...Homeostatic Imbalance The tendency to maintain a constant internal environment is called homeostasis. Homeostasis refers to the internal balance the body must maintain to ensure health. Every Human cell, organ and system in the body relies on a stable environment to function. Fluids and biochemicals must be supplied in specific amounts and body temperature must be kept within a limited range. There are so many factors that can result to an imbalance and stress is one of them. Stress is anything that creates an imbalance. Whether it's a hot day, emotional distress, an injury or tumor, our ongoing health depends on the ability of internal systems to quickly adjust to imbalances and reset homeostasis. This process, controlled through feedback systems, ensures that the body’s internal environment remains stable despite changes in the external environment. Feedback systems are composed of a receptor, a control center, and an effector. When one or more of the components do not function properly the body is placed in a state of homeostatic imbalance. Positive and negative feedbacks are equally important for the healthy functioning of one's body and to restore and maintain the body's physiological systems within a normal functional range. Complications can arise if any of the two feedbacks are affected or altered in any way leading to homeostatic imbalance. Many diseases are a result of homeostatic imbalance. As we age, every organism will lose efficiency in its control systems...
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...Homeostatic Imbalances: Diabetes Every year in the United States around 13,000 children are diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes is a disease that affects how the body uses glucose, the main type of sugar the body uses. As you probably know, diabetes affects your glucose, which comes from the foods we eat. When the body digests food, the body starts off by breaking down the food into glucose and other nutrients. They are then absorbed into your bloodstream, where receptors in your blood send a message to your control center or brain. The brains receives the message of the rise in glucose levels and sends a message to the pancreas, which triggers the release of insulin in the bloodstream properly. This results in the blood sugar level being higher than normal. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2, both have the same effect on blood sugar. The first time of diabetes, is Type 1, which is most commonly found in juveniles, just as in your case. This is when the pancreas loses its ability to make the hormone insulin. This loss in ability actually causes a person's own immune system to attack and destroy the cells that produce insulin in the pancreas. Once the cells are destroyed they lose permanent ability to make insulin. This results in the patient becoming dependent daily on checks of sugar levels in the blood, as well as injections of insulin. In some cases, when blood sugar levels are uncontrollable, an insulin pump, may be needed to supply to insulin into...
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...MILLERSBURG — “The Holmes County Fair never has to worry about another flood again.” So proclaimed Holmes County Fair Board President Kerry Taylor at Monday evening's opening ceremony for the Holmes County Fair at Harvest Ridge. Taylor was welcomed to the stage by event host Mark Lonsinger, who brought the standing-room-only crowd to its feet. In the 12 years it has taken for the dream to come to life, Lonsinger said, Taylor “has worked tirelessly, day and night, to bring us to where were are today,” overcoming every obstacle and rallying those around him to make possible the climb to the top of a mountain. Taylor, he said, is the one person who could tell the whole story of the fair and “what it took to get there.” He is the “personification of the dream.” It's a dream, Taylor said that dates back to 2004, when a flash flood ravaged the old grounds eight weeks prior to the start of the fair. It was then discussions began to move toward a solution to eliminate the issues … although there were a couple more floods to endure in the years to come. And, recalling a moving closing ceremony held 360 days ago, Taylor said, he was overwhelmed by the nostalgic stories and memories of the fair, but the excitement of all at the prospect of making new memories at the new fair. But, it's not the grounds that make the fair. Like a church, Taylor said, it's the people who make the fair. And, “all of those new memories are starting today.” He credited the community for making the effort possible...
