...ANSWER TO QUESTIONS: 1. How would a consumer’s level of involvement, need for cognition, and level of information search affect the purchase of a new car? THEORY: The consumer buying decision process is a five-stage purchase decision process which includes problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase, and post-purchase evaluation. The problem recognition occurs when a buyer becomes aware of a difference between a desired state and an actual condition.After the consumer becomes aware of the problem or need, he or she searches for information about products that will help resolve the problem or satisfy the need. Repetition, a technique well known to advertisers, increases consumers’ learning. Repetition eventually may cause wear-out, meaning consumers pay less attention to the commercial and respond to it lessfavourably than they did at first. A successful information search within a product category yields a consideration set (aka evoked set), which is a group of brands that the buyer views as possible alternatives.Purchase selection is based on the outcome of the evaluation stage and other dimensions.After purchase, the buyer begins to evaluate the product to ascertain if the actual performance meets expected levels. Cognitive dissonance is a buyer’s doubts that arise shortly after a purchase about whether it was the right decision. REALISTIC: During the daily using a car or a public transportation, he will realize if he need to buy a new...
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...Contents overview List of figures List of tables List of mini case studies Acknowledgements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Introduction to International Marketing The International Marketing Environment The International Marketing Information and Research Process International Competitive Marketing Strategies Market Selection Decisions and Entry Strategies Management of Exporting and Importing International Marketing Operations and Planning Product and Brand Decisions for International Marketing Service Strategies for International Marketing International Channels of Distribution and Logistics Management Pricing Decisions in International Markets Integrated International Marketing Communications International Business-To-Business Marketing Retail Internationalization and Marketing The Internet and International Marketing Ethics and International Marketing Index xix xxi xxiii xxiv 1 34 68 104 138 172 209 239 274 303 335 367 401 430 454 478 507 Contents List of figures List of tables List of mini case studies Acknowledgements 1 Introduction to International Marketing Introduction The nature of international marketing Contextual determinants of international marketing Historical development Definition of international marketing Relationship with other business fields A theoretical framework for international marketing Approaches to internationalization Factors causing internationalization The process of firms’ internationalization A holistic approach The motivation...
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...UNIT – 1 / ADVERTISING Advertising Literal meaning of Advertising: Advertising was originated from a Latin term ―advertire‖ which means ―to turn to.‖ The dictionary meaning of the term advertising is ―to give public notice or to announce publicly.‖ Definition of Advertising: The American Marketing Association has defined Advertising as ―any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of goods, services or ideas by an identified sponsor.‖ Elaboration of the above definition: First advertising is ―paid for‖ that means it involves commercial transaction. Secondly advertising is ―non-personal‖ that means it is directed towards a mass audience not directed towards any individual as it is in the case of personal selling. Finally advertising is identifiable with its sponsoring authority or advertiser. It discloses or identifies the source of opinions and ideas, it presents. Einstein College of Engineering Objectives of Advertising: There are two types of Advertising Objectives, I. II. General Objectives. Specific Objectives. I. General Objective a) Stimulating Demand – It can be done in two ways, first the present users of the product may be persuaded to increase the present rate for product consumption. Second way is to attract the new users into the market by telling them the qualities of the product. b) Increased profits. II. Specific Objectives of Advertising a) Preparing ground for new product. b) Facing competition. c) Informing the changes to the...
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...BRANDS AND BRANDING: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND FUTURE PRIORITIES Kevin Lane Keller Tuck School of Business Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755 (603) 646-0393 (o) (603) 646-1308 (f) kevin.keller@dartmouth.edu Donald R. Lehmann Graduate School of Business Columbia University 507 Uris Hall 3022 Broadway New York, NY 10027 (212) 854-3465 (o) (212) 854-8762 (f) drl2@columbia.edu August 2004 Revised February 2005 Second Revision May 2005 Thanks to Kathleen Chattin from Intel Corporation and Darin Klein from Microsoft Corporation, members of the Marketing Science Institute Brands and Branding Steering Group, and participants at the Marketing Science Institute Research Generation Conference and 2004 AMA Doctoral Consortium for helpful feedback and suggestions. BRANDS AND BRANDING: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND FUTURE PRIORITIES ABSTRACT Branding has emerged as a top management priority in the last decade due to the growing realization that brands are one of the most valuable intangible assets that firms have. Driven in part by this intense industry interest, academic researchers have explored a number of different brand-related topics in recent years, generating scores of papers, articles, research reports, and books. This paper identifies some of the influential work in the branding area, highlighting what has been learned from an academic perspective on important topics such as brand positioning, brand integration, brand equity measurement, brand growth...
