...Most people are educated about the Holocaust and are aware of the millions of people whose lives have been taken by mass genocide and hate. However, what many people do not know about is the people who have made an effort to stand up against oppression during these tragic times. During the second World War, Nazis in Europe had come up with a system where Jews and other minorities would be hunted down and isolated from the outside world. Eventually the lives of these marginalized people would be taken rapidly with the assistance of concentration camps. Jews stood up against this in many different forms of armed and unarmed resistance in order to protect their beliefs. During the Holocaust, both armed and unarmed resistance was used in order to protect Jewish beliefs and their honor....
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...The Holocaust: Suggested Reading There is a wealth of information about the Holocaust. So much has been written, in fact, that it can be difficult to determine where to start. This reading list is collected from recommendations from other members of The Holocaust History Project. It is not a complete bibliography but represents our opinion as to what are the most useful starting places for research. Since this list concentrates on works that are easily available and useful to a person unacquainted with the history of the Holocaust, many excellent books which are rare or out of print are not listed. Another class of books that are not included is works that are controversial because of their contents or the unusual theories they propose. Some of these are excellent works, others are not. But we feel that the reader for whom this list was compiled would not have the knowledge needed to evaluate these discussions of the legitimate controversies about the Holocaust. Just as a medical student must learn anatomy before he or she is taught surgery, someone studying the Holocaust must know the factual background before some of the more technical studies can be understood. As well as general works we have included books of specialized interest concerning the matters about which we at The Holocaust History Project are most frequently asked. Many of these books deal with more than one subject, but in the interest of brevity we have not cited a book more than once. General history of the...
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...imaginary—just to illustrate how to document a scholarly paper.) The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Could Have Succeeded: But Would It Have Mattered? One of the most horrifying realities of World War II surrounded the genocide of millions of people the Axis Powers deemed inferior. Jewish. Of those, the best known group was Every nation in Europe that fell under Axis control had some Jewish citizens, and millions of these people were arrested, detained, and eventually executed, worked, or starved to death. Poland’s Jews were the most numerous group outside of Germany itself and, from the beginning of the war, suffered under Nazi rule. Initially confined to ghettos in major cities, the Jewish population was systematically deported to concentration camps and exterminated. When Jews failed to report for deportation 1 in sufficient numbers, the Germans decided to demolish the ghettos in every city, the largest of which was in Warsaw. In the spring of 1943, some Jews in the Warsaw ghetto elected to resist militantly, and they held the German Army at bay for weeks longer than Poland itself had held out against the invaders in 1939. The ghetto uprising failed for a number of reasons, but it could have succeeded if different decisions had been made sooner and if the outside world had been willing to help.1 When the Germans decided to construct the Warsaw ghetto, the city held more than a million Jews. Through the passage of laws and military decrees, the Germans forced...
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...are imaginary—just to illustrate how to document a scholarly paper.) The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Could Have Succeeded: But Would It Have Mattered? One of the most horrifying realities of World War II surrounded the genocide of millions of people the Axis Powers deemed inferior. Jewish. Of those, the best known group was Every nation in Europe that fell under Axis control had some Jewish citizens, and millions of these people were arrested, detained, and eventually executed, worked, or starved to death. Poland’s Jews were the most numerous group outside of Germany itself and, from the beginning of the war, suffered under Nazi rule. Initially confined to ghettos in major cities, the Jewish population was systematically deported to concentration camps and exterminated. When Jews failed to report for deportation 1 in sufficient numbers, the Germans decided to demolish the ghettos in every city, the largest of which was in Warsaw. In the spring of 1943, some Jews in the Warsaw ghetto elected to resist militantly, and they held the German Army at bay for weeks longer than Poland itself had held out against the invaders in 1939. The ghetto uprising failed for a number of reasons, but it could have succeeded if different decisions had been made sooner and if the outside world had been willing to help.1 When the Germans decided to construct the Warsaw ghetto, the city held more than a million Jews. Through the passage of laws and military decrees, the Germans forced Jews...
