... In this investigation I am going to investigate what affect the resistance of a wire. Electricity flows in metals. Metal wires are made of millions of tiny metal crystals. Each crystal’s atoms are arranged in a regular pattern. The metal is full of ‘free’ electrons that do not stick to any particular atom. They fill the space between atoms in a metal. When these electrons move they create an electric current. Conductors have resistance, but some are worse than others. The free electrons keep bumping into atoms. A wires resistance depends on four main factors which are: Resistivity The length of the wire Cross sectional area The temperature of the wire I am going to investigate how the length of the wire affects the resistance. I have done a preliminary experiment to help me decide the best way to do my investigation. The results should also help me make a prediction. Preliminary Investigation Below are my results from the preliminary experiment (see table 1). I have taken three readings each from the Volts and current to make sure it is as accurate as possible Table 1 From the results I can see that as the length of the wire increases, the resistance increases as well. Furthermore I have noticed that if you double the length of the wire, the resistance is roughly doubled. E.g. when the length of the wire is 20cm the resistance is 3.14 ohms, when the length of the wire is 40cm the resistance is 6.18 ohms which is roughly double 3.14 ohms. In my main investigation...
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...so the water in the line doesn’t freeze and eventually plug. And the reason the freezer will form ice as to where a cooler might just have some minor frost is because the temperature of the evaporator coil is lower than 32 degrees. So that is what’s different from the wiring to a cooler and a freezer. Now when the unit is plugged in and the thermostat is not calling for cooling, only the neutral from the plug will be powered to all of your loads. And the hot wire that comes from your plug to the clock motor is your switched hot, meaning when the thermostat rises on a rise in temperature it then sends power to the compressor and condenser fan. One thing that is the same between a cooler and a freezer is that evaporator fan is always running except for when the freezer is in defrost mode. The hot wire that is your switched hot goes to your compressor but before is does it goes through an overload. After the overload it goes to the common side of the compressor. The compressor has two windings a start and a run but three wires get connected to the compressor...
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...WIRE DRAWING Objective To know how copper and aluminum drawing is done, and also to understand the machine setting and how the machine operates. Introduction Wire drawing is the process by which a metal rod is forced through a series of varying cross section die(s) and hence the metal rod cross sectional area is varied so as to obtain the desired shape and size. In Kenwest cables company their are 3 wire drawing machines namely:- 1. M55 2. H20 3. M85 1.M55 This is the main copper drawing machine and the one which can handle the 1st drawing process which is hard drawing. The raw material used is usually copper rod of 7.9mm thickness as the hard drawing material. The M55 can also handle further copper drawing like the H20. Operation procedure The M55 has several units namely:- a) stand b) block c) drawing basin d) annealer e) spooler a) stand It is responsible in guiding the copper rod being fed to the block or drawing basin. If its hard drawing its fed to the block but when its further drawing its directly fed into the drawing basin. This is because at the block section the die obtained may have a larger diameter than the copper rod in the case of further drawing hence the block is not required. b) Block It is functional when hard drawing takes place. The 1st die is usually located in this section (the block section) hence drawing process begins at the block section. The copper rod being fed is usually about 7.9mm in diameter which is the diameter...
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...needed to replace a server or something it would be impossible. It would take a long time to trace each wire end to end. Also with this kind of unorganized wiring set up, wires may get hot and start a fire. There are no labels in place to state what wire goes to what. A system like this cause constant server down time do to wires being bent that may come a loose. This is an example of a rush job or someone who just didn’t care about what they left for someone. There are no surge protectors. There are no color coded wires. Even though no color coded wires are needed but it would have help since the wiring system is not tied nor labeled. This wiring system would take the system down until it get straightened out with down time valuable information could be lost or that could equal a valuable lost. If you came into repair the server room and wires were everywhere like this it would cost a lot of money to get the system fixed due to overtime for a down time server. It’s a maze of spaghetti or a bird’s nest of twisted and tangled wires. Overall this is a unorganized and un kept wiring set up. The above pictures are of a very neat and organized network. All wires are clamped together to show they are going to a specific server, router or whatever. They are labeled to help with any repairs that may be needed. With a wiring closets like these it is very convenient to know what wires are plugged in to what switch. There are no bent ends that may cause interruption in service. That means...
