...outcomes of sports mega-events in Canada and Japan, Sociological Review 2006 Vol. 54 No. Suppl. 2 pp. 71-89 This paper raises questions about the discrepancies between predicted and actual outcomes of sports mega-events, and about why hosting is so often the project of political and business elites. It also raises questions about the economic impacts of tourism, in the years after the event. The paper highlights a number of parallel developments in the pursuit of hosting major international sports events in Canada and Japan. In both countries, Olympic hosting has been the project of political and corporate elites, and in both countries large claims were made for the economic and social benefits that would follow from hosting Olympics and other mega-events (in Japan, such as the Soccer World Cup). The outcomes, however, have been that public and private investments in the 'infrastructure of play' have created expensive sporting infrastructure and other consumer spaces, but with few social benefits for the unable (or dis-inclined) to present themselves as consumers. Hosting sports mega-events was also intended to signal the emergence of once 'peripheral' cities as major players in the national and global economies, and to attract international tourism. Once again, however, the historical experience suggests that these efforts at 'place promotion' have impacts that are fleeting, at best, and as the years pass it becomes difficult to isolate the impacts of the mega-event on the fortunes...
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...KNH 313 Sport Economics and Finance Assignment #3 Economic Impact of the FIFA World Cup 2014 on the Host Destination Brazil Table of Content Introduction 3 Economic Impact 3-4 Event Tourism 4-5 Image and place marketing 5-6 Urban development and renewal 6-8 Social development 8-9 Conclusion/Discussion 9-11 Bibliography 12 Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyze and define the economic impact of the FIFA World Cup 2014 in Brazil. An economic impact report allows public sector bodies to analyze their economic return on investment and it also demonstrates how events drive economic benefits that enable event organizers to develop practices maximizing these benefits. (eventIMPACTS) In 2007 Brazil was announced as the host of the world`s biggest football event, the FIFA World Cup 2014. This will be the second time the country has hosted the competition, making Brazil the fifth country to have hosted the FIFA World Cup twice. This extraordinary event will be held from 12 June till 13 July and will take place in 12 stadia spread over Brazil. (Brazilian Federal Government) This paper begins with an overview of the economic impact by hosting this event. Furthermore I will outline the impact of the 2014 FIFA World Cup on tourism, the destination image and the development of infrastructure. I will then conclude by identifying...
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...CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Hosting World Cup is an opportunity that no country contemplates of when thinking of global narratives. This event has traditionally been considered a privilege of developed countries, but this has changed in the recent past as evident by the fact that developing countries have been given the right host this international competition. For instance, South Africa hosted the 2010 World Cup and Brazil the 2014 World Cup. Notably, there has been intense competition between nations to host World Cup. Many countries have vowed to invest billions of dollars in order to increase their chances of being elected to host such mega event. Why should countries compete to host this event? There could be numerous reasons why a number of countries are keen on hosting World Cup, but the most compelling is the promise of an economic and social windfall. Soccer is one of the sports which people tend to identify themselves with. It has gained popularity owing to its impacts on the players, followers, states and other stakeholders. Currently, the game is estimated to have the highest number of followers than any other sport. Due to its vast effects, Soccer World Cups have gained popularity in the past two decades. For the previously held World Cups, great focus has been on social and economic effects. There numerous articles that have been written about the positive and negative effects of World Cups especially to the host countries. Before the 2010 World Cup...
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...Impact of mega-sporting events 1 The impact of international mega-sporting events oh host cities Regina Glazman 20151794 ARW2 for law students KIMEP regina.glazman@kimep.kz Impact of mega-sporting events 2 Abstract While a mega-sport event is scheduled at least once every year somewhere in the world, these events are rare occurrences for the host cities and countries. The benefits of such events seem lucrative; the very fact that many countries bid to host these events suggests that the benefits – be they tangible or intangible – more often than not outweigh the costs. However, some experts claim that it is almost impossible to achieve goal and provide a successful result. Therefore, the research question is : Do cities benefit from international mega-sporting events or it is just "showing-off"? When a city or nation is awarded the privilege of hosting a mega event, they are almost always required to enhance or develop their infrastructure. The developments which are created from these events are known as legacies. However, these legacies have a great risk to become "white elephants" ( Barclay, 2009,p.3). Thereupon, my research project was directed to understand do facilities in Almaty which were built for 2011 Asian Winter Games are used today and provide help for national athletes and the city. Result showed they do, but not without problems. However, legacies can come in many forms such as economic, tourism or sporting. Consequently, summarizing everything...