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...Chemical Imbalance. It was a warm sunny summer day. James walked smiling down the street but slightly nervous as he was running a little late for an encounter with his blind date Rose, which he had looked forward to with anticipation. He had been set up by his good friends to go on a blind date. They thought it was about time, that he came back on the market after the breakup with his girlfriend, which he had been in a long-term relationship with. He wanted to look as good as possible, of course, as he wanted to make a good impression on his blind date, who he had been told was a very beautiful woman. Therefore, he was wearing his favorite light yellow short-sleeved button up shirt tucked down his shorts and sneakers. He had also shaved himself and put on his Old Spice aftershave like his father always had used. They had decided to meet at a small contemporary café downtown over lunch. When he came inside, he spotted her instantly at the table near the window. Her beautiful features enlightened the whole room, and it was hard not to overlook them. They instantly caught each other’s eyes and she waved him over. The first thing she thought when she saw him was “Oh my God, what am I doing on a blind date with this guy. He is not at all what I expected.” After a few thoughts, she decided that she would give him a chance, as there might would be more to him than she could tell by the first glance and she had promised her friends to give him a chance no matter what. He was...
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...changes of location. To survive these changes, our internal body is able to intelligently adapt. The maintenance of a constant and steady internal environment is controlled by homeostasis. P5 Explain the concept of homeostasis Describe homeostasis. For this, you must cover: * Definition of homeostasis * Internal environment- THREE systems that need to be regulated (water levels or waste products; body temperature; blood glucose) * Concept of negative feedback as a regulatory mechanism Websites: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/homeostasis http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/homeo/homeostasis1.shtml M2 discuss the probable homeostatic responses to changes in the internal environment during exercise Identify and describe the homeostatic mechanisms and how they regulate a steady internal environment during exercise. Summarise - you do not have to explain this in lots of detail. You must cover: * heart rate and how this is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve system). The effects of increased body temperature and adrenaline on heart rate * breathing rate and how this is controlled by the respiratory centre, diaphragm and intercostal muscles * body temperature and how this is controlled by loss of heat by the body ( radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation), the role of the hypothalamus and of the skin (role of arterioles and sweat glands) * blood...
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...acting as a filter; a person on dialysis will have encounter imbalances within their bodies such as fluid imbalance, hypervolemia, electrolyte imbalance, peritonitis, and many other complications. Homeostasis enables body systems of a human being to function as expected because of proper temperature regulation. On the other hand, dialysis is the process by which waste products are excreted from our bodies artificially by means of diffusion. The process of removal of waste products in a healthy person is facilitated by kidneys. However, those individuals who suffer from kidney failure experiences problems with waste removal and dialysis has to be implemented. While dialysis is in process, individuals with renal failure tend to record several homeostatic imbalances. One of the major effects is electrolyte imbalance and this eventually leads to various conditions. For instance, a condition termed as hyperkalemia may occur if calcium levels exceed the amount that can be excreted. Another condition that may arise in the course of dialysis is arrhythmias. This can lead to electrolyte imbalance as well as change in homeostasis of acid and base. Other conditions occurring due to increased removal of fluid volumes include low blood pressure, cramping as well as muscle spasms. During dialysis, there is tendency of damage to the normal net filtration pressure due to increased membrane permeability and this as well leads to homeostatic...
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...Recognize major organs and 1-2 major functions of each organ system. 4. Arrange the levels of structural organization from the most complex to simple. 5. What is homeostasis? 6. What is meant by the idea that homeostasis is a “dynamic process”? 7. What 2 organ systems are primarily involved in the maintenance of homeostasis? Which responds more quickly? 8. Can you describe an example of the nervous system regulating homeostasis? 9. Can you describe an example of the endocrine system regulating homeostasis? 10. List and describe the 3 basic parts of a homeostatic regulator mechanism? 11. What are characteristics of negative feedback? 12. What are characteristics of positive feedback? 13. Diagram an example of negative feedback. Identify the 3 basic parts in your example. 14. List 2 examples of positive feedback. 15. What is a homeostatic imbalance? What is a possible outcome of homeostatic imbalance? 16. What are general effects of aging on homeostasis? 17. Describe/recognize the anatomical position. Why do we need to understand this? 18. Name/label the major body cavities, their subdivisions, and the major organs contained within (be complete) . 19. What is the structure and function of serous membranes? 20. There are 2 layers of serous membranes. Name each and describe where each layer is located with respect to the organ/cavity. 21. What are the specific names of the serous membranes of the heart, lungs, and abdominal organs? 22. Be able to comprehend...
