...centuries before England settled in America. There were four changes happening in Western Europe that have greatly influenced America. Those changes were economic, political, religious, and intellectual (Fite 15). So why were these changes so important? They were the reasons that England decided to explore and expand in the western part of the world. The decision to expand trade and commerce was the most important advancement in the history of economics (Fite 15). From the time that the Virginia colonies were settled in 1609 up until 1890, farming was the most important aspect of the United States economy (Fite 30). Although manufactured products were worth more than products produced on a farm for the first time in 1889, farming was how the majority of Americans made a living (Fite 30). Despite the fact that agriculture dominated in these early years and the industrialization of the colonies was well under developed, “there was a high degree of specialization in the colonial economy” (Fite 63). For example, there were tobacco crops in the southern colonies which were crops that produced money, and in the northern colonies there was international trade with other continents (Fite 63). All of this called for a well-organized and planned distribution system (Fite 63). America had a significant increase in its economy during the beginning of the 18thcentury (Fite 102). After the Revolutionary War was over, so was the control that the British had over the colonies’ economy. When...
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...management failure. 2 Why is knowledge of historical developments important? • Understanding historical developments helps us to: • Apply lessons from the past: are there commonalities between past and the present? • Understand the importance of path dependency, i.e. that some past decisions have had long term ramifications (e.g. convict settlement of Australia), and so current period decisions may also affect future generations (e.g. CO2 emissions). • Appreciate the inevitability of continual economic and social evolution, but understanding that we have some influence on how and when such changes should occur. • So a sound understanding of history brings empowerment to 3 the debate about current business practices. 1 Important historical developments • Pre about 1850, in industrialising UK, the typical business firm was: • Small scale, mostly catering to local demand. • Concerned with a single function or product, e.g. blacksmith, baker, butcher. • Established at a single geographic site only. • Of uncertain legal status, e.g. it was unclear whether a business could be prosecuted/sued, rather than the owners. • Owner(s) managed, perhaps part family run. Hence no real bureaucracy. • There were a few exceptions. 4 Exceptions… • A few government...
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...Residence in Australia - Individuals Resides test (in and out of Australia) – COMMON LAW TEST * Known as the “residence according to ordinary concepts” test. * The term “resides” is not defined in statute and therefore takes on its ordinary meaning. * Ultimately, the determination of tax residency rests on a question of fact and degree: Miller v FCT (1946). * Factors include, for example: * Time physically spent in Australia * If the person is a visitor, the frequency, regularity and duration of visits: IRC v Lysaght [1928] AC 234 * The person’s family, business and social ties: Levene v IRC. * Maintenance of place of abode in Australia during absences * Family and business ties * Present habits & modes of life * Nationality Domicile test (resident going out of Australia) – COMMON LAW TEST * Under the domicile test, an individual is a resident of Australia if his or her domicile is in Australia, unless the Commissioner is satisfied that the person has a permanent place of abode outside Australia. * “Domicile” is determined according to the Domicile Act 1982: * Domicile of origin at birth OR Domicile of choice. * Permanent is not everlasting (FC of T v Applegate). 183-days Test (moving to Australia) – STATUTORY TEST * Individual is a resident of Australia if he “has actually been in Australia, continuously or intermittently, during more than one-half of the year of income, unless...
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...Ghoshal's framework on the company's example 9 4. Conclusion 11 5. List of Figures 12 6. Bibliography 13 1. Introduction What a “Colgate Smile” is a phrase commonly used as a compliment about one’s smile. It has been popularized throughout the whole world, due to Colgate’s good reputation as a successful business. Colgate, today being one of America’s most successful Fortune 500 companies, has a long history of evolution and complex adoption of various business strategies, which led to its current solid powerful position. As representatives of the Colgate-Palmolive Company, we are pleased to tell you more about the success story of our company through this report. In the first part, we will show how CP slowly internationalized and expanded globally by adapting various strategies to become one of the most powerful MNC’s, to then in the second part, give you details from an academic point of view with regards to the Bartlett and Ghoshal's transnational strategy framework which the firm ended up adopting in order to most efficiently survive in and take over the very competitive market. 2. Internationalization Strategy of Colgate-Palmolive 2.1 The assesment of the internationalisation of the company In 1806, William Colgate started a starch, soap...