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...microphones in front of a whole bunch of visitors to get their opinions on their experience in London. Their answers are going to be critical in supporting the reputation of London and the UK in the future," said Greg Klassen, Senior-Vice President of the Canadian Tourism Commission. This statement came just before the 2012 Olympics. In a nutshell, his comment hits the nail on the head in terms of the impact hosting the Olympics can have on future tourism after hosting the Olympics. It goes without saying, then, that hotels and restaurants should price cautiously. "Resist the urge to price for the Olympics and con-sider pricing for the next 10 years instead. You don't want these to become known as the rip-off Olympics," advises Klassen. By hosting a successful major event, a city is able to demonstrate technical and organizational abilities, and even winning the opportunity to act as the host city signals success. However, by taking on that responsibility, in an event such as the Olympics, you run into the possibility that the event may not go the way you planned it. Either way, hosting the Olympics is an opportunity that many tourist destinations will not let pass them by. The Australian Tourist Commission received US $6.7 million from the Australian Government over four years, to maximize the tourism opportunities presented by the Sydney Olympic Games. It assisted official ticket agents, appointed by each National Olympic Committee, to develop travel packages that featured tours to...
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...marginalization of developing countries, National Identity and Global Sports Events, and the image of Zidane and Algeria. Marginalization of developing countries The first point that was made in this article was the impact of marginalization on developing countries. Marginalization is limiting a certain country or group of people to a certain level of power. The authors states that marginalization of developing countries is not understood, because little work is done to try and understand what is going on. The author gives an example of how the 21st century sports play a major role in society...
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...The Olympic Games are a set of international sports competitions held every four years since 1896, regrouping over 10,500 athletes from different nations, participating to nearly 300 different sports (Australian Olympic Committee, 2009). They are one of the most renowned events in the world, and have the ability of attracting the attention of a worldwide audience and to produce important impacts on the country or region that hosts them. After hosting the Olympics two times in 1908 and 1948, London will beat the records this year by being the first country holding three Olympic Games and, in the same way as the previous Games, the 2012 Olympics are going to have major impacts on the country on several industries (Australian Olympic Committee, 2009). This essay will mainly discuss the political, social and economic long-term impacts that hosting the 2012 Olympic Games will have on the city of London in relation to the Events Industry. This first part of the essay will discuss the political impacts of the Olympics on the Events Industry. Over time, the Olympic Games have become “irreparably intertwined with politics” and have generated a good political image on the hosting country as they served as a tool of global publicity. Unfortunately, this hasn’t always been a positive thing as it often led to bribery and corruption. For example, in 1936 the Nazi Party used the Games to promote German superiority. This is why the International Olympics Committee (IOC) former...
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...Melbourne Business Practicum Report Benchmarking Melbourne as a Sports and Arts Capital Research conducted by: Carthur Wan Daniel Chen Eliza Tong & Karleen Wu Disclaimer: The MBP team has used reasonable care and skill in compiling the content of this material. However, neither the MBP nor the students provide a warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information in these materials. No part of these materials are intended to be advice, whether legal or professional. Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 2 Background and Objectives ............................................................................................................ 3 General Benchmarking Methodology ............................................................................................. 4 Benchmarking Melbourne's Arts Status ......................................................................................... 5 4.1 4.2 Arts Comparison Cities Overview............................................................................................ 5 Arts Capacity Index ................................................................................................................. 6 Physical Infrastructure - Venue Number......................................................................... 6 Physical Infrastructure - Size ...................................
