...Planning for Family-Friendly Communities Briefing Paper April 2010 Child care and community development by Kristen Anderson & Ellen Dektar, Local Investment in Child Care (LINCC) The American Planning Association (APA) has long recognized in its Policy Guide on the Provision of Child Care (1997) that child care is a critical component of livable communities for many families in urban, suburban and rural areas, and that local planning policies can play an important role in ensuring adequate child care. Whether by necessity or choice, the majority of parents work and many depend upon formal, organized out‐of‐home care. Since there is no federal or state universal child care system or guidelines for child care planning, most communities have supply gaps that are especially pronounced for infant/toddler age groups and lower income families. Preschool‐age programs (mostly part‐day) are proliferating nationally due to public awareness of the value of early learning. State spending on preschool increased from $2.4 billion to $4.2 billion nationwide between 2005 and 2007 (Wat, 2007). Similarly, federal and state spending on child care subsidies has more than tripled in the last decade, but most communities still face problems with inadequate supply of quality, affordable child care (Warner 2007). The majority of child care and part‐day preschool centers are run by private or nonprofit entities (rather than school districts or cities) and supported largely by parent fees ...
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...alone either due to the loss of their spouse, pregnancies out of wedlock, or divorce; however, has anyone truly recognized the effects that the lack of even one parental figure has on a child? There are three major perspectives on the debate about the effects of single motherhood on childhood development: single motherhood can be beneficial to childhood development, single motherhood can have a negative effect on the child, and there can be both positive and negative effects on the child. A widely known perspective from the single motherhood debate would be that being raised in a home without a paternal role may be beneficial to a child’s...
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...EFFECT OF BROKEN HOMES ON THE LEARNING PERFORMANCE IN MATHEMATICS OF JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS (A CASE STUDY IN LAGELU L.G.A OF OYO STATE) ABSTRACT This study examines the effect of broken homes on the learning performance/academic achievement in mathematics of Junior Secondary School students in Lagelu L.G.A. in Oyo state. According to the U.S census Bureau, half of all first marriages end in divorce, while 60% of divorcing couples have children. 36.3% of children live with their mothers. This study therefore sought to analyse the contribution of broken homes whether positively or negatively on the academic performance of the students in mathematics, the socio- economic status of the parents and how it affects the students’ performance, the interest of the parent toward child’s education and how it affects the child’s performance, relationship between students performance and their home situation and also to make recommendation towards the means of safe guarding the academic performance of children from broken homes. To achieve these objectives, the researcher employed a survey research design. A random sampling technique was used to select one hundred and fifty (150) students in five (5) selected secondary schools in Lagelu L.G.A. Out of 150 respondents, only 109 respondents completed and returned the questionnaire for the purpose of the study...
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...Background of the Study The responsibility of training a child always lies in the hand of the parents. This is congruent with the common assertion sociologist that education can be an instrument of cultural change which is being taught from home is relevant in this discuss. It is not out of place to imagine that parental socio–economic background can have possible effects on the academic achievement of children in school. Whatsoever affect the development environment of children would possibly affect their education or disposition to it. Parental status is one of such variables. When a woman's nutritional status improves, so too does the nutrition of her young children (Lisa et al, 2003). Rothestein has asserted as follows: "Parents of different occupation classes often have different styles of child rearing, different ways of disciplining their children and different ways of reacting to their children education needs. These differences do not express themselves consistently as expected in the case of every family; rather they influence the average tendencies of families for different occupational classes." (Rothestein, 2004). Socioeconomic status can be defined as a person’s overall social position to which attainments in both the social and economic domain contribute. (Ainley et al., 1995). When used in studies of secondary school students school achievement, it refers to the SES of the parents or family. Socio-economic status is determined by individual achievements in education;...
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...children 2) Economic-utilitarian value of children 3) Social-normative value of children. Psychological-emotional reasons for getting children are for instance; 'to have someone to love and care for', 'because of the pleasure you get from watching children grow' and 'because it's fun to have young children around the house'. Statements such as 'because a child helps around the house', 'to have one more person to help the family economically' or 'children can help when you're old' illustrate the economic-utilitarian dimension. The dimension of social-normative value of children is expressed by items such as 'to carry on the family name' or 'because parenthood improves your standing and betters your reputation among your kin'. The decision for or against children is embedded in different context levels. Certain institutional conditions, the structures of opportunity, the relational and social network and the individual characteristics of the (potential) parents determine the value of children for the parents. For instance in countries with institutional alternatives for covering the risks of life like illness and unemployment, such as Germany and Israel, regarding this intergenerational relations are not that important. So the economic dimension of value of children...