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...some places. In the eighteenth century all of western Europe began to industrialize rapidly, but in England the process was most highly accelerated. England's head start may be attributed to the emergence of a number of simultaneous factors. Britain had burned up her magnificent oak forests in its fireplaces, but large deposits of coal were still available for industrial fuel. There was an abundant labor supply to mine coal and iron, and to man the factories. From the old commercial empire there remained a fleet, and England still possessed colonies to furnish raw materials and act as captive markets for manufactured goods. Tobacco merchants of Glasgow and tea merchants of London and Bristol had capital to invest and the technical know-how derived from the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century. Last, but not least important, the insularity of England saved industrial development from being interrupted by war. Soon all western Europe was more or less industrialized, and the coming of electricity and cheap steel after 1850 further speeded the process. I. The Agricultural Revolution The English countryside was transformed between 1760 and 1830 as the open-field system of cultivation gave way to compact farms and enclosed fields. The rotation of nitrogen-fixing and cereal crops obviated the necessity of leaving a third or half the land fallow each planting. Another feature of the new farming was the cultivation of turnips and potatoes. Jethro Tull (1674-1741) and Lord...
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...interest and also news items that in many cases do not require direct payment (Macnamara, 2012). The main objective of public relations by an organization habitually is to convince the public, employees, partners,investors and other company stake holders to uphold a given point of view about the organization, its products, and leadership or of political decisions (L’Etang & Jacquie,2008). The main common activities consist of winning industry awards, speaking at conferences, proper employee communication and working with the press. Qantas is an Australian airline company established in 1920’s and it is the eleventh world largest airline and the 2nd oldest airline company in the world (Marianna, 2012). It is a company that was founded in the Queensland outback as the Queensland and the northern territory aerial services. This airline company was previous a government owned company; it did not view efficiency or profits as its major objective (Lynam, 2011). Just any other kind of business, Qantas has experienced several disputes or crisis in the past. Due to several challenges in the past, this airline company has suffered consecutive fall downs since the time it was founded. To overcome these challenges, the company had to employ various crisis management techniques in order to win the attention and trust of the public. Social media...
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...Rajendran, Downey & Stough :Assessing Emotional Intelligence in the Indian workplace: a preliminary reliability study. 55 Assessing Emotional Intelligence in the Indian workplace: a preliminary reliability study Diana Rajendran (drajendran@swin.edu.au) Department of Management Swinburne University, PO Box 218, Lilydale, Victoria, 3140, Luke A. Downey: (ldowney@swin.edu.au) Brain Sciences Institute Swinburne University, PO Box 218 (H99), Hawthorn Vic 3122, Australia. Professor Con Stough (cstough@swin.edu.au) Professor in Cognitive Neuroscience, Director, Brain Sciences Institute. Swinburne University, PO Box 218 (H99), Hawthorn Vic 3122, Australia. Abstract The concept of Emotional Intelligence (EI) has recently attracted a great amount of interest from HR practitioners and academics alike. Whilst the majority of research in this area has been conducted in Western countries, recent studies have begun to assess the generalisability and validity of the EI concept in cross-cultural settings. The purpose of this paper was to assess the reliability of the Workplace version of the Swinburne University Emotional Intelligence Test (Workplace SUEIT) in an Indian population. The Workplace SUEIT demonstrated adequate reliability in the sample of 110 participants in India, although the mean scores for the sub-scales were significantly lower than in the Australian normative population. The results are discussed in the context that EI tests need to undergo...
