...It is easy to say that Rome dominated the region in which it thrived for centuries. While the Romans did face adversity, they overcame their foes and prospered due to their colossal infrastructure. The systems that they constructed played a major role in the expansion and stability of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. Roman architects greatly admired Greek design, and because of this much of Roman architecture was based on that of the Greeks. While the Romans did borrow from the style developed by the Greeks, they did not copy their designs, but built on them. The Romans were very innovative in the styles and processes that they used in their constructs. Among their great architectural achievements are the development of the arch, the dome, and the aqueduct (Cartwright Architecture). The implementation of these design concepts allowed the Romans to build monumental structures that were supported by physics instead of countless pillars. Another milestone in their ability to build on such...
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...or Roman advancement that improved their societies. How did this advancement affect the culture of the Greeks or Romans? Has this advancement evolved and is it in use, in some capacity, in the modern world? Ancient Civilizations Advancements Dale Fritz7/12/2015 8:01:15 PMI remember I was watching the history or science channel one day and they were talking about ancient civilizations like the Greeks and Romans. The Romans and Greeks were the first civilizations to invent and use a type of sewer system. In that time that was a great achievement, and one that we still use today. The Romans also built aqueducts that stored rain water that they would use for drinking and bathing. Rome: Cloaca Maxima. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.livius.org/ro-rz/rome/rome_cloaca.htmlRE: Ancient Civilizations Advancements Salvador Cruz7/12/2015 9:30:23 PM It is amazing what you learn just watching those channels. It was just amazing to me that you mentioned it because I didn't know that Greek and roman invented such a way to store water to drink and bathe but I wonder how long did it take them to build it since it’s all about hand making craft style in those days. To this day some of us are still inspired by their creation.RE: Ancient Civilizations Advancements Christy Ridgeway7/13/2015 10:07:19 PM. To be honest I didn't know they were the first to invent the sewer system. I honestly thought that didn't happen until way later down the road. It’s kind of crazy if you think about it. I did know...
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...Of all the marvelous feats in Roman architecture, few rival the societal contributions of the Cloaca Maxima and the system of Aqueducts. Sanitation in early Roman society was far from adequate. With the lack of any significant drainage system, human and animal waste alike covered the streets and flooding among low lying areas of the city was substantial . The issue of water was also prevalent. The city suffered from a lack of fresh water flow that not only led to an extreme shortage of drinkable water, but also to a stagnation of the city’s waste . Rome was in desperate need of a system that both provided water free from pollution for consumption and also supplied a constant flow to the various public baths, toilets, fountains, and private households. The Great Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus stated in his collection “Roman Antiquities” that “The extraordinary greatness of the Roman Empire manifests itself above all in three things: the aqueducts, the paved roads, and the construction of the drains .” Dionysius’ statement certainly rang true. The commissioning of the roman aqueducts as well as the construction and expansion of the Cloaca Maxima were vital to the improved sanitation in Rome. To understand how important these two architectural feats were to the Roman people, it is necessary to first understand the state of Roman sanitation before major expansions to the aqueducts and sewage system. Most Romans relied heavily on limited local sources like springs and...
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...Rome- Engineering an Empire As the saying goes “Rome wasn’t built in a day”, it really wasn’t, Romans revolutionized architecture. They did everything from perfecting the arch and making vaulted ceilings, to making the first efficient waterways, and encasing an empire with security in the form of stone walls. These very feats are what make the Romans great in my eyes. I don’t think people of the 21st century can even comprehend what kind of work force was necessary to complete the tasks they did. My reaction to what the Romans accomplished is nothing short of truly shocker. As previously stated, I don’t think people can actually comprehend what kind of work force was needed to do these architectural pieces. We currently have to employee people which in turn makes it difficult to produce truly staggering pieces. Having to employee workers and not just enslave employers makes things like the Pantheon more difficult to do because it would cost much more to make. It would make it harder to build because of employing the workers and the resources now days have inflated to a greater degree. We would also not be able to complete the Pantheon as fast as they did because of slave labor you can make them work around the clock, unlike the times of today with all of the regulations. Another one of my reactions to the Romans Architecture is how many pieces of architecture they actually completed. Between all of the aqueducts to all of the governmental builds and squares. But, but...