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...Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper no. 1044-94 Long-Term Poverty and Child Development in the United States: Results from the NLSY Sanders Korenman Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs and Center for Population Analysis and Policy University of Minnesota Jane E. Miller Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research Rutgers University John E. Sjaastad Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs University of Minnesota September 1994 This research was funded by a grant from the Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of Wisconsin. An earlier version of part of this paper appeared as part of Office of Population Research Working Paper No. 93-5, Princeton University, June 1993, which contains supplemental analyses and is available from the authors. We thank participants in seminars at the University of Maryland, the University of Michigan, Princeton University, the National Bureau of Economic Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the 1993 meetings of the Population Association of America for their comments. Abstract The authors describe developmental deficits in early childhood associated with long-term poverty in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). They compare estimates of the effects of long-term poverty (based on a thirteen-year average of income) to estimates of the effects of poverty based on a single year of income (at the time of developmental assessment). They find substantial developmental deficits among...
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...The impact of early education as a strategy in countering socio-economic disadvantage Research paper for Ofsted’s ‘Access and achievement in education 2013 review’ Professor Chris Pascal and Professor Tony Bertram UK Research Team: Sean Delaney, Selma Manjee, Marjory Perkins and Manja Plehn International Research Team: Alice Bennett, Carol Nelson, Sarina Razzak and Maureen Saunders Centre for Research in Early Childhood (CREC) © Centre for Research in Early Childhood (CREC) 2013 The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of Ofsted. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to Elizabeth Boulton at publishing@ofsted.gov.uk or Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2 6SE This publication is available at www.ofsted.gov.uk/accessandachievement. No. 130155-RR-005 In June 2012, Sir Michael Wilshaw, HMCI, stated his determination to address the issue of narrowing the gap of educational achievement between disadvantaged pupils and others. To support this intention, The Centre for Research in Early Childhood has been commissioned by OfSTED to conduct a review looking at the impact of Early Childhood Education (ECE) initiatives to combat social and economic disadvantage, both in the UK and internationally. This paper: Examines the impact of nati...
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...PARENTS’ SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AND STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE. CHAPTER ONE Background to the Study It is an undebatable fact that the home is the fulcrum around which the early years of a child revolves. The central figures are the parents. While child-bearing and child-rearing cannot be divorced one from the other, the type of child-rearing practiced in a family has a tremendous impact on the entire life of the child including his or her academic life. Generally, the social climate or environment in which an individual finds him or her self to a large extent determines his or her behaviour and personality development. Consequently, parental guidance and discipline usually influence the behaviour of the children and at the apex of this parental influence is the mother. According to Olayinka and Omoegun (2001), the word "family" has its origin in the Latin word which could be translated to mean "domestic group". A domestic group is a group of people who habitually share a common dwelling and common food supply. According to Murdoch (1965) family is a social group characterized by common residence, economic, cooperation and reproduction; it includes adults of both sexes, at least two of who maintains a socially approved sexual relationship and one more children, own or adopted by the sexually cohabiting adult. The family provides for the physical maintenance of the child, offers him his first and most continuing social contracts, and gives him affection and other emotional...
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...school. Some policy makers, during sometime, have suggested a school’s funding will be determined by how well their students perform on the tests. In theory it is wonderful, the schools that do well will be rewarded for their excellence. In practice it will most likely become another opportunity for the rich school districts to succeed and the poor school districts to fail. Revenue caps and high stakes testing appear to be an inevitable part of our future so we must find affordable, effective means for inspiring students and their families to improve student outcome. One way may be parental involvement. Another way might be to teach effective parenting skills which could in turn increase parental involvement in education particularly home economics. Numerous studies have been done to confirm the assumption that students do better when their parents are involved in their education especially in their course of study (Bronfenbrenner, Karnes & Lee, Florin & Doke are cited by the State of Iowa Department of Education, 1998 p. 1). “Henderson and Berla’s study (as cited in Bowen,1999 p. 1), stated, “According...
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...broken homes and academic achievement of secondary school students in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. Full Text: The study investigated the relationship between broken homes and academic achievement of students. Three research hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study was correlational because the study sought to establish the extent of relationship between broken homes and academic achievement. The statistical method used in analyzing the data was the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r). Reliable and validated questionnaires which were designed to elicit information on the hypotheses of study were used. Six senior secondary schools were randomly selected for the study. One hundred and fifty respondents from single parent homes were used for the study. 25 respondents were randomly selected from six schools. Results showed a significant relationship between broken homes and academic achievement of students. It was also discovered that female students from broken homes perform better in their studies than the male students, moreover, the result showed that low socio-economic status, also had an adverse effect on the academic performance of children from broken homes. It is recommended that personal social counselling should be rendered to students from broken homes, with a view to counselling students who are experiencing some challenges Keywords: Stable homes, broken homes, Academic achievement, gender and socio-economic status...