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...CONSUMER CREDIT IN AUSTRALIA DURING THE 20TH CENTURY Pierre van der Eng School of Management, Marketing and International Business College of Business and Economics Copland building 24 The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Fax +61 2 6125 8796 E-mail: pierre.vandereng@anu.edu.au Working Paper No: 489 ISBN: 0 86831 489 7 January 2008 JEL codes: D14, E21, E51, G23, N27 Keywords: Consumer Credit, Finance, Household Expenditure, History, Australia Consumer credit in Australia during the 20th century Pierre van der Eng1 School of Management, Marketing and International Business, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Abstract This article surveys the growth of consumer credit in Australia during the 20th century, particularly after World War II. Until the 1970s, the regulation of Australia’s financial market caused formal consumer credit to be provided mainly by finance companies under hire-purchase contracts, largely for the purchase of cars and household durables. Deregulation of the financial market since the 1960s allowed banks to gain a dominant share in the market for personal loans. Quantification of long-term trends is difficult, but broad estimates suggest sustained growth in per capita indebtedness during 19452007. JEL classifications: D14, E21, E51, G23, N27 Key words: consumer credit, finance, household expenditure, history, Australia Introduction Living standards improved considerably in Australia during the 20th century...
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...have become my smoking habit. For example, when I am stressed, I use cigarettes as an outlet for my frustrations. I am used to a smoking environment where my friends keep on smoking thus making me continue smoking. There has been a time I attempted to break this habit, to no avail. Kleinman and Messina-Kleinman (2000) argue that ignorance is one of the causes that contribute to persistent smoking. The government has tried to raise awareness on smoking, but the tobacco companies have increased advertisement of tobacco. Thus, it is difficult for people to break the habit of smoking. Moreover, tobacco has nicotine that makes one addicted thus making it hard for one to break the smoking habit. For me it has nothing to with being uneducated on how bad smoking is for you, rather the addition and the mind set. Using behavioral personality, I now have the smoking habit. According to Duka, Crombag and Stephens 2011), the environment is the one that contributes to the different behaviors of individuals. This is because one develops certain...
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...com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://alh.sagepub.com/content/11/3/167.refs.html >> Version of Record - Oct 26, 2010 What is This? Downloaded from alh.sagepub.com by guest on December 16, 2012 Article Improving student engagement: Ten proposals for action Nick Zepke and Linda Leach Abstract Active Learning in Higher Education 11(3) 167–177 © The Author(s) 2010 Reprints and permission: sagepub. co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1469787410379680 alh.sagepub.com School of Educational Studies, Massey University, New Zealand Since the 1980s an extensive research literature has investigated how to improve student success in higher education focusing on student outcomes such as retention, completion and employability. A parallel research programme has focused on how students engage with their studies and what they, institutions and educators can do to enhance their engagement, and hence success. This article reports on two syntheses of research literature on student engagement and how this can be enhanced. It first synthesizes 93 research studies from ten countries to develop a conceptual organizer for student engagement that consists of four perspectives identified in the research: student...
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...GM History - A Brief History The founding of General Motors on September 16, 1908, drew little attention. Motorcar firms were appearing virtually everywhere. Success for the young automotive concern was not predestined. There was no guarantee of a place in the market or assurance of any profit. Of the nearly 1,000 companies that tried to build and sell motor vehicles prior to 1927, less than 200 continued in business long enough to even offer a commercially suitable vehicle. Most of the companies that comprised the young General Motors Company were weak, and their operations were uncoordinated. Many were in debt. It was not until the 1920s, when a new concept of management was forged and a new concept of product emerged, that GM really began to prosper. General Motors sales for its first full fiscal year ending September 31, 1909, totaled 25,000 cars and trucks, 19 percent of total U.S. sales. Net sales totaled $29,030,000 and its payroll at the peak of the manufacturing season numbered more than 14,000 mostly in Michigan. In 1995, GM sold 8.3 million cars and trucks worldwide with net income of $6.9 billion and worldwide employment averaging 714,000 workers. General Motors has 284 operations in 35 states and 158 cities in the United States. In addition GM of Canada operates 21 locations, GM de Mexico operates 5 locations, and GM has assembly, manufacturing, distribution or warehousing operations in 49 other countries, including...