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... FirstStage.org INSIDE THE GUIDE preparing for the play A NOTE TO TEACHERS AND PARENTS HANA’S SUITCASE is the true story of Jewish girl who died at Auschwitz at the age of thirteen and how, although her life was taken at such a young age, her memory and spirit continue to live on today. Adapted from the book of the same title by Karen Levine, HANA’S SUITCASE explores the journey of teacher and children at the Tokyo Holocaust Education Center take to find out who Hana Brady is—all from a suitcase the Center received with Hana’s name, birth date, and the word waisenkind (orphan) written on it. The children at the Center are captivated by this suitcase, and the girl who once owned it, and they begin flooding Fumiko Ishioka, the Center’s Director, with question after question about Hana. Fumiko recognizes the importance of uncovering Hana’s story for her students. This tragic event cannot be summed up in numbers or facts— it affected individuals, young and old, who each had a story, families, and hopes and dreams. As Fumiko slowly but determinedly reveals Hana’s story, she discovers that Hana was sent to live in Theresienstadt, a Jewish ghetto, and eventually died at Auschwitz. However, as devastating as this is for Fumiko and the children at the Center to find out, they also learn that Hana had an older brother who survived the Holocaust and was now living with his family in Canada. Fumiko and the children write to George Brady, asking him to share...
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...and have faith that there is only one God and they feel they have a covenant with that God. What the Jews mean by covenant is “the covenant between God and Jews is the basis for the idea of the Jews as the chosen people.” Roman Times There was a certain time period where the Jewish People pretty much governed themselves and were able to come to peace with the Roman Empire. “But internal divisions weakened the Jewish kingdom and allowed the Romans to establish control in 63 BCE.” After this the Jewish people were being taxed and “oppressed” by a series of rulers who pretty much forgot and did not care for the practice of Judaism. At the time the priests or “Sadducees” were friends or allies with the rulers and forgot who they really were. After this the Jews turned to the Pharisees or scribes, these people were also called Rabbis, which means teachers. When the Rabbis came in they encouraged the Jewish people to look at new ethical laws in all aspects of like, and look at a cycle of prayer and festivals in the home and at synagogues. History from 1090 to 1600 In the beginning of the next millennium everything began with crusades, military operations by “Christian countries to capture the Holy Land”. The armies of the first crusade ended up attacking the Jewish communities while they were traveling to the Palestine especially in Germany. The crusaders ended up capturing Jerusalem after this they killed and enslaved thousands of Jews...
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...AS History – Essay on the Persecution of the Jews How accurate is it to say that the persecution of Jews in Germany steadily increased in the years 1933-42? The question of whether or not the persecution of Jewish race has had a steady intensification, relates closely to whether you adopt an intentionalist or structuralist viewpoint on this historical event. An intentionalist will claim that the process of persecuting Jews in Germany is a planned sequence and was outlined by the Nazi Party; they claim that the roots of Hitler’s politics was about eliminating the Jewish race from Germany and the evidence can be found in Mein Kampf. On the other hand, structuralist historians will claim that the persecution of the Jews was never planned and it was improvised all the way through to the Holocaust; furthermore, they will state that the Nazi’s did not come to power based on policies towards the Jews as the electorate was never as enthusiastic as Hitler was about this.Although it increased it was more gradual than steady, It did increase but there were times where it stopped, but it was at a very low key when not much attention was taken towards the situation. However, in 1938 when the Nazi’s had invaded Austria and Sudetenland, there was more of an increase in persecution of Jews. In the year 1933, the Boycott of Jewish businesses and professional offices, the exclusion of Jews from civil service as well as the Quota for non-Aryan students occurred serving the purpose of isolating...