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...Sporting Events on Host countries Nitika Mangal Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Chapter 1: Introduction 4 Chapter 2: Aim and Objectives 5 Chapter 3: Literature Review 6 Chapter 4: Analysis 1 - Economic Impact of Atlanta 1996 Olympics 9 Positive Impact 9 Negative Impact 10 Chapter 5: Analysis 2 - Economic Impact of Sydney 2000 Olympics 12 Positive Impact 12 Negative Impact 14 Chapter 6: Analysis 3 - Economic Impact of Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics 16 Positive Impact 16 Negative Impact 18 Chapter 7: Analysis 4 - Economic Impact of FIFA 2010 World Cup, SA 20 Positive Impact 20 Negative Impact 21 Chapter 8: Analysis 5 - Economic Impact of FIFA 2014 World Cup, Brazil 23 Positive Impact 23 Negative Impact 24 Chapter 9: Overall Critical Analysis of Mega Sporting Events 26 Olympics 26 FIFA World Cup 29 Chapter 10: Challenges in Calculating Economic Impact 31 Chapter 11: Conclusion 34 References 35 Chapter 1: Introduction Hosting a sporting event, and that too a mega-sporting event is considered to be a proud moment in the history of any country. It is hard to provide a clear and well defined meaning for the term mega-event, as its difference from a normal event is not just dependent on the number of actual participants. It needs the fulfillment of many different factors for an event to be categorized...
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...Final Project: Sports Marketing Plan Randy Werner SPM/250 May 6, 2012 Jeff Price In today’s society youth athletics play a crucial part of millions of children’s everyday life. Children, along with their parents and siblings, spend hours each week practicing to play their favorite game. Along with the practice comes a major financial commitment by the parents in order to get their children involved with the elite sports programs. Historically youth baseball teams have been formed by participating in local little leagues. Over the past 5 to 10 years there has been a major change in the trend of parents wanting their children to play against more elite teams in order for their children to become better overall players. These elite teams have organized their own teams and have developed marketing plans to raise money which in return allows the team to have the top of the line equipment in order to compete at a higher level. This higher level of play is when teams travel all over the country to participate in elite tournaments that are being organized by local leagues or maybe just one small group of people to make money by hosting these events. There are numerous internal and external factors that need to be planned out when you decide to host and organize these events. ITOC Sports, short for Iowa Tournament of Champions, will be one organization that will organize and host these events. Some of the internal factors would be how many people will it take to organize...
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...around the world and all the different types of people blend together to enjoy something great for two weeks every four years. Similarly, Miami does the same thing just on an everyday basis. Miami is home to people from all over the world and from all different backgrounds. The diversity in Miami has been researched and will be used as an asset to the Olympic Games. The city is already multi-linguistic which will be a major help in relieving stress when it comes to travel for the participants. Keeping this diverse group of people safe will be an issue Miami will face. The safety of the participants and fans is arguably the most important aspect the host city needs to focus on. The Miami area has been recently cutting down on crime and will continue this trend into the future. However, our team has put together an extensive safety plan that will ensure the safety of everyone in the city. The plan includes over 35,000 full-time personnel working on providing a safe city for the entirety of the games. Furthermore, the plan includes procedures to safely secure all event locations. Our team has two top of the line crowd management companies, CSC...
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...THE OLYMPIC GAMES 8 ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF THE OLYMPICS 9 MC DONALD’S SYDNEY OLYMPIC SPONSORSHIP 10 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SPONSORSHIP 11 CONCLUSION 12 Bibliography 12 INTRODUCTION The aim of this report is to deal with the relevance of sponsorship in a big sporting event like the Olympics. The elements of marketing or marketing mix, how it is interrelated and the significance of promotion in an organization will also be discussed in the report. Prior to that, it is important to understand a general idea of sponsorship. Sponsorship can be defined as a process in which an organization, company or individual offers their service, products or financial support to another organization or event for a profitable advantage. The sponsoring company creates a business rapport with the sponsored one and the event or the program must be mutually beneficial. One of the most important aspects of sponsorship is promotion. A sponsor is the key stakeholder of an event and sponsoring an event offers many responsibilities. The sponsor must keep a track on the progress of the event and it must be continuously reviewed. The marketing mix, promotional mix, advantages and disadvantages of sponsoring an event like Olympics will be discussed further in the report. ELEMENTS OF MARKETING OR MARKETING MIX (4P’S) There are four elements of marketing such as price, product, place and promotion. Before discussing that, it is important to begin with the definition of marketing. Marketing can...