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...Degree Selected essays on Roman Civilization Plebeian revolt There are a number of causes that led to the first revolt by the Plebeians. Some of the causes of the revolt are poor distribution of land, poverty among the Plebeians, and the harsh debt law that affected the plebs. This essay will discuss the causes of the first Plebeian revolt as well as the results of the revolt. One of the main causes of the plebeian revolt was the existence of poverty among the Plebeians. The poverty was a result of the actions of the Patrician, in some ways. What happened was that the Plebs assisted the Patrician to expel the kings from Rome and led to a republican state. The fight against the kings left the plebs in a very worse off condition. Since the patricians lived in the city, during the war their property would remain secure. The city was guarded by walls. However, since the plebs lived in the countryside, which was not guarded, their property was greatly destroyed during the wars. The plebs’ fields were destroyed as much as their property. The destruction of the property and fields was possible since the Plebs men were fighting in the wars leaving their homes unprotected. So, whereas the men were fighting during the wars their properties and fields were being plundered, making them very poor at the end of the wars. So the Plebs were not happy that their properties and fields were being destroyed by the enemies, when in fact they were serving in the Roman army for the sake of protecting...
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...by far the largest and prettiest (Sayre, 2013). The Greeks made three individual architectural systems, which were called orders, and each one had its own unique size and detailing (Sayre, 2013). Three orders: • Doric • Ionic • Corinthian This Parthenon belongs to the Greek goddess of wisdom, Athena Parthenos, and belongs to the Doric order (Sayre, 2013). This Erechtheion is a temple from classic Greek architecture and belongs to the Ionic order. The last order to be noted is that of the Corinthian. The Temple of Zeus in Athens is the most famous one in the Corinthian order. Beliefs influenced by traditional beliefs about Gods and Goddesses and the teachings of philosophers (Ancient Greek & Roman Religion, 2012). The religion...
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...history. The Roman’s developed cement that produced structures of remarkable durability. Most government buildings in America are based on the building styles of Rome. Concrete made transportation a possibility and reshaped the world to what it is today. Usually when there is a need for a solution, someone invents the fix. The Roman’s had many issues and many needs for concrete. Some issues were water purification, transportation, and trade. In Roman time, there was no water purification or storage to distribute from house to house. The Roman’s needed a structure that could transports, filter, and store fresh water. “Just like they conquered other people, they would conquer nature with their engineering. In the end, for this city of a million people, they had 11 aqueducts, 11 channels of over 300 miles, delivering perhaps 150 to 200 gallons per person per day, an amazing amount for the ancient world.”. Before the introduction of aqueducts, water was transported on dirt roads by horse and carriage. People would wait and wait for water and some would die because of the delay. Concrete made a water supply readily available to the roman’s and is the basis for water storage in today’s times. (Herring, Benjamin) Trade and commerce is necessary to gather resources that one country could not produce. For example, Rome could not produce certain fruits and vegetables because of a different climate. With the introduction to a stable concrete road, transportation was easier and...
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...Unlike the Greek city-states, the Roman republic embarked almost immediately on imperial expansion. Utilizing its citizen armies, the republic gained control of the entire Italian peninsula. Conquered regions were incorporated into the republic or allowed to remain as independent allies. Rome's greatest rival in the western part of the Mediterranean was the former Phoenician colony of Carthage in northern Africa. Between 264 B.C.E. and 146 B.C.E., Rome defeated Carthage in the three Punic Wars. Rome's victory created an empire that extended from Italy to the Iberian peninsula and into northern Africa. The collapse of the Hellenistic successor states of Alexander's empire drew the Romans into the eastern Mediterranean. Greece, Macedonia, the Asian littoral, and Egypt were drawn into Rome's orbit. Rome and its Empire, (1995), Pearson Education, Pearson Longman, Retrieved from; http://wps.ablongman.com/long_stearns_wc_4/17/4390/1123999.cw/index.html The Regal Period. According to tradition, the first King laid the political foundations for the city, by creating the senate, and by dividing the people into curiae. He also extended Roman power by successful wars. Numa Pompilius is the antithesis, in many ways, of Romulus. He organized priesthoods, established religious rites, and sought to develop the religious life of the people. It was the main purpose of Tullus Hostilius, as it had been that of Romulus, to extend the material power of Rome. Ancus Marcius, the fourth king, represents...