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...Oppression: To Resist or Adapt? Humans have this mysterious conception the one skin tone, religion, region, or ideology is superior than another human beings. From the beginning of mankind to our world today, groups of like minded people have degraded or oppressed groups that do not categorize under their idea of who is equal to them. The groups that are degraded or oppressed have historically shown that they either resist and fight against the oppressor or adapt and strive to continue living peacefully to the best of their abilities. This can be shown through the examples from the 19 century when African Americans were freed and struggled on whether to resist or adapt to post Reconstruction era America; in World War II between how people of the Jewish faith tried to adapt without resisting to Nazi occupation, imprisonment, and even murder; and finally today, how women in the Middle East, who are going against culture and trying to gain basic rights as human beings. It would be beneficial to begin describing the situation that African Americans faced during the 19th century. After 1877, slavery ceased to exist in the United States and former slaves had constitutional protection against oppression, yet African Americans continued to be oppressed in the South. During the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century Democrats, who at that time supported the Confederacy and slavery, started to implement a series of laws called the Jim Crow laws. The primary...
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...Holocaust The Holocaust was a major event in our history that eliminated about eleven million people. These people were killed by the Nazis that resided in Germany during World War II. Hitler was the leader of the Nazis. He felt that the Nazis were superior to the lower classes, such as the Jews, Gypsies, disabled, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, Communists, and Socialists. There were many groups that were persecuted by the Nazis but the Jews were the group that the Nazis targeted the most. The Nazis killed over at least six million Jews. The Hitler demanded the extermination of the Jews because he felt they were to blame for Germany’s lost during World War I. This paper will explain: how Adolf Hitler came to power, the pre-war experience of German Jews; the treatment of the German Jews during the war; the implementation of “Final Solution” and why this event should be considered the most destructive event, committed by members of the human, in history. Adolf Hitler rose to power in 1919. This was considered the interwar period for Germany. When Germany lost in World War I the German leaders had to sign the Treaty of Versailles. This document was sign on May 7, 1919. The treaty put limits on Germany. It caused them to have to give up territories, reduce their military, and “perhaps the most humiliating portion of the treaty for defeated Germany was Article 231, commonly known as the “War Guilt Clause,” which forced the German nation to accept complete responsibility for...
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...PHDN Reproduction interdite par quelque moyen que ce soit / no reproduction allowed ________________________________________ The Nuremberg Trials took place during the immediate aftermath of World War II. They were the first trials in history to indict an entire regime for aggressive war crimes. These crimes included invading other nations, violating the Treaty of Versailles and most significantly, "crimes against humanity". These crimes were what later became known as the Holocaust, in which millions of innocent victims were deported, enslaved and systematically executed. The victims were primarily Jewish however many other victims suffered at the hands of the Nazis such as: Poles, Gypsies, the handicapped and the elderly. The Nuremberg Charter "defined war crimes as violations of the laws or customs of war"(Rosenbaum p, 30). Including killing of hostages, ill-treatment of civilians, use of forced labor and looting of public and private property and racial persecution. The International Military Tribunal, the prosecutors consisting of lawyers and judges from the United States, France, England and the Soviet Union had countless evidence of these crimes committed by the Nazis, however to serve justice to every individual for their inhumane actions was impossible. The Nuremberg Trials prosecuted twenty one defendants (all of whom were Nazi officers) and six major Nazi organizations. Although three organizations were declared criminal by the Tribunal and the defendants were...
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...Bailey Q. Elwood 4-15-10 PLS 240 Educators and Their Influence on German Youth Leading Up to the Holocaust Teaching is a profession that is very influential. I.L. Kandel describes how education is an instrument of social control and he was right. When Adolf Hitler came into the power of Germany the entire educational system tried to transform the youth into non-Aryan hating, militaristic, strong, and very obedient members of the Nazi society. If a government can control the educational system, it can most likely control society a lot more easily. However, some of the nationalistic views that many of the main Nazis had were brought to them during World War I in the classroom. Many classrooms celebrated the military aspect of war and they celebrated and taught nationalism for Germany. Classrooms did not really do that until the war. It was after the loss in World War I that the attitudes perpetuated by the enormous let down where teachers helped with the Nazi effort and taught the essentials to the Nazi party. Teachers did not do much to fight the Nazi effort and even though not all of them directly participated in the Holocaust, they did breed a nation of young extreme German nationalists whose ideals perpetuated the event. Extreme nationalism was a very popular topic for classrooms during and after World War I, which played a contribution to some of the main Nazis during the Nazi era. A large percentage of the Nazi base was born between 1900 and 1908 including...
