...Seed certification for horticultural crops: Present policy and future needs Introduction Seed is the basic input for agricultural crop production and the effectiveness of other inputs like fertilizer, irrigation etc. depends on seed quality. The production can be increased to about 20% using quality seed itself. Horticulture crops are playing significant role in nutritional improvement, food and financial security of the people of Bangladesh. In the recent years, the country has attained self sufficiency in cereal crops. But production of horticultural crops like vegetables, spices and fruits is much below the required quantity. The area and production of vegetables and spices are shown in Fig. 1 & 2 and Table 1. Seed certification is a legally sanctioned system of quality control of seeds to be placed for sale. It is the process designed to maintain and make available to the general public continuous supply of high quality seeds and propagating materials of crops to ensure the genetic, physical, physiological and health status. Seed Certification Agency is the only authorized body for certification and quality monitoring of seeds of any kinds or varieties. In Bangladesh existing legislations for quality control of seeds are: a) the Seeds Ordinance, 1977 b) the Seeds (Amendment) Act, 1997 c) the Seeds (Amendment) Act, 2005 d) the Seed Rules, 1998 e) the Nursery Guidelines, 2008 and f) decisions from the National Seed Board (NSB). The...
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...The main industry players in the Kenya cut flower trade The main industry players in the Kenya cut flower trade include: Horticultural Crop Development Authority (HCDA), Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services (KEPHIS), Kenya Flower Council (KFC), National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) and Fresh Produce Exporters Association of Kenya (FPEAK). Horticultural Crop Development Authority (HCDA) is the Government’s regulatory agency for the horticultural sub-sector. Its mandate is to regulate the horticulture industry through licensing and application of rules as prescribed under the Agriculture Act, Cap 318. HCDA also provides advisory and marketing services to the stakeholders in the industry for planning purposes. Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS) is a State Corporation in the Ministry of Agriculture mandated to assure the quality of agricultural inputs and produce to promote sustainable agriculture and economic growth. KEPHIS coordinates all matters relating to crop pests and disease control, advises the Director of Agriculture on appropriate seeds and planting materials for export and import. Kenya Flower Council (KFC) is a voluntary association of independent growers and exporters of cut-flowers and ornamentals. It was formed in 1996 with the aim of fostering responsible and safe production of cut flowers with due consideration of workers welfare and protection of the environment. KFC also has a code of regulations to be observed by flower farms. The...
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...Horticulture :: Landscaping :: Nursery management | | | | | | Varieties Technologies Sale price | NHM NABARD NHB NMPB Micro Irrigation IHDS Commodity Boards | | | | | | | | | | NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTSNursery is a place where seedlings, cuttings and grafts are raised with care before transplanting.Advantage of raising seedlings in nursery 1. It is very convenient to look after the tender seedlings 2. It is easy to protect the seedlings from pests and diseases 3. Economy of land usage (duration in the main field is reduced) 4. Valuable and very small seeds can be raised effectively without any wastage 5. Uniform crop stand in the main field can be maintained by selecting healthy, uniform and vigorous seedlings in the nursery itself.Preparation of nursery Selection of site 1. The nursery area should be nearer to the water source 2. Generally, the location should be partially shaded i.e. under the trees. If not, artificial shade is to be provided 3. It should be well protected from animals 4. Proper drainage facilities should be provided.Selection of soil A medium textured, loam (or) sand loam soil is preferred. Soil should be rich in organic matter. Soil depth should be preferably by 15-25 cm.Types of nursery bed a) Flat bed b) Raised nursery bedPreparation of raised nursery bed Selected soil should be worked well to break the clods. Weeds, stones and stubbles should be removed. Height of the raised bed should...
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...Case 11—Horniman Horticulture Overview: * Bob and his wife bought Horniman Hoticulture from his wife’s father in 2002 for $999,000 * Bob is proud of the nursery * 52 greenhouses * 40 acres of productive fields * Employed 12 full-time and 15 seasonal employees * Paid $8.51 which is the required rate; possible increase could harm margins * Sales were mostly to retail nurseries throughout the mid-Atlantic region * Over the past two years, the number of plant species grown has increased by more than 40% * They have noticed a increase in business from small nurseries * The cost of carrying inventory for these small companies was burdensome so Horniman has adjusted their credit terms and they have now seen substantial increase in sales * Bob Brown faced a tight money situation in December, 2005 * However, with tight money the business was booming * Revenue up 15% since 2004 * Operating profits up even more * Bob has been growing more mature plans which customers will pay premium prices for * Most inventory took 2-5 to mature so 2006 looks like it should be a banner year * Expected revenue hitting a record 30% growth * A possibility for long term growth opportunity with the expected closing of a neighboring 12-acre parcel of farmland Problems: * Cash is decreasing * Their operating target is 8% of annual revenue * They fell below $10,000 * Want...
