...Homunculus. Yes, that is actually a word in the book If You’re Reading This, It’s Too Late. This adventure fiction book has so much happening throughout the 373 pages and was published in 2008. It was published This is the second book to The Secret Series and so far I like it. This is my first time reading the book and starting the series (out of order) and i'm not sure if it is very popular series, but the series has gained its popularity over the years. The book was written by Raphael Simon or also known as Pseudonymous Bosch. Bosch says “When my readers ask about it, I usually tell them that Pseudonymous is an old family name and that Bosch is the brand of my dishwasher.” He explains to us that his book name is just something he made up to protect himself. He claims, “-...
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...However, one-dimensional storylines allow for improvisation and lacks structure, thus enabling positive reactions from the audience. Homunculus skilfully employed one-dimensional storyline to create humour and exemplify the human vices evident in the traditional stock characters. Through the use of movement and improvisation Homunculus successfully communicated the hilarity of human vices thus establishing dramatic meaning. An example of when improvisation was managed to heighten the vice of a character in order to create humour was through the character, Arlechinno. At this point, Arlecchino selected an audience member and physically manipulated the audience member’s limbs and legs into a position that resembled a statue. She then left the audience member on stage and told them to remain in that position. It was clear that the audience member was uncomfortable with being moved, however Arlechinno had no regard for her feelings and only focused on his enjoyment. This in...
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...touch of the second student, thinking it was his own finger. This demonstration's purpose was to show the class an example of temporary representations and to show that they only have to do with increasing or decreasing the size of a body part, not completely removing it. Our minds can change the representation it has of our body parts by making them grow or shrink, but it is hard for our minds to take out the representation of that body part. This demonstration relates to the phenomenon of “phantom limbs” because they both have to do with the minds map of its body. Phantom limbs happens when you loose your hand and you still have feelings of sensation in a hand that you no longer have. When you loose your hand, the hand area in the homunculus does not go away. During this demonstration, half of the people who have performed this study have thought their nose is 2 feet long. Our minds stretch out to incorporate the tool that we are using, they change to fit the situation. There is a sense of permanence in the way our minds see our bodies. There are patients who have lost their hands and even years after surgery, they still feel sensation from the hand that is not there. The existence of our body parts in our mind does not change easily, if at all. This demonstration also has to do with Ramachandran's “mirror box”. This is just a...
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...box did indeed help with his phantom pain. This is because “ In this sense, a patient with phantom limb pain can feel the same sense or emotion of his/her normal body part by observing the mirror image. By doing so, it is expected to decrease pain by resolving conflict between motor intention, proprioception and visual system.” Mirror therapy has become the treatment of choice because it is easy to use. It can be done at home at the convenience of the amputee. Cortical homunculus is a diagram that scientist use to map out how the brain affects various different body parts. It has nothing to do with what part of your body part is larger. The greater hand representation is larger than our back because we use our hands more than our back. We need more of our cortex to be devoted to our hands or body parts that we use more, such as our face, mouth and tongue. For example, “People who read Braille (which is done with an index finger) develop large areas responsive to stimulation from the index finger. A homunculus mapped on the motor cortex of such a person would have a huge index finger” (Introtopsy). ...
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...Chapter 15 Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System An Introduction to Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System Learning Outcomes 15-1 Specify the components of the afferent and efferent divisions of the nervous system, and explain what is meant by the somatic nervous system. 15-2 Explain why receptors respond to specific stimuli, and how the organization of a receptor affects its sensitivity. 15-3 Identify the receptors for the general senses, and describe how they function. An Introduction to Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System Learning Outcomes 15-4 Identify the major sensory pathways, and explain how it is possible to distinguish among sensations that originate in different areas of the body. 15-5 Describe the components, processes, and functions of the somatic motor pathways, and the levels of information processing involved in motor control. An Introduction to Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System An Introduction to: Sensory receptors Sensory processing Conscious and subconscious motor functions Focusing on the “general senses” 15-1 Sensory Information Afferent Division of the Nervous System Receptors Sensory neurons Sensory pathways Efferent Division of the Nervous System Nuclei Motor tracts Motor neurons 15-1 Sensory Information Sensory Receptors Specialized cells that monitor specific...