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...effects on childhood development. These factors vary widely, and encompass social, economic and ecological areas, as well as the physical environment in which a child is raised, influenced by neighborhood location, home life and educational facilities. Lorraine Maxwell, associate professor of design and environmental analysis at Cornell University defines these environments as "settings where a person spends a great deal of time and establishes important relationships." (Ulrich 12) When combined, these factors directly and indirectly influence the physical and emotional development of children. Negative impacts of environment on early upbringing have been shown to affect many areas, including behavior and academic performance, social and emotional issues, as well as actual physical development of the brain. Urie Brofenbrenner defined this relationship between development and the environment in his "Proposition 1" which went on to say, "especially in its early phases, and to a great extent throughout the life course, human development takes place through processes of progressively more complex reciprocal interaction between an active, evolving biopsychological human organism and persons, objects, and symbols in its immediate environment." (Brofenbrenner 38). In this early work Brofenbrenner explains the ecological model of human development, and his Proposition 1 explains the importance of the environment in the process of early human development. The Urban Child Institute states...
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...Environmental influences that affect development are the child’s social/ cultural environment, thus family, educators, religion, culture, and economic status. Secondly, nurturing in a relationship with primary educators essential for healthy development and impact on brain development. Lastly, physical environment, health, nutrition, safety and geographic location of the child. Child development cannot happen in isolation, therefore, the environment and social factors influence a child’s development immensely. Economic status can affect the child’s development if the child has a poor diet due to poverty can result in many delays in development (Kearns, 2014). Many family tradition and practices can alternate the child’s development. Sociocultural...
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...the child’s channel of contact with the world. The child as a result, acquires initial education and socialization from parents and other significant members of the family. Agulana (1999) stated that the family lays the psychological, moral and spiritual foundation in the overall development of the child. There is no such thing as the perfect family. Every family is unique with its own combination of strengths and weaknesses. Sometimes families get overwhelmed by what seems like an endless list of challenges when it comes to juggling work, school and individual family members' needs. Over the past 20 years single-parent families have become even more common than the so-called "nuclear family" consisting of a mother, father and children. Today we see all sorts of single parent families: headed by mothers, headed by fathers, headed by grandparents raising their grandchildren. Life in a single parent household - though common - can be quite demanding and stressful for the adult and the children. Structurally, family/homes is either broken or intact. A broken home in this context, is one that is not structurally intact, it could be as a result of divorce, separation, death of one parent, economic status and illegitimacy. According to Frazer (2001), psychological home conditions arise mainly from illegitimacy of children, the label of adopted child, broken home, divorce and parental deprivation. Such abnormal conditions of the home are likely to have a detrimental effect on the student...
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...More children are living below the poverty line in America today than when the war on poverty began almost fifty years ago. Despite consistent efforts by the government, nonprofit organizations, and the people themselves, poverty rates in 2012 are very similar to the early 1960s. Social security and Medicaid have reduced the number of seniors living in poverty, but the plight of children has worsened. Several factors have contributed to this problem. As measured by inflation adjusted dollars, wages of low-skill jobs have declined. The number of families headed by unmarried mothers has risen, and large numbers of immigrants with little education have entered the U.S. The combination of these factors have resulted in approximately 20% of our country’s children living in poverty, which is 50% higher than 1969. Historically, the foundational basis for lifting the disenfranchised out of poverty is education. One of the first steps of the civil rights movement was a grassroots movement educating the poor and disenfranchised to a level of literacy that would enable them to register to vote. This strategy was led by Stephen Currier and his wife, Audrey Bruce, the granddaughter of Andrew Mellon, during the early 1960s. Their Taconic Foundation brought the leading civil rights groups together with other foundations including the Stern, Rockefeller, and Norman foundations. The funding to civil rights advocacy associations was matched with volunteers throughout the South who tutored...
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...The Effect Of Socio-Economic Background On Academic Performance Of Secondary School Biology Students (A Case Study Of Enugu North LGA) TABLE OF CONTENT Title page ……………………………………………………………. i Approval Page………………………………………………………….ii Certification……………………………………………………………iii Table of Content ……………………………………………………….iv List of tables…………………………………………………………….v Dedication………………………………………………………………vi Acknowledgement………………………………………………………vii Abstract…………………………………………………………………Viii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the Study………………………………………………..1 Statement of the problems………………………………………………7 Purpose of the study ……………………………………………………7 Significant of the study………………………………………………… 8 Research Questions ……………………………………………………. 9 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Factors that affect academic performance……………………………...10 Nature and important of Biology……………………………………….15 Concept of socio- Economic status…………………………………….16 Summary of reviewed literature……………………………… ……….19 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design…………………………………………………………21 Area of the Study……………………………………………………….22 Population of Study……………………………………………………..22 Sample and Sampling Techniques……………………………………....22 Instrument for Data Collection………………………………………….22 Method of Data Collection……………………………………………...23 Method of Data Analysis………………………………………………..23 Validity of Instrument…………………………………………………..23 Reliability of Instrument………………………………………………..24 CHAPTER FOUR Data presentation and Analysis…………………………………………25 Research Question 1……………………………………………………25...
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