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...dramatically. Time is not the only factor of why buildings look so different; location/culture is also a reason for buildings shape and design. Technology available is one major aspect of how buildings are designed and built. Century after century humans have came up with new ways to design structures, in the beginning they were built with sticks and stones and now they are built with man made steel and other strong substances that allows us to build roughly 1,700 feet into the air. Roman Architecture is the second longest lasting structures, only behind the Greek’s structures, that are still standing. The Roman Era was from 500 B.C.E. to 500 C.E. The most significant architectural structure from the Roman Era would have to be the aqueducts they built throughout their cities. These aqueducts delivered over forty million gallons of water to each of their cities. The Roman’s used arches in almost everything they made. They improved the design of them and placed arches all next to each other to form tunnels for their aqueducts. Some other architectural structures of importance from the Roman Era are the Circus Maximus, Colosseum, and the Pantheon. The Pantheon inspired more works than any other Greco-Roman monument. The Early Renaissance from the years 1300 to 1600 was devoted to the ideas of Roman structures and as well as the engineer Vitruvius Pollio. [Fiero, 2013 p. 189] It followed the gothic era, which was the most influential in the designs of this era. The most famous architect...
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...The Romans were people that were before their time. These people did not have many resources to use like we do now. There were no computers to help generate scale models or give GPS coordinates to know where to build bridges or homes in the optimum spots. What these people had was something that maybe lacking in the world today, and that is common sense and the use of their own brains. The Romans were among the first to build such things as bridges, help in the building of roads, and the first to have amphitheaters. If not for these people were would the world be today? How could we get from main land to an island if there were no bridges? I live in Brooklyn New York and I have to do a lot of traveling to Staten Island and New Jersey weekly for different house hold needs. I have to cross what is called the Verazano Narrows Bridge (I know this has nothing to do with this paper but I must complain about the fact that it costs $15 dollars each time I cross it!), and on March 5th 2014, according to https://data.ny.gov/Transportation/Daily-Traffic-on-Verrazano-Narrows-Bridge-Time-Lin/y4au-yfbp, 88,111 vehicles went over the bridge. Now I will ask this, how in the world would there ever be a chance of that many cars crossing the Hudson if there was not a bridge? There is always a ferry someone could say, but just think of having that many cars get on ferry’s to cross the river, it would be impossible. The Romans built bridges up to 66ft, just think of that for one second...
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...Greek and Roman Architecture ART/101 5/15/2013 Mary Douglass Axia College of University of Phoenix Art takes forms in many different ways and has been around from the beginning of creation. In fact creation itself can be considered as art. The Greek and Roman architecture began around in the 600 BC, during the archaic period, according to scholastic web site Greek art and architecture reached its distinctive style. Greek architecture influenced Roman architecture and there are similarities in their art, culture and styles, yet there are also many differences because both the Greeks and the Romans techniques have unique characteristics. Greek architecture is featured by three distinct architectural types, which are the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian, but they hardly use the Corinthian themselves, rather in later years it became the standard order in Roman architecture. In ancient times the heavier Doric order was considered masculine and the Ionic order graceful and feminine (Sayre 2010). Greeks effectively used these architectural styles in constructing buildings, theaters and temples. The Doric style was primarily used in mainland Greece with a further spread to the Greek settlements in Italy. The Ionic style was used in Ionia and the Aegean islands. The Doric style was more rigid and formal, whereas the Ionic was more decorative and calm and the Corinthian is more organic and still (Sayre 2010). The styles are mostly reflected in the three orders of column capitals...
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...Engineering: An Introduction for High School Annapurna Ganesh Chell Roberts Dale Baker Darryl Morrell Janel White-Taylor Stephen Krause Tirupalavanam G. Ganesh Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) www.ck12.org iii To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the FlexBook®, CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning, powered through the FlexBook Platform®. Copyright © 2011 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®”, and “FlexBook Platform®”, (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons...