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...FIFA World Cup in our rear view mirror, soccer fans are still singing the catchy theme song “It’s time for Africa” by Shakira, but who will it be time for in 2022? According to FIFA rotation, since Brazil is hosting in 2014 and Europe in 2018, either Asia or North America will host the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The U.S., bidding on behalf of North America has already had the opportunity to host the 1994 World Cup, unlike Qatar bidding on behalf of Asia and the Middle East, but is Qatar capable of hosting this magnitude of an event? The answer is yes! Qatar has experience in hosting large sporting events, has the financial assets to make them possible, developed cooling technology to reduce temperatures in stadiums, will have improved infrastructure and more than adequate housing for teams and visitors alike. All of these factors are elements that FIFA looks at when choosing host countries for World Cups. The first factor FIFA considers when choosing a host country is whether or not it has the ability to organize and put on an event like a World Cup. Qatar impressed many with how it was able to organize and accommodate the 2006 Asian Games which included more than thirty events for men and women. The way in which thousands of volunteers were directed and utilized for this event is still unrivaled in the Middle East. Sepp Blatter, president of FIFA, endorsed the idea of Qatar being the host of the 2022 FIFA World Cup based on the country’s infrastructure and capability to orchestrate...
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...held in France and nearby countries. First staged in 1903, the race covered more than 3,600 kilometres (2,200 miles) and lasted three weeks. Nearly 200 riders begin each tour on the first weekend in July (Thompson, 2008). The number of teams usually varies between 20 to 22 teams, with nine riders in each team. No set numbers of stages are required in the Tour each year, but in recent years, at least 20 stages have comprised the race. The cyclist with the lowest cumulative time after the 20 stages wins (Liggett et al, 2005). This report aims to examine the development, management, impacts and success of this event and how it could be successfully replicated in Northern Ireland. 1.2 Background and development of the Tour De France A hundred summers ago, the Tour de France was born out of political conflict, and from a circulation war between competing sports journals. An editor of one these journals - Henri Desgrange, decided that he needed a sensational publicity venture to attract new readers. He himself was an enthusiastic cyclist and cycle racer. A six-day race was suggested all around France. Long-distance cycle races were a popular means to sell more newspapers. If it succeeded, it would help the journal match its rivals. The first Tour de France was staged in 1903 and the plan was a five-stage race from 31 May to 5 July. Stages would go through the night and finish next afternoon, with rest days before riders set off again. This proved to be too daunting...
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...Sports Marketing Concessions Market Assessment The article I read for this analysis was Concessions Market Assessment, a brief overview of the current concessions market in sports stadiums. This article was published by the Sports Marketing Research Journal. The approach in this article was from an academic perspective. It broke down the industry under competitors and major suppliers. They estimate that game-day revenue from concessions, merchandise and parking valued 10.7 billion in the United States. The analysis was done on 122 major league facilities, including stadiums and arenas. It was interesting to see that a large majority of these facilities outsource their concession to third party, outside suppliers. Only 14 facilities handled concessions in-house. For those facilities that outsourced 41.5% of arenas and 28.3% of stadiums used Aramark as their food service company. Aramark has a strong lead, with the next closest company being Levy Restaurants. Levy holds 26.8% of arenas and comes closer to Aramark in stadiums, providing concessions for 25.4%. Also, of interest, this article noted the increase in scale of concessions at sports events. Many venues are now offering high class restaurants. This trend shows that people are looking forward to dining at sporting events, rather than avoiding stadium food. The addition of these upscale dining options also creates new opportunities for revenue. As opposed to pizza and nachos, stadiums can now offer high-end catering...
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