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...Homeostasis occurs when an organism or the internal conditions of the human body are at equilibrium. Usually, homeostasis allows the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions, even though the outer part of the body may change frequently. In order to achieve homeostasis in the human body, a great deal of communication is required between the control center (brain), the receptors and other structures within the body (Marieb, Hoehn 9). According to Marieb and Hoehn, most homeostatic control mechanisms are considered to be negative feedback mechanisms. This system’s output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus and reduces its intensity. A good example of negative feedback is when we are in need of food and our metabolism slows...
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...Asthma, one of the most common chronic diseases, is a significant cause of disability, as it is responsible for population morbidity and causes a large healthcare burden worldwide and thus remains a global health concern (Edwards et al. 2012). Atopic asthma is considered an inappropriate immune T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) mediated response (Navarro et al. 2010; Allan & Devereux 2011). Dendritic cell persistence and activation of the adaptive immune response upon antigen detection are important in in the clearance of pathogens via this Th2 pathway. However, in an atopic asthmatic patient, the homeostatic equilibrium between this inflammatory Th2 mediated response and the T regulatory (Treg) cell response that dampen and suppress both effector...
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...Acid-Base Balance The acid base balance is a homeostatic process that aides the body in maintaining a pH in the arterial blood between 7.35-7.45 (Patient, 2015). The body works together through multi-systems to ensure that acidity or alkalinity never take over within the blood. The purpose of the following paper is define the classification of the acid-base balance, define the factors from the case study, explain the pathophysiology, describe the compensatory mechanisms, pharmacological interventions, and the educational needs of patients with an imbalance. Classification In the following case study, the patient presents with metabolic alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis is a state within the blood when sodium bicarbonate (HCO3) increases. This condition can arise when the there is an acid loss within the body and HCO3 in the blood increases (Merk Manual, 2015). This process can cause the intracellular shifting of hydrogen ions, thus causing HCO3 retention. In the case study it is identified that the kidneys have a higher content of HCO3 because of the volume depletions. Normally, the kidneys filter out the HCO3 and excrete it into the urine (Merk Manual, 2015). In the case study, compensatory mechanisms have not activated, because the PaO2 is still within normal range of 35-45mm Hg, with a level of 40mm Hg. When excretion does not occur, the acid-base balance shifts from homeostasis and the body attempts to correct the alkalinity imbalance. Factors In the case study, there are...
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...School of Nursing, Midwifery and Interprofessional Studies. With reference to acid-base balance explore the role of the respiratory system in maintaining blood pH? ‘We live and die at the cellular level’ (Reid, 2011). Homeostasis is crucial for normal cellular function. Acid-base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis and refers to the balance between the production and elimination of H+ hydrogen ions (pH) within the body fluids (William, Simpkins, 2001, p.236). Metabolic reactions within the cells often produce a huge excess of H+. Lack of any mechanism for its excretion would lead H+ levels in body fluids rise quickly to the lethal levels (Tortora, Grabowski 2006, p.1001); therefore the homeostasis of the right H+ levels is crucial for our survival. In a healthy person several systems work interdependently on maintaining blood’s pH (Sheldon, 2001, p.23): buffer, renal and respiratory systems. In this essay I will concentrate on the pH of the blood in relation to the acid-base balance and the role that respiratory system has in maintaining it. Blood pH is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7.4 is considered neutral in the systemic arterial blood within its narrow range of around 7.35 and 7.45. When the pH is greater than 7.45 the blood is considered to be alkalotic and when the pH is lower than 7.35 then the blood is considered acidotic (Sheldon, 2001, p.23). Fig. 1: Diagram of blood pH scale: (JupiterIonizer, 2004) The acidity or alkalinity...