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...Experiential / Creative Subtheory * 1.3 Practical / Contextual Subtheory * 2 Challenges * 3 See also * 4 References * 5 Bibliography Different components of information processing Schematic illustrating one trial of each stimulus pool in the Sternberg task: letter, word, object, spatial, grating. Sternberg associated the workings of the mind with a series of components. These components he labeled the metacomponents, performance components, and knowledge-acquisition components (Sternberg, 1985). The metacomponents are executive processes used in problem solving and decision making that involve the majority of managing our mind. They tell the mind how to act. Metacomponents are also sometimes referred to as a homunculus. A homunculus is a fictitious or metaphorical "person" inside our head that controls our actions,...
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...PSY 490 Week 4 Quiz Click Link for the Answer: http://workbank247.com/q/psy-490-week-4-quiz/27203 http://workbank247.com/q/psy-490-week-4-quiz/27203 1) Ivan Pavlov pioneered the theory of | A. Social Learning Theory | | B. classical conditioning | | C. operant conditioning | | D. Cognitive Psychology | | | | 2) Philosophers who believe that truth can emerge from the careful use of reason are known as | A. Rationalists | | B. Nativists | | C. Dualists | | D. Empiricists | | | | 3) The most commonly used statistic in Psychology is | A. mean | | B. criteria | | C. mode | | D. range | | | | 4) In a topographical representation of the motor cortex, the homunculus is the largest area devoted to | A. the face | | B. the hands | | C. arms and legs | | D. the tongue | | | | 5) What theorist presents a hierarchy of needs and motivations? | A. Carl Jung | | B. Sigmund Freud | | C. Abraham Maslow | | D. B.F. Skinner | | | | 6) Consider the biological theories of aging. Which of the following best represent components of that theory? | A. Attachment Theory | | B. The Nun Theory | | C. Cellular Dial Theory | | D. Hormonal Stress Theory | | | | 7) In operant conditioning, which of the following is accurate? | A. Any response that is followed by reward tends to become extinct. | | B. Any response that is followed by punishment is likely to not be repeated. | | C. Any response...
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...motor cortex and visual system works to combat phantom limb paralysis by tricking the brain into “seeing” the phantom limb moving in a controlled fashion. The idea, then, is that the coordination will remain even when the mirror is removed. Or the opposite could occur and the phantom limb could disappear due to the brain’s rejecting the limb entirely due to conflicting visual and motor input. This outcome is particularly desirable when the aim is to reduce pain sensation in the phantom limb. 1c) A phantom left foot will be sensed on the body in both the trunk and the genitals. This occurs as a result of remapping in the somatosensory cortex in the right hemisphere of the brain due to contralateral organization. Wilder Penfield’s sensory homunculus depicts the layout and proportional relevance of the body’s sensory input. This map shows that the foot area of the cortex is sandwiched between the genital and trunk areas of the brain, meaning that when remapping occurs, the nerves in these areas will now ‘stake their claim’ in the now dormant foot area. The phantom limb is then stimulated by these areas. For example, a scratchy sweater touching the patient’s trunk or a kick in the genitals will cause an itching or stinging sensation in the phantom foot. Ramachandran offers two explanations for this transfer of sensation. Firstly, nerves in the cortex possess the ability to “sprout”, or form new connections within a short amount of time. Secondly, our brain is full of inactive connections...
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...The Neuroscience on the Web Series: CMSD 620 Neuroanatomy of Speech, Swallowing and Language CSU, Chico, Patrick McCaffrey, Ph.D. | | Chapter 4 Cerebral Lobes, Cerebral Cortex, and Brodmann's Areas | | The Cerebral LobesEach cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes; the frontal, parietal, temporal, and the occipital.The Frontal Lobe is the most anterior lobe of the brain. Its posterior boundary is the fissure of Rolando, or central sulcus, which separates it from the parietal lobe. Inferiorly, it is divided from the temporal lobe by thefissure of Sylvius which is also called the lateral fissure.This lobe deals with with higher level cognitive functions like reasoning and judgment. Sometimes called executive function, it is associated with the pre-frontal cortex. Most importantly the frontal lobe contains several cortical areas involved in the control of voluntary muscle movement, including those necessary for the production of speech and swallowing.Broca's Area is found on the inferior third frontal gyrus in the hemisphere that is dominant for language. This area is involved in the coordination or programming of motor movements for the production of speech sounds. While it is essential for the execution of the motor movements involved in speech it does not directly cause movement to occur. The firing of neurons here does not generate impulses for motor movement instead it generates motor programming pattern. This motor plan is sent to upper motor neurons in...