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...equipment you’re going to need to set up the network system. What tools you’re going to need to achieve the desired outcome and materials. Also, making sure the area you are going to be installing in is up to NFPA, FCC, UL, NEC code. Verifying that a system is safe from harming any occupants that may inhabit the structure is key to quality and control. Also if your equipment is safe and of good quality not only will your system be safe but also run better. If you have wires hanging out, shorts in networking hardware, systems that run too hot and placed in tight areas with no ventilation just some examples. Some aspects of proper design are having a detailed plan of how the installation will proceed, you should know the scope of the project, and i.e.…how many cable runs you have what connections need to be made. Your design should also be made available to all people involved with the installation. As well as contain a blueprint of how the cables will be installed. Tools that will be useful in your installation will be, Wire cutters, crimpers, pen and paper, fish tape, pull string, two way radio, labeling materials, punch down tool, toning tools, basic hand tools. I know I have used off the book tools to install cabling. One of the tools I used and it actually stays in the wall is a small plastic funnel. It actually keeps the cable from bending when not going through the back side of the wall. When you cut your spot out where you’re placing your connection box place a small funnel...
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...Armco Inc. Armco Inc is a steel manufacturer that used to be the sixth largest in its industry in United States in 1990. The Kansas City Works within its Midwestern Steel Division was hit by the decline in the business in the US steel industry. The firm produces grinding media and carbon wire rod. The first on has been successful in the industry with its great durability compared to the competitors. Carbon wire rods on the other hand were non profitable and covered only some of its fixed costs through its production volume. The old performance measurement system used by Armco Inc did not work properly because it had some problems. First, it did not provide information on the product mix being produced while it provided data on total tonnage produced but didn’t breakdown what was produced. Second the measurement system compared actual to objective but didn’t provide data on what factors exactly caused variance. Third, the costs were not broken down by fixed costs, variable costs and relevant range. Also the reports were generated on the 15th day following every month ending so I think managers could not take immediate corrective actions which would have been sometimes very necessary. In my opinion, also the fact that the system did not measure Key Performance Index for each department such as the new system, is one important reason why the old system was inadequate. there was inconsistency with organization’s current strategy. The objective of Armco Inc. is maximizing profits...
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...Contractor Requirements The successful contractor will have a certified electrician on site whenever work is being done on or near electrical wiring. The successful contractor will be a certified installer of the infrastructure components being provided. All work must meet local, state, and federal regulation codes. The successful contractor will have a Registered Communications Distribution Designer (RCDD) onsite and supervising all work. Purpose of this RFP The purpose of this RFP is to detail the work that is to be done, from the beginning to end stages in order for various contractors to bid on this project. Any contractors bidding on this project must give technical and commercial proposals in accordance with the terms and conditions mentioned in this document. Cables, network equipment, and other infrastructure components that meet customer requirements will be purchased through outside vendors by the contractors. The source company reserves the right to negotiate the prices for the hardware and/or any software needed to complete this project. The bidder will furnish all labor, tools, and any other equipment needed to successfully complete this contract. Work Included The scope of this RFP covers the deployment of the following technology and service components, hardware/ storage infrastructure solution supply, installation & configuration of racks, switches and other devices. Any and all overtime or off-hours work required to complete the scope of work within...
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...rating Unshielded Twisted-Pair is copper wire that is used in a twisted pair. Which is two conductors of a single circuit that are twisted together to prevent crosstalk UTP typically have only one outer covering or jacket for one or more of the twisted pairs. Shielded Twisted-Pair is copper wire that is almost the same but also with the outer covering each twisted pair is also shielded separately and then shielded again before the outer jacket Fiber-Optic Cable bandwidth is dramatically higher than with copper speeds and it uses a strand of glass or plastic to transmit data using light pulses transmission distances are much further away it is not susceptible to outside EMI or crosstalk interference. It is more secure than copper wire it very hard to tap in to unlike copper wire. Dark Fiber is just a term used for unused or unneeded strands of installed fiber because you always want to install more than you need cause networks always grow. Coaxial Cable is widely used for cable tv it has solid copper core with a Teflon insulation around that either a foil sleeve of a braided wire mesh and then the outer jacket Plenum is the space between the deck ant the false ceiling when it is used for HVAC Riser is a vertical shaft that allows you to run wires between two floors Rip Cord is installed in some wire it is also called the slitting cord it is meant to make it easier to split the jacket on the cable when more than 2” of the wire needs to be exposed. Core in cabling is what...