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...Case #9: HORNIMAN HORTICULTURE Synopsis and Objectives This case captures the problems concerning cash flow and working-capital management typical of small, growing businesses. At the end of 2005, Bob and Maggie Brown have completed their third year of operating Horniman Horticulture, a $1-million-revenue woody-shrub nursery in central Virginia. While experiencing booming demand and improving margins, the Browns are puzzled by their plummeting cash balance. The case highlights the difference between cash flow and accounting profits, as well as the common negative effects of growth on cash flow. It also provides a forum for instilling appreciation for the relevance of free cash flow to business owners and managers, introducing financial-ratio analysis, developing the concept of the cash cycle and working-capital management, and motivating the use of financial models. Questions 1. What is your assessment of the financial performance of Horniman Horticulture? 2. Do you agree with Maggie Brown’s accounts-payable policy? 3. What explains the erosion of the cash balance? 4. What do you expect the financial position of the business to be in 2006? Extend the financial statements through 2006, assuming that Bob Brown grows revenue by 30%. Note: To make the balance sheet balance, define cash as equal to (Curr. liab. + Net worth) – (Accounts receivable + Inventory + OCA + Net fixed assets). What are the alternatives for solving the business’s cash problem? The free-cash-flow calculation...
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...Horniman Horticulture Overview Horniman Horticulture is a whole-sale nursery that has seen tremendous growth throughout the years. The nursery, which consists of shrubs, annuals, perennials, and trees, has increased by more than forty percent in just two years. With 52 greenhouses and 40 acres of field, business was growing for the Browns. The nursery saw an increase in the profit margins of 2.7% within the past two years. As 2006 seemed to be a favorable year for the Browns and their nursery, they continued to remain hopeful in the growth of their business. The Browns are concerned that future cash flows will not be sufficient in order to provide a sustainable growth. The firm’s cash levels fell under $10,000 which led to a serious concern for the business and its desired operating target of 8% of annual revenue. Maggie’s concern with the idea of becoming leveraged by debt is the possibility that the nursery will not generate enough profit to pay off the bank loans and interest. As a result, her strategy is to use the firm’s cash to pay off all inventory demand. Even with the decline in cash flow, Bob is optimistic that in 2006 their nursery will achieve a 30% growth rate. Based on 2005, revenue and operating profits were 15% ahead of 2004. It is probable that a 30% growth rate can be obtained within the upcoming year of 2006. Maggie seems to be well aware of the risks involved if she were to let the company walk down the path to becoming leveraged by...
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...Bob and Maggie Brown bought Horniman Horticulture, a family-owned business, from Maggie’s parents in 2002 for $999,000. Bob runs the nursery’s operations and Maggie oversees the company’s finances. Contributing to the success, Bob had grew the number of plant species grown at the nursery by more than 40%. Their profit margin had increased to an expected 5.8% in 2005, and Bob was confident with the success the local economy was experiencing that a high demand would keep his business booming. Because much of his inventory took two to five years to reach maturity, his expansion efforts had been in the works for a while by 2005. He was optimistic that 2006 would be a banner year, expecting a 30% revenue growth rate. In addition, ensuring their long-term growth opportunities, he and Maggie were hoping to expand their business by closing on a neighboring 12-acre piece of farmland at the end of 2005. Problem: Although their profits were growing rapidly over their first few years, contrarily, the cash on hand has been decreasing to a point where it was less than their target level of 8% of annual revenue in 2005. What they ended up with was a liquidity problem, because most of their cash is tied up in inventory and accounts receivable. It seems apparent, too, that the unsustainable growth rate is realized as the cause for their depleting cash balance. Their impressive growth is attributed to their heavy asset investment in growing the size of their nursery, yet it has brought the firm’s...