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...he doesn’t understand a word of it but the Chinese do, thus the Chinese doesn’t understand a word of the instructions in English but the man initially does. Initially as stated above in order for this system to be intelligent according to strong AI, the system would in fact have to understand the whole problem and be able to provide answers, when in fact Searle proves that both subsystems clearly do not. Searle’s second argument (The Robot Reply) then explains that even though a robot with a computer as a brain and a camera as its eyes or with himself inserted into the robot as its central system would still not be capable of computing real human cognition (thinking/perception). The can be explained mostly for the fact that it would be homunculus (repetitive) and the robot would not understand the rules accept that of symbol manipulation (Searle 363). To further back this argument Rodney A. Brooks can explain this in more depth. Rodney A. Brooks expresses the problem by explaining how AI cannot make right interpretations of photos without the help of inputs by something else controlling the system. For instance AI cannot distinguish different types of the same thing (i.e. shoes etc.) in different situations (or photos) while real brains could. He then states, “A truly intelligent person would study the photograph, perform the abstraction itself, and solve the problem…the only input to most AI is restricted simple assertions from real data of human” (Haugeland 399). This statement...
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...From: Mythologies by Roland Barthes, translated by Annette Lavers, Hill and Wang, New York, 1984 [Copy-edited and spell-checked by Scott Atkins, September 1995. Tagged in html, October 1995.] TOYS French toys: one could not find a better illustration of the fact that the adult Frenchman sees the child as another self. All the toys one commonly sees are essentially a microcosm of the adult world; they are all reduced copies of human objects, as if in the eyes of the public the child was, all told, nothing but a smaller man, a homunculus to whom must be supplied objects of his own size. Invented forms are very rare: a few sets of blocks, which appeal to the spirit of do-it-yourself, are the only ones which offer dynamic forms. As for the others, French toys always mean something, and this something is always entirely socialized, constituted by the myths or the techniques of modern adult life: the Army, Broadcasting, the Post Office, Medicine (miniature instrument-cases, operating theaters for dolls), School, Hair-Styling (driers for permanent-waving), the Air Force (Parachutists), Transport (trains, Citroens, Vedettes, Vespas, petrol-stations), Science (Martian toys). The fact that French toys literally prefigure the world of adult functions obviously cannot but prepare the child to accept them all, by constituting for him, even before he can think about it, the alibi of a Nature which has at all times created soldiers, postmen and Vespas. Toys here reveal the list of all...
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...Central Nervous System * Brain and Spinal Cord * Conscious and reflexive Motor and Sensory * Continuous with Peripheral Nervous System Reflex Arc Reminder: Association neuron can modulate Autonomic Nervous System * Part of peripheral but feeds back to the central. * Cranial nerves are peripheral, but have to the do with the autonomic as well. * Parallel subconscious (?) CNS/PNS * Visceral control * Homeostasis Ventricles of the Brain * Interior CSF filled spaces * Interconnected * Continuous with the Subarachnoid Space * Contain Choroid Plexes which produce CSF * Important landmarks for location of structures * Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitors * Impanted and help monitor, because if too high pt stop breathing and die. Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres * 5 types of lobes and two of each type. Each hemisphere divided into 5. Correspond to the bones of the skull (close enough) * Frontal Lobes * Parietal Lobes * Occipital Lobes * Temporal Lobes * Insula Lobes * This lobe is hiding behind the temporal lobe. In folded inside, about the size of a walnut. * Outer Cortex is the outer 2-3 mm * Gyrate are the raised bumps are and sulcis are the grooves between * Cortex is all wadded up into smaller volume Frontal Lobe Functions * Personality * Asses in traumatic brain injury, or if you see change in behavior – aggressive etc * Analysis ...