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...Marketing Management, Millenium Edition Philip Kotler Custom Edition for University of Phoenix Excerpts taken from: A Framework for Marketing Management, by Philip Kotler Copyright © 2001by Prentice-Hall, Inc. A Pearson Education Company Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Marketing Management Millenium Edition, Tenth Edition, by Philip Kotler Copyright © 2000 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Compilation Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Custom Publishing. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein that first appeared elsewhere. Permission to reprint these has been obtained by Pearson Custom Publishing for this edition only. Further reproduction by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, must be arranged with the individual copyright holders noted. This special edition published in cooperation with Pearson Custom Publishing Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Please visit our web site at www.pearsoncustom.com ISBN 0–536–63099-2 BA 993095 PEARSON CUSTOM PUBLISHING 75 Arlington Street, Suite 300, Boston, MA 02116 A Pearson Education Company SECTION ONE Understanding Marketing Management Marketing in...
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...داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﮔﺮوه ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ MBA ﺑﺮﻧﺪﻳﻨﮓ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ و ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ، ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎ و راﻫﻜﺎرﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﺎد: ﺟﻨﺎب آﻗﺎي دﻛﺘﺮ ﻓﻀﻠﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ و ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ: ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﺳﺪي ﺤﻤ آذر و دي 9831 ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ 1 ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ اول - ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎي ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ در ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺪ 2 ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ دوم - ﺑﺎزﺧﻮرد ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺪ: ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻐﺎت 81 ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔﻲ - ﺑﺮﻧﺪﻳﻨﮓ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺪ: ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ و ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ، ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎ و راﻫﻜﺎرﻫﺎ 23 ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ 1 – اﺻﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ اول 84 ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ 2 – اﺻﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ دوم 65 i ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ، ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺑﺪون ﻧﺎم ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﺗﻨﻬﺎ واﺳﻄﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮاد اوﻟﻴﻪ و ﻣﺼﺮفﻛﻨﻨﺪة ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ و ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻮدن ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ و دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ آنﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ، اﺻﻮﻻً رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ و ﺷﻜﻞ اﻣﺮوز وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ زﻣﺎن و ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ، ﻗﺮن ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ دورة ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﺪل ﮔﺸﺘﻪ و ﻻزﻣﺔ ﻣﺼﻮن ﻣﺎﻧﺪن از ﺗﺒﻌﺎت اﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺳﺮﻳﻊ، ﺑﻪ روز ﻧﮕﻪ داﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﺰﻳﺘﻬﺎي رﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ اﺳﺖ. ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ در ادﺑﻴﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ، از آن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺰﻳﺖ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﻳﺎد ﻣﻲﺷﻮد، »ﺑﺮﻧﺪ« اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺔ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮاردي از ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻧﺎم ﺗﺠﺎري، ﻟﻮﮔﻮ، ﺷﻌﺎر ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻐﺎﺗﻲ و ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ از اﻳﻦ دﺳﺖ را در ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ. اﻣﺎ واﻗﻌﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ ﻓﺮاﺗﺮ از ﻫﻤﺔ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮارد اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﻧﺪ، ﺣﺴﻲ از ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻳﻚ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ذﻫﻦ ﻣﺼﺮفﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺣﻚ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺲ، ﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ارزش ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﺮده و ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ زﻣﺎن ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ از داراﻳﻲﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد. در اﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ، دو ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺎوﻳﻦ »ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎي ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ...
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...62118 0/nm 1/n1 2/nm 3/nm 4/nm 5/nm 6/nm 7/nm 8/nm 9/nm 1990s 0th/pt 1st/p 1th/tc 2nd/p 2th/tc 3rd/p 3th/tc 4th/pt 5th/pt 6th/pt 7th/pt 8th/pt 9th/pt 0s/pt a A AA AAA Aachen/M aardvark/SM Aaren/M Aarhus/M Aarika/M Aaron/M AB aback abacus/SM abaft Abagael/M Abagail/M abalone/SM abandoner/M abandon/LGDRS abandonment/SM abase/LGDSR abasement/S abaser/M abashed/UY abashment/MS abash/SDLG abate/DSRLG abated/U abatement/MS abater/M abattoir/SM Abba/M Abbe/M abbé/S abbess/SM Abbey/M abbey/MS Abbie/M Abbi/M Abbot/M abbot/MS Abbott/M abbr abbrev abbreviated/UA abbreviates/A abbreviate/XDSNG abbreviating/A abbreviation/M Abbye/M Abby/M ABC/M Abdel/M abdicate/NGDSX abdication/M abdomen/SM abdominal/YS abduct/DGS abduction/SM abductor/SM Abdul/M ab/DY abeam Abelard/M Abel/M Abelson/M Abe/M Aberdeen/M Abernathy/M aberrant/YS aberrational aberration/SM abet/S abetted abetting abettor/SM Abeu/M abeyance/MS abeyant Abey/M abhorred abhorrence/MS abhorrent/Y abhorrer/M abhorring abhor/S abidance/MS abide/JGSR abider/M abiding/Y Abidjan/M Abie/M Abigael/M Abigail/M Abigale/M Abilene/M ability/IMES abjection/MS abjectness/SM abject/SGPDY abjuration/SM abjuratory abjurer/M abjure/ZGSRD ablate/VGNSDX ablation/M ablative/SY ablaze abler/E ables/E ablest able/U abloom ablution/MS Ab/M ABM/S abnegate/NGSDX abnegation/M Abner/M abnormality/SM abnormal/SY aboard ...
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