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...Company Analysis Strengths Revenue is up - Horniman’s strongest success indicator is its continued revenue growth over the past four years. This advantage becomes even more relevant when the company’s annual revenue growth – ranging from 2.9% in 2002 to 15.5% in 2005 – is compared to the industry benchmark of a 1.8% annual loss. This means that Horniman, unlike its competitors who have been posting a loss during the same period, has been able to reap robust economic benefits. In a nut shell, the company is booming while its rivals are shrinking. Efficiency and Productivity are up - Another good feature of the company is its ability to control the cost of goods sold over the years from spiraling upwards. Revenues from 2002 to 2005 grew 33% and Cost of goods sold grew 25%. The firm has been able increases its sales at a higher rate than the increase in expenses. This means that the firm is getting more efficient with its processes since the gap between sales and costs of goods sold is increasing. This is a sign of healthy business operations. Further, Horniman’s net profit has nearly doubled between 2002 and 2005 – soaring to $60,800 in 2005 from $32,600 in 2002. Profits are on the rise - Horniman’s gross profit has increased steadily, jumping from $385,600 in 2002 to $545,400 in 2005. Also because of efficiency, not only is Horniman producing more and selling more, it is able to capture larger margins. Profit margin for Horniman increased from 4.1% to...
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...INSTRUCTIONAL SHEET FOR STUDENTS PROPAGATION BY AIR-LAYERING OBJECTIVES Students should be able to: ❖ Demonstrated the steps involved in Air-layering propagation. ❖ Explain the reason for using rooting hormone and scraping of cambium layer on stem. NOTES PROPAGATION BY AIR LAYERING Air layering or marcotting is a form of asexual plant propagation. This is a form of propagation that involves the use of plant parts, other than seeds to produce new plants. The process of Air-layering involves a system whereby new plants are formed on a stem while still being attached to the parent plant. SAFETY WARNING 1. Care should be taken when using the budding knife so as not to cause injury to oneself or others. 2. Gloves should be worn at all times to insure that rooting hormone does not come into contact with skin. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT NEEDED: 1. Plants to layer 2. Rooting hormone 3. Secateurs 4. Sharp sterilized budding knife 5. Damp cocoa moss 6. Clear plastic wrap 7. String 8. Brush 9. Latex gloves. STEP INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS OF AIR-LAYERING 1. Select a branch from a healthy plant. Stems of pencil size thickness or larger are best and remove any leaves that are present. 2. The chosen stem is girdled i.e. using a sharp budding knife two circular cuts are made on the stem at 3c.m. apart. 3. A third cut...
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...In the case we are given the information that revenues are expected to increase by 30% and are asked to develop a forecast of the financial statements for 2006. I used this information to forecast out the revenues and all of the accounts for my balance sheet as well. For COGS and SG&A I used an average percentage, developed from the last four years data, of each divided by revenue. Depreciation was given in the footnotes on page 3 and for taxes I once again used an average of the tax for each year divided by operating profit for the 2006 Income statement projections. Some of the issues I see with using this method is that I did is that not all balance sheet accounts will increase proportionately with the revenue and so this creates a very unrealistic and unreliable projection of the balance sheet. I also projected the cash to increase by 30% as well, but the cash account has been decreasing rapidly since Bob and Maggie took over the business. The way they are doing things is working for now; in the future I think they will run into problems because they are not maintaining a large enough cash balance. They do not always receive cash from their sales within 10 days and so by paying all their bills within the 10 day time frame to take advantage of the discount, they are creating a shortage in cash and thus reducing the company’s liquidity. This also creates high cost of trade credit. To calculate the cost of trade credit I used the following formula Cost of Trade Credit = ((1...
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...HORTICULTURE 22 Laboratory Exercise No. 5d Fertilizer Application Name: John Remart A. Empron Date Performed: Lab. Schedule : W(7:00-9:00) Date Submitted: Feb.26, 2016 Introduction Fertilizer is needed almost to all crops in order to supply the missing nutrients of the plants. In crop production, fertilizer application is the one of the major aspect for them to achieve maximum yield. Timing of fertilizer application has a significant effect on crop yields. Proper timing of the fertilizer application increases yields, reduces nutrient losses, increases nutrient use efficiency and prevents damage to the environment. There are two types of fertilizer that being used these are; Organic fertilizers, it works over time to create a healthy growing environment, while inorganic fertilizers provide rapid nutrition. Determining which is better for your plants depends largely on the needs of your plants and your preferences in terms of cost and environmental impact. Objectives 1.To get acquainted with the various kinds of fertilizer materials and the different methods of application. 2. To be able t compute the amount of a given fertilizer material to apply to a particular crop. 3. To gain experience in the actual application of fertilizer. Activities 1. Lecture/discussion on different fertilizer materials, fertilization methos...