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...Pacific Island Nations PNG STUDIES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS MAJOR PAPER PREPARED AND COMPILED BY JOHN STARLING IRO BUSINESS ACCOUNTANCY 4 Table of Contents Introduction3 1.0 The features of globalization 1.1 Economy…………………………………………………………………………………………………...4 1.2 Trade………………………………………………………………………………………………………...5 1.3 Communication and Technology……………………………………………………………….7 1.4 Environmental…………………………………………………………………………………………..8 1.5 Culture………………………………………………………………………………………………………9 2.0 Impacts of globalization on pacific island nations…………………………………11 3.0 The serious problem facing the world today…………………………………………13 3.1 Global warming……………………………………………………………………………………….13 3.2 Poverty, Disease, conflict and natural disaster………………………………………..14 4.0 How it affects the Government and people of Solomon Island……………..16 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………..18 Introduction Definition Globalisation is define as; “A process in which the economic, political & cultural separation between nations is breaking down & an international order is emerging” It is further define as the occurring in the economic, political & social realms which is the result of the dismantling of fixed boundaries around nations, cultures and economies” It is assumed by many that globalization begins in 1980s & 1990s. Historically, it’s as old as imperialism, trade & colonialism. It begun hundreds of years ago The process of globalization is a very broad and vast concept that is often had to pin...
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...the world’s remaining super-power – yet internally the American state is in some ways strikingly weak. The usa has ‘saved the world for democracy’ on more than one occasion – but has itself become an aggressive militaristic society. And there appears to be an increasing divergence between how a large proportion of Americans view themselves and their country and how they are perceived by a large proportion of the 95 per cent of the world’s population who are not Americans. Hunting down myths It has been said that sociologists must be ‘myth-hunters’, tracking down popular beliefs that are ill founded (Elias 1978: 50-70). Whether simply exposing such beliefs to contrary evidence deployed by academics is sufficient to kill off myths and bring them home for mounting on the walls of our university departments is highly debateable. Nevertheless, we have a duty to call them in question, and enter into debate with those who want to keep them alive in the big-game reserve of public opinion. In my recent book The American Civilizing Process (Mennell 2007), I set out to see how far Norbert Elias’s theory of civilising and decivilising processes needed to be modified in the light of American history and how far it applied unchanged to the development of the usa....
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...Scotland’s independence Scotland is changing the “norms” by trying to get more leisure to their policies to eventually get more freedom in their state, and, if possible, become totally independent. The question to ask now is, what is England's response to this movement. Will they follow in somewhat of the same tracks, or take another path. I think that England will not follow in the same tracks as Scotland, but I do think that sometime in the near future, Scotland can become independent. On September 19th, scotland had polled a 55%45% vote, (which is not its first time trying to gain independence) keeping its connection and staying with the United Kingdom. In this, scotland wants to have the freedom to be able to create and or change its policies. The main two theories that will be addressed throughout this paper are; structuralism and culturalism. Scotland for many decades has been trying to gain its independence. February 1989 was arguably Scotland's biggest starting point for independence. There was a big outrage on if scotland was an independent country, would it be better off. While the optimistic bunch had thought that it would, it ended up losing a poll, 24% to 76%. In a Scottish poll on television, when the people were asked whether or not they wanted to stay with Europe or break away, the majority of them wanted to stay connected to Europe. But, when the poll asked the same people if they wanted to have an Independent Scotland country within Europe...
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...This essay is based on the 2007 book The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable by Nassim Nicholas Taleb (1960 - ). It is hardly an obscure tome, having been on the New York Times bestseller list for several weeks. Before I get to the essence of this essay I believe explaining what the term “Black Swan” means and saying a few words about the author would be in order. It was once thought in the Old World that only white swans existed. Then from Australia came the realization that there were black swans. And no, they were not white swans made black by bootblack or any other artificial coloring medium. After millennia of observations in the West of millions of white swans, the sighting of one black swan was enough to invalidate this long and firmly held belief. In a broader sense then A Black Swan is a sudden, monumental, and completely unexpected event. WWI, WWII, and 9/11 were Black Swans. If one were to win a multi-million dollars lottery that would be a personal Black Swan (Black Swans are not all negative, although given the troubles experienced by some of these huge lottery winners, this might also be negative). But a Black Swan is more than this – it goes to the heart of and challenges the putative acceptance of Gaussian probabilities. Least you think Gaussian or bell shaped probability functions are theoretical only and not important in real life, then consider that not only mathematics, but engineering, medicine, social sciences, economomics, the insurance...
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