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...Breaking Tradition Will fiber ever make it to the desktop? This article is basically is about the differences between copper network infrastructure cabling and fiber-optic cable. Although it is overall cheaper to install and obtain fiber-optic cable companies are still electing to us copper networking. The reason that copper is still on top is because the companies that manufacture it are making sure that copper wire is still being made specifically for certain infrastructures. Copper wiring also seems to be a lot easier to work with for the time being due to lack of engineering economical of the 24 or 48 port fibers switches. I think that quality of the information was short, sweet and to the point. This article was not overloaded with information. If also was not difficult for anyone person to understand the point of it. I do not know much about the in and outs of computers. Even less about the behind screens of putting the network and the hardware together. I think the way the article was presented was done very well. Personally, I think that it take time for people get on broad with new technology. In my opinion, this article seems to be well informative. Also in reading the material it was very descriptive in regards to the contrast between copper cabling and fiber-optic cable. It went into detail regarding both the pros and cons between for the use of fiber-optic cable. However at the end of the article the writer proceeds to states that he feels that...
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...Managing Operations is Sound Prioritization: The Mexicana Wire Works Case A case report presented to the faculty of the Master of Business Administration Far Eastern University In partial fulfilment of the requirements In Quantitative Analysis Submitted To: Professor Willy Cuason Submitted By: Jeancy Dela Rosa Joan Eclipse Gerra Lanuza Mark Nimeno Timmyleh Pocong Jerome Tumambing June 03, 2014 I. Case Background Mexicana Wire Winding, Inc. is a subsidiary of Westover Wire Works based in Texas which is a medium-sized producer of wire windings of electrical transformers. Ron Garcia is the new management trainee, who studied operations management in his MBA program but lacks any technical knowledge about the manufacturing process. He is tasked to help the company in solving the increase in booking orders for April.There will be new equipments coming in the next several months but these won‘t help them fill the April orders. (Render & Stair, 2012) To better understand the case the group researched on the sequence on how to produce wire windings as discussed in the case: 1. “Wire Winding- the metalworking process used to reduce the cross-section of a wire by pulling the wire through a single, or series of, drawing die(s). There are many applications for wire drawing, including electrical wiring, cables, tension-loaded structural components, springs, paper clips...
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...Set of Instructions Author Author Affiliation Abstract Instructions are set of guidelines that helps to perform a process or procedure. Making an USB fan is an easy “Do It Yourself” project. Anybody with access to a computer USB port can run a small fan. This paper describes instructions to be followed in order to make a USB fan. Title of Paper Equipment required: 1. Small 5 Volt dc Motor. 2. An adhesive glue, 3. A (exhausted) round shaped marker pen, 4. An USB cable, 5. Cutting tool like scissors or knife, 6. Wire stripper, 7. Tape, 8. Plastic gear available from any small toy car. 9. A circular piece of plastic of diameter 3” Instructions: 1. Firstly cut the USB cable at one end (it should be the end with female jack), 2. Locate red and black cables. Leave the rest. 3. Stripe out the copper wires using cable stripper, 4. Connect the red and black cable to that of the motor, 5. Attach the gear to the shaft of the motor, 6. Now make 8 cut to the center of the circular plastic. It would take small triangular shapes. Twist the triangular shaped wings of the fan slightly inwards, 7. Attach the circular plastic to the gear using glue, 8. Put the motor with the plastic on top of the marker and stick with the glue, 9. Now fix the other part of the marker on top of the cd vertically. 10. Connect the male USB jack to the USB port of a computer. The fan should move perfectly. Figure 1: Completed...