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...The development of horticulture and the growth of maize created a surplus of food and pushed communities and hierarchies to grow in complexity. Less necessity for society members to contribute to the food supply allowed workers to specialize in new areas of village life (priesthood, craftsmanship, etc.) The Anasazi and Hohokam settled the arid Southwest with horticulture by developing complex irrigation canals without beasts of burden, metal tools, or other developments. This method of maize farming later spread easily into other parts of North America, particularly along the Mississippi, whose watersheds would cancel out the necessity for irrigation canals. Horticulture never spread to the tribes of the Great Basin and Plains, who instead adopted the bow and arrow...
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...CHAPTER-1 1.1 Introduction Horticulture is the part of agriculture, which deals with the study of growing and marketing of flower, fruits, and vegetables. Horticulture includes cultivation of flower, fruits, and vegetables for sale in the market, etc. The word horticulture is derived from the latin hortus, “garden”, and colere, “to cultivate.” A person who performs the activities of fruits and vegetables growing are known as horticulturist. Vegetables growing is an important part of horticulture. Presently our county is next to China in area and production of fruits and vegetable crops and has been contributing 10% of fruits and 14% of vegetable of the total world production. Horticulture has become a key driver for economic development of the Sikkim. The government has decided to adopt the policy of growth with sustainability, making horticulture a priority sector for higher income generation to farming community. 1.2 Background of the study The main purpose of this research process was to see the present status and prospectus of horticulture crops (vegetables) in East Sikkim. This topic is very important because horticulture is one of the major economic activities of the people of Sikkim. The department of horticulture is deeply involved in motivating and providing technical guidance to local farmers. The important of horticulture in improving land use, generating employment and providing national security to people has increased many folds and realization of the same...
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...CHAPTER-1 1.1 Introduction Horticulture is the part of agriculture, which deals with the study of growing and marketing of flower, fruits, and vegetables. Horticulture includes cultivation of flower, fruits, and vegetables for sale in the market, etc. The word horticulture is derived from the latin hortus, “garden”, and colere, “to cultivate.” A person who performs the activities of fruits and vegetables growing are known as horticulturist. Vegetables growing is an important part of horticulture. Presently our county is next to China in area and production of fruits and vegetable crops and has been contributing 10% of fruits and 14% of vegetable of the total world production. Horticulture has become a key driver for economic development of the Sikkim. The government has decided to adopt the policy of growth with sustainability, making horticulture a priority sector for higher income generation to farming community. 1.2 Background of the study The main purpose of this research process was to see the present status and prospectus of horticulture crops (vegetables) in East Sikkim. This topic is very important because horticulture is one of the major economic activities of the people of Sikkim. The department of horticulture is deeply involved in motivating and providing technical guidance to local farmers. The important of horticulture in improving land use, generating employment and providing national security to people has increased many folds and realization of the same...
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...CHAPTER ONE 1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1.1 INTRODUCTION Tomato (cycospersicum esculentum) is one the most popular and widely grown vegetable in the world. The precise centre of origin and domestication of the presented cultivated tomato is uncertain purse glove (1968) point to the central and South America precisely at per Ecuadeor area as the region of origin. This view is not different from that of Anyanwu A.C, (1979who also considered tomato as being indigenous to Izeu and Ecuador in South America from where it spread out to other parts of the world. Tindal H.D 1983 investigated that the cultivated tomato originated in the slope of the Andes mountain of South America. The spread of tomato to other parts was more by deliberate introduction then by accidental natural spread. The spinerals are credited with introducing the crop to Europe in very early times (Purselohe, 1968). Ogieuo Erebor (1998) identified 1596 as the precise date of introduction of the crop to Britain the probable date of the spread of tomato to most tropical countries is in the nineteenth century, a period which Tindal H.D. (1983) accept. The spread in Africa is traced to minigrant tredous missionaries and agricultural officers. The botany of tomato; it belongs to family of solanacease genus cycopersicum species esculentum. The varieties of tomato are divided into two, the processing and the solid type. Other varieties and cultivar include cherry tomato uar cevasiforme, poor tomato uar periform, potato...
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