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...The brain is the largest and most complex part of the nervous system. It weighs about 3 pounds (1.3 kilograms), and contains about 100 billion neurons. Bateman, J. Fremont. "The Brain and Nervous System." The New Book of Popular Science. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 12 Aug.2013. Cerebrum, one of the major divisions of the brain. "Cerebrum." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 12 Aug. 2013. Cerebrum The cerebrum, which comprises about 85% of the weight of the human brain, is involved in the ability to plan, to exercise creativity, and to store information in memory. On its surface is the cerebral cortex, a sheet of gray matter named for its wrinkled appearance (cortex being the Latin word for tree bark). Cerebral Cortex. Varying in thickness from about 0.06 to 0.2 inch (1.5 to 4.5 mm), the cerebral cortex not only receives and processes information regarding taste, touch, sight, sound, and smell but also governs muscle movement, thus allowing humans to analyze their surroundings and to respond to them as well. The cerebral cortex is divided into three areas, with two less structurally developed areas respectively processing emotion and smell, and the more elaborate neocortex processing all other functions. The three-layered archicortex is the emotional portion of the brain and is the simplest of the three. The three- to five-layered paleocortex is the olfactory portion of the brain. The neocortex is a more complex six-layered structure...
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...Part IV: Formation of Nouns A. Nouns derived from other nouns and adjectives 1. From Adjectives The suffixes -ia; (-i)tia; (-i)tudo, gen. -tudinis; (-i/-e)tas, gen. -tatis are added to adjective bases to form nouns meaning "the state, quality, or condition of being..." These suffixes are similar in meaning to the English -ness and -ship. Examples: • gratus, "pleasing, thankful" > gratia • avarus, "greedy" > avaritia • multus, "many, much" > multitudo • bonus, "good" > bonitas Practice exercises: 1. Find the base adjective; give the meaning of that adjective and the meaning of the compound noun. Example: amplitudo < amplus, "full" -- "fulness" 1. solitudo 2. iustitia 3. libertas 4. stultitia 5. sanitas 6. magnitudo 7. brevitas 8. pietas 9. inimicitia 10. urbanitas 2. Make up nouns from these adjectives. If in doubt check your results in the dictionary. Example: gravis, "heavy, serious" > gravitas 1. humilis, "lowly" 2. humanus 3. celeber (base celebr-[i], "crowded") 4. felix, felic(i)- 5. iners, inert-, "without skill, inactive" 6. fortis 7. altus 8. demens dement- 9. sciens, scient- 10. tristis 11. turpis 12. sollicitus, "troubled" 13. vigil, "awake" 14. misericors, misericord-, "merciful" 15. frequens, -ent-, "crowded, numerous" 16. laetus, "glad" 17. vetus, "old" 18. miser 19. dignus 20. ignavus, "lazy" 21. lenis, "soft, mild" 22. iucundus 2. Nouns formed from nouns a. various meanings The suffixes:...
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...I. INTRODUCTION a. Background information to introduce the issue Bertrand Russell was a revolutionary in the field of humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought. Aside from that he was probably one of the most profound and sophisticated spokesman for atheism from the last century, His literary and communication skills are definitely almost unprecedented winning a nobel prize for Literature. His influence and iconicness that stood the test of time and his literary works that are still being talked about years after his death is a proof of his undying influence. Despite the fact that he was agnostic and an atheist, he felt that he was not up to the pedestal of being a Christian because he thought he couldn’t live up to the righteous maxims of Christianity, he found the religion too hypocritical and its norms too uptight and self-righteous for his own sake. It was his contention that religion and its maxim’s purpose was to limit knowledge, especially to children and prevents their ability to think clearly by trapping them with norms and inhibiting them from cooperating with others whose views are different from theirs. He also believes that religion flourishes fear and dependency. He also asserted that religion caused war, oppression and misery that is happening right now. Issues: According to Russell, The character of Christ isn’t as divine as God because of the flaws in his teachings and to his followers. Russell attacks Christ’s divinity and characteristics and followers...
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