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...to meet those demands of mobility, and also for the life of the wire so that it does not crack, break, fray or short. We had a job at a university where we moved flat panels on a track system to create different screen sizes, and for that we had to make sure the cable would meet the demand. Capacitance Cat 6 is not always better than Cat 5. If a video extender is made for Cat 5e, using Cat 6 may cause you a problem. The electrical properties are different, and the circuitry inside may not be able to reconcile the increased capacitance. You should confirm with the manufacturer before making a substitute in a Category cable. Jacket What type of jacket does your cable need? You have plenum, riser, PVC/non-plenum and direct burial. Plenum cable is often required in commercial work, especially in buildings where there are open-air returns; it is essential to meeting code. Integrators will often use riser grade at the riser, and then transfer to plenum in the plenum space. This saves some cost, but I recommend you second-guess saving that few cents per foot in most cases. The chances of mixing up a box of cable and pulling riser in the plenum space may increase your liability as a company or cause you to re-pull cable when the inspector fails your install. If you only send plenum to site, you eliminate this possibility. A tennis ball would be a good makeshift tool because you can cut a hole in it to place wires...
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...types of cables and their abilities. The capabilities of these types of wires, prices, availability, and future uses are important factors to take into consideration when designing a layout for a building. Some other important variables to consider are how many people are trained to install the cabling and how durable that cabling is and how it can withstand long term use. Copper cabling is the widely used standard of today. It has been used as a communications line since the first telegraphs. Over the years it has developed into thin multi lined cables that can send an abundant amount of data. Since it has been around so long it is widely understood and taught to professionals as well as your average Joe. Category 5e and 6 are both capable of sending signal speeds much faster than we are able to produce at bandwidths that we haven’t reached yet. So at least for the near future copper cabling can still sustain Moore’s law. This law states that technology will double in capacity and for half of the price every two years. While copper is inexpensive now it becomes more expensive with its wide use. Also its abundance will degrade over time as it is used commercially worldwide. Some more of the flaws that are involved with copper are EMI, unnoticeable tampering, and potential. Electromagnetic interference can cause signal delay and corruption as it effects copper wiring. Tampering is easy to do since these wires are easily penetrated and will continue the signal down the trunk line...
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...signal loss and check for equipment that may cause interference and degrade network performance. The following paragraphs describe three (3) cable testers and how they work and which cable system(s) they are most suitable for. The first tester is the wire-mapper. Wire-mappers are used primarily with copper twisted-pair cable installations. These devices, according to Oliviero and Woodward (2011, p.422, 441) “Transmit signals through each pair in a twisted-pair cable to determine if it is connected correctly to the correct pin at each end.” The second tool is the tone generator. A tone generator is a two-piece unit that consists of a tone generator and a probe. This type of tester's primary function, amongst installers, is to identify specific locations in a punch-down block then label accordingly. According to Oliviero and Woodward (2011, p.442-443), these testers “Transmit[s] a signal, or, with an alligator clip, you connect the unit to an individual wire. The other unit is an inductive amplifier, which is a pen-like probe that emits an audible tone when touched to the other end of the conductor.” Primary functions are identify a particular cable within a bundle and to test for opens, shorts, and miswires of individual wires. Unfortunately, there is a disadvantage to using this device; time consuming. The third and final tester to be discussed are Multifunction Cable Scanners (commonly referred to as a certification tool). Alarmingly, these devices are highly expensive...
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...beginning with Layer 7. Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical. 6. Why is it important for operating system venders to consider the OSI/RM when developing networking software? The OSI/RM allows systems from various venders to communicate with one another. Significant deviance from the OSI/RM will result in communication failures. 7. What is the difference between routable and non-routable protocols? Routable protocols can pass through a router and can travel through LANs and WANs. Non-routable protocols use predefined routes that cannot be changed. 8. Name the two types of twisted-pair cable, and the two varieties of wire available for each. Shielded twisted-pair cable (STP) and unshielded twisted-pair cable (UTP). They both come in either stranded wire or solid wire. 9. What are the two major types of fiber-optic cables? Single mode and Multi Mode 10. A network administrator suspects a security problem on a wireless network, and has changed...
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