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...Heart disease, also known as the “silent killer” is one of the number one causes of death in both men and women in the United States, claiming approximately one million lives annually. More die of heart disease than AIDS and all cancers combined and by 2020, heart disease will be the leading cause of death worldwide. Types of heart disease include congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, angina, congestive heart failure just to name a few. The most common of all heart diseases is coronary heart disease also known as coronary artery disease. What is coronary artery disease? Coronary artery disease happens when the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become hardened and narrowed. This is due to the buildup of salt, fat, cholesterol and other material, called plaque, on the inner walls. This condition is known as atherosclerosis which leads to blockages. This process leaves the heart with a lack of oxygen and blood forcing it to work harder (high blood pressure/hypertension). As the heart continues to do this, the wall of the arteries weakens and becomes very fragile. At this stage, one of the arteries may rupture and form a blood clot that clogs up in the artery and block the pathways for blood to flow through to the heart muscle resulting to a heart attack. There are various factors that may cause the damage to the coronary artery such as smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or an inactive lifestyle. What is the normal homeostasis of...
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...M2: Explain the probable homeostatic responses to changes in the internal environment during exercise. D2: Explain the importance of homeostasis in maintaining the healthy functioning of the body. Homeostasis is highly important as many processes going on in our body are based on this phenomenon. Homeostasis processes every day in our body are diffusion, osmosis, active transport etc. Diffusion means movement of solute molecules from a section of its high concentration to the low concentration region. Osmosis is movement of water from a mixed solution to a concentrated solution through a semi-permeable membrane. Homeostasis is the balance or equilibrium. How your body works to maintain equilibrium is reflected in how your vital signs vary with activity. Heart rate, blood pressure and respiration are lowest during periods of rest and sleep. During exercise, blood pressure, pulse and respiration increase to meet the increased demand for oxygen and nutrients by your musculoskeletal system. The adjustment of vital signs to match your body's level of physical activity is an example of homeostasis in action. Homeostasis is the regulation and maintaining of the body's internal environment. These levels need to be controlled so that the body can function properly, for example enzymes work at optimum temperatures/ pH levels around the body, so in order to function the internal environments must be controlled. Levels which are controlled tend to oscillate between high and low about...
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...characterized by brief attacks of deep sleep” (Merriam-Webster, 1995, p. 446). Individuals with this disease have excess daytime sleepiness (EDS), which is an uncontrollable obligation to sleep, as well as immediate rapid eye movement (REM) stage upon falling asleep. As a result, symptoms of narcolepsy include cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, and comatose. According to Mieda and Sakurai (2016), the cause of narcolepsy is due to the “selective degeneration” of orexins (hypocretins) releasing neurons (p. 11). The hypothalamus is an endocrine gland that is responsible for regulating sleep, body temperature, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions. In homeostatic conditions, the hypothalamus releases neuropeptide, orexin into the blood stream. However, narcolepsy is caused by the homeostatic imbalance where the hypothalamus...
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...homeostasis? Homeostasis is the ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes. (McGraw-Hill) How does the body maintain homeostatic balance? Each organ system helps in some way to maintain homeostasis. However, the organ systems also work together to maintain a constant internal environment. There are seven organ systems (Integumentary, Musculoskeletal, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, and Nervous) within the body. (McGraw-Hill) I will specifically be focusing on the structure of the integumentary system, and how it contributes to maintaining homeostasis. The skin is the largest organ in the body (12 to 15% of total body weight). (McGraw-Hill) There are three layers to the skin; epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The dermis is a connective tissue layer that lies beneath the epidermis. The dermis contains nerve endings, sensory receptors, capillaries, and elastic fibers. (McGraw-Hill) Skin isn’t the only appendage of the integumentary system; hair, follicles, nails, and glands are as well. Hair follicles are lined with cells that synthesize the proteins that produce hair. Sebaceous glands secrete the oily substance on hair. If a sebaceous gland becomes clogged and infected, it becomes a pimple (homeostatic imbalance). (Marieb) There are two types of sweat glands associated with the integumentary system; eccrine (all over the body), and aprocrine (smelly sweat). Nails consist of highly keratinized...
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