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...word ‘barbarian’ to refer to a foreigner who was regarded as inferior (Ogutu and Kenyanchui, An Introduction To African History, 1991 p33). Do you think this is still the way we use the word barbarian? The Latin speakers referred to hunters, food-gatherers as savage. In the 17th century this term ‘savage’ referred to a person without art, literacy, or society who lived in fear of existence and death. ‘Primitive’ on the other hand, in Latin meant ‘the first or original’. Europeans used these words interchangeably when referring to non-Europeans while the word civilization was preserved to describe historical developments of European people (ibid). Now the term civilization is no longer confined to the above development but also extends reference to non-European communities. Attributes of civilization includes observance to law, belonging to an organized society, having a society of literate people with advanced developments in urbanization, agriculture, commerce, arts and technology. The French thinkers of the 18th century referred to a person of the arts and literature as cultured. But at the present the term is used to cover more fields than just the arts and literature. Sometimes, therefore the words ‘civilization’ and ‘culture’ are interchangeably applied. In this unit, however, more use is confined to the word ‘civilization’ especially in reference to human developments over time and in all continents. Another term that requires discussion at this...
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...THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY BY Donald Reul LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA November 1, 2012 Contents Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………. 1 Alexander the Great ……………………………………………………………………. 1 Dividing the Empire…………………………………………………………………… 4 Ptolemaic Dynasty ……………………………………………………………………. 4 Seleucid Dynasty …………………………………………………………………….. 6 Antiochus Epiphanies ………………………………………………………………. 8 Maccabean Period …………………………………………………………………… 10 Mattathias ………………………………………………………………….. 10 Jonathan ……………………………………………………………………. 12 Simon ……………………………………………………………………….. 13 John Hyrcanus ……………………………………………………………… 14 Aristoblus ……………………………………………………………………. 15 Alexander Jannaeus …………………………………………………………. 16 Aristobulus II ………………………………………………………………… 17 The Roman Period ……………………………………………………………………. 18 Antipater II …………………………………………………………………… 18 Phasael ………………………………………………………………………. 19 Herod the Great ……………………………………………………………… 19 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………….. 21 Introduction Gaining insights into the “Inter-Testament Period” provides New Testament readers with a heightened perception of the world into which Jesus came. The interval between the final words spoken by Malachi and the New Testament narrative has often been referred to as the “four hundred silent years”. It is referenced as such only because the Prophets, who were enabled from God, were silent during this span, thus no Canon books were recorded. Many in academia prefer to call this time “the Second Temple period”...
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...Architecture Comprehensive Examination Reviewer HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1. The ornamental blocks fixed vertically at regular intervals along the lower edge of a roof to cover end tiles. a. ancones c. acroteria b. Antifixae 2. A continuous base or structure in which a colonnade is placed. a. stereobate c. stylobate b. Torus 3. The market in Greek architecture. a. Megaron c. agora b. Pylon 4. The smallest among the famous pyramids at Gizeh. a. Pyramid of Cheops c. Pyramid of Chephren b. Pyramid of Mykerinos 5. The largest outer court, open to the sky, in Egyptian temple. a. Sanctuary c. Irypaetral b. Irypostyle 6. The inner secret chamber in the mastaba which contains the statue of the deceased family member. a. Pilaster c. serdab b. Sarcophagus 7. The grandest of all Egyptian temples. a. Palace of Sargon c. Great temple of Ammon, Karnak b. Great temple of Abu-Simbel 8. The principal interior decoration of early Christian churches. a. stained glass c. painting b. mosaic 9. In early Christian churches, it is the covered space between the atrium and the church which was assigned to penitents. a. baldachino c. narthex b. apse 10. A dome placed on the drum. a. simple c. compound b. superpositioned 11. The architect of a church of Santa Sophia Constantinople, the most important church in Constantinople. a. Ictinus and Callicrates b. Apollodorous of Damascus and Isidorous on Miletus c. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorous of Miletus 12. The second largest medieval cathedral...
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