstream (Lemone, 2004, p. 284). There are five common elements considered in most staging systems: site of the primary tumor, tumor size and number, lymph node involvement, cell type, and the presence or absence of metastasis. A common staging system is called TNM, which stands for Tumor, lymph Nodes, and Metastasis. When staging a number is added to each letter to indicate the size of the primary tumor and the extent of the cancer spread. (Lemone, 2004, p. 284) Infection, immunity and inflammation in cancer patients are all interrelated. They form what could be...
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...The most common cases being from patients with a history of diseases such as: breast cancer, lymphoma, and lung cancer; which claims about 80% of all cases reported. Less common causes of this syndrome occur from complications of central venous catheters and pacemakers that cause blood clots to form within the veins. As stated in one study, “in other parts of the world, infection (syphilis and tuberculosis) is another cause of superior vena cava syndrome”(Wedro, MD, FACEP, FAAEM). The first case of SVCS was report in 1757 by a man named William Hunter. He described the syndrome in a patient with syphilitic aortic aneurysm. Since then this condition has grown secondary to...
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...B-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma 2 is a special type of proto-oncogene found on chromosome 18. Its product is an integral membrane protein (called BCL-2) located in the membrane of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), the nuclear envelope, and in the outer membranes of the Mitochondria. The gene was discovered as a trans located locus in B-cell Leukemia, and found also in most B-cell Lymphomas. In the cancerous B-cells, the amount of chromosome 18 holding the BCL-2 locus has undergone a reciprocal translocation with the portion of chromosome 14, holding the antibody heavy chain locus. This (14; 18) translocation places the BCL-2 gene close to the heavy chain gene enhancer. This enhancer is active in the B cells- whose job is to synthesize large amounts of the antibody-. So it is not very surprising to discover that the BCL-2 protein is expressed at high levels in these T (14; 18) cells. B-cells, like all activated lymphocytes, die after they have done their jobs. This makes sure they do not linger after the threat has...
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...Acidosis and Alkalosis Know your acid-bases! Week 5 Topic 5 Cardiovascular Causes of Fatigue Cor-pulmonale, cardiomyopathies Week 6 Topic 6 Thyroid, Adrenal, Liver Fatigue Hashimoto’s thyroiditis vs. DeQuervain vs. nodular goiter vs. secondary hypothyroidism Cirrhosis, Addison disease lab tests and hormone responsible. Is it high or low? Week 7 Topic 7 Bleeding as Indicator of Disease Pathophysiology of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Pathophysiology of Hemophilia Ulcers Week 8 Topic 8 Fever and Chills Beta-hemolytic streptococcus and Rheumatic fever signs/symptoms and lab findings (and Infective Endocarditis). Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Acute myelogenous leukemia, Chronic myelogenous leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma signs, symptoms, and lab findings Glomerulonephritis, mononucleosis Week 9 Topic 9 Respiratory...
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...Leukemia Society Outline 1. Introduction A. Definition of Leukemia B. How it affects the population C. The scale of population affected 2. Leukemia Society A. History of the society B. How it was formed C. Controversy 3. Factors that necessitated the formation of the organization A. To provide support to victims and families B. To provide funding for research on leukemia 4. Governance A. How is the organization governed B. Its mission C. How does the organization fulfill its mission 5. Personal views about the society A. The significance of the organization B. Importance to the society 6. Conclusion 7. A. summary of facts and arguments about the Leukemia society Leukemia Society Organization Introduction/ Disease Leukemia is a disease that is associated with the abnormal or immature white blood cells which are generally referred to as leukemia cells. These leukemia cells do not do the normal function of the white blood cells, which helps the organism to fight against body infections. Leukemia is also said to be the cancer of the body’s blood forming tissues such as the bone marrow and the lymphatic system. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of immature blood cells (white blood cells/leukocytes) becomes damaged in certain ways. Hence, these activities cause the blood cells grow and divide abnormally (Klosterman 26). In addition, abnormal blood cells do not die as easily as it is the custom...
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...Hyper-IgE syndromes, 2005). History The autosomal dominant HIES was first described in 1966 by Davis, Schaller and Wedgwood. They investigated a rare case of two red-haired girls with recurrent eczema, pneumonia and staphylococcal skin infections and referred to it as Job’s syndrome (Davis, Schaller, & Wedgwood, 1966). Later on, in 1972, Buckley et al. worked on a case of two boys presenting the same symptoms as well as eosinophilia, severe dermatitis and elevated serum IgE levels and referred to it as Buckley’s syndrome (Buckley, Wray BB, & Belmaker, 1972). Further research in the first case of the two girls confirmed that they also had high serum IgE levels and abnormalities in neutrophil chemotaxis suggesting that both Davis and Buckley were describing the same syndrome (Hill, et al., 1974). For many years the condition was only associated with the immune system. In 1999, Grimbacher et al., proved that autosomal dominant HIES also affects the skeletal and connective tissue in a study involving 30 patients with hyper-IgE syndrome and 70 of their relatives. The majority of the patients were presented with either recurrent bone fractures, scoliosis or hyperextensible joints (Grimbacher B. , et al., 1999). Even though the symptoms had been investigated the underlying cause of the condition was still unknown. In 2006, a case of a patient with mild HIES was investigated and...
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