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...crusade and discuss the extent to which it accomplished its objectives. Why did it succeed or fail? Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History; Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives; Christopher Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades 2. How did anti-Semitism manifest itself in medieval Europe? Kenneth R. Stow, Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe; Mark R. Cohen, Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages; Solomon Grayzel, The Church and the Jews in the Thirteenth Century 3. What was the position of prostitutes in medieval society? Ruth Mazo Karras, Common Women; Leah Otis, Prostitution in Medieval Society; Margaret Wade Labarge, A Small Sound of the Trumpet: Women in Medieval Life 4. Why did the French choose to follow Joan of Arc during the the Hundred Years War? Kelly DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader; Bonnie Wheeler, ed., Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc; Margaret Wade Labarge, A Small Sound of the Trumpet: Women in Medieval Life 5. Discuss the significance of siege warfare during the crusades. You may narrow this question down to a single crusade if you wish. Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege; Randall Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century; John France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade 6. Why did the persecution of heretics increase during the high and later Middle Ages...
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...MODULE C – History and Memory Sample 1 How has your understanding of events, personalities or situations been shaped by their representations in the texts you have studied. Refer to your prescribed text and at least TWO other related texts of your own choosing. History can be defined as “the methodical record of public events” where memory is defined as “the faculty by which events are recalled or kept in mind”. Thus history and memory interrelate as history can be seen as the contextual justification for memory. “The Fiftieth Gate” is a poignant interweaving of history and memory. The text follows protagonist, Mark Baker an historian, son of Holocaust survivors Genia and Yossl (Joe), on an historical journey through memory, to uncover the origins of his past and act as a catalyst for future generations to also connect with their history. Mark Baker’s journey through history and memory is also executed through his conventional ideas that memory is biased and less valid than history. There are numerous references to the discrepancies between the personal memories of his parents and the documented history Mark as an historian believes. In this way it is apparent that Mark is on a quest for verification, “my facts from the past are different”. This displays the flaw Mark traditionally notes in memory and his need for historical evidence. As responders accompany Mark on his journey, they also encounter the complexity of simultaneously being a son and an historian. This...
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...the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling for Palestine to be partitioned between Arabs and Jews, allowing for the formation of the Jewish state of Israel. Since 1917, Palestine had been under the control of Britain, which supported the creation of a Jewish state in the holy land. Sympathy for the Jewish cause grew during the genocide of European Jews during the Holocaust. In 1946, the Palestine issue was brought before the newly created United Nations, which drafted a partition plan. The plan, which organized Palestine into three Jewish sections, four Arab sections and the internationally-administered city of Jerusalem, had strong support in Western nations as well as the Soviet Union. It was opposed by Arab nations. US Central Intelligence Agency (para. 1-3) 2. Why do you think that Palestinian terrorists concentrate on soft targets? The concentration on soft targets is a result of the need to draw attention of a global audience that is increasingly challenging to traumatize, the growing sophistication of the terrorists as a result of experience, and cooperation between terrorist groups whose causes and cultures may otherwise have little in common have increased their ability to successfully complete these soft target attacks. Palestinian extremists were some of the first who made widespread use of the suicide strategy, exploiting the terrifying advantage wielded by anyone who is perceived as not only...
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...SECTION 1: THE SUCCESSES AND FAILURES OF THE WEIMAR GOVERNMENT 1918-OCTOBER 1933 |9 November 1918 |Abdication of the Kaiser | |January 1919 |Spartacist Uprising | |February 1919 |First Weimar elections | |28 June 1919 |Treaty of Versailles signed | |July 1919 |Weimar Constitution announced | |March 1920 |Kapp Putsch signed | |January 1923 |Occupation of the Ruhr | |January-November 1923 |Hyperinflation | |8-9 November 1923 |Munich Putsch ...
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