...Samantha Harris April 4, 2014 The Columbian Exchange Columbus’s Voyage played a pivotal role in History because it lead to the exchange of goods, people and ideas, between the Old World and the World, which has been termed the Columbian Exchange or the Great Exchange, devised by historian Alfred Crosby, of the University of Texas. Many new and different goods were exchanged between parts of the Earth and transformed Europe and American ways of life. Everyone today knows that Florida is famous for our oranges, and as a matter of fact it is our official state fruit and is a major part of Florida’s economy. However, did you know that before Columbus and the Columbian Exchange, oranges did not exist in the Americas? The orange plant is believed to be native to Asia. I believe that It’s Important to understand the Columbian Exchange, because understanding the Columbian Exchange helps us understand the forces that shape the world , as we know it today. This essay will specifically focus on the impact the Columbian Exchange had on Europe in regards to newly introduced plants. New plants impacted Europe in a very positive way by increasing Europe’s population tremendously and also creating economic stimulation which make this country a very powerful country. Newly introduced plants also had some negative impacts, not on Europe but on slaves. New plants associated with the Columbian Exchange had a huge impact on the population of Europe. The Old World received bountiful...
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...The articles “New World, New Foods,” by Tom Standage, “America, Found and Lost,” by Charles C. Mann, and “Food Assimilation and the Malleability of the Human Body in Early Virginia” all examine how the pre and post Columbian exchange have affected and continue to influence nations today. The effects of the Columbian exchange were so widespread that, it “… redefined the demographics of the Americas, Africa, and Europe…” as Standage argues throughout his article “New World, New Foods” (Standage 112). He begins his argument by chronicling the journey of two specific crops as they spread between the Old and New worlds. Sugar is one example; it became a staple across the world and played an integral part of two major trade triangles. The first included commodities from America including sugar, which was then traded for cloth, and was then traded for slaves that would produce sugar. The second included molasses which was used to produce rum and was then sold for slaves who produced the rum and sugar. Therefore, the cultivation of sugar forever changed the demographics of the Americas and Africa economically....
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...Migration * According to anthropologists, where did the first human beings live? Why did they leave that place? How did they get to North America? According to anthropologists the first human beings lived in Ethiopia, Africa around 2 million years ago for example: Lucy known as the oldest human found there. The most probable reason why the first human left Africa is because of the Ice Age. The cold made life so difficult to survive and somehow reduced in their population. They went through a land bridge, which existed to connect North America and Asia during the Ice Age. * What was the Columbian Exchange? How did the Columbian Exchange affect Europe? How did it affect North America? The Columbian Exchange is basically understand as the exchange in foods, animals, plants as well as diseases between the New World (North America) and the Old World (Europe) followed after the discovery of America by Columbus. The Columbian Exchange affected both world in many ways. For Europe, it brings avocado, potato, tomato, corn, beans, tobacco, turkeys as positive effects and the negative effect are diseases like tuberculosis and syphilis. For North America, positive effects: coffee beans, olive, banana, sugar cane, grape, sheep, pig, horse. And the negative effects impact North America are: smallpox, chickenpox, measles etc… * Name four groups of people who migrated to British North America in the 17th century. Why did each of those groups migrate? Virginia Settlement...
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...The Columbian Exchange era begin in 1492 when Christopher Columbus settled to the new land which was later called America. America’s resources are the reason for the success that Europe had from the Columbian Exchange. Studied by historian Alfred Crosby, this was a process in which the animals, plants, and bacteria life mixed in the New Worlds. It was a time of cultural exchanges between the New World and the Old World. In this time, many people were making discoveries that would affect the Worlds in a positive way, but also some discoveries would be negative. The positive discoveries from the Columbian exchange that would help the expansion of Europe was technology, plants, and animals. The downfall that was brought with the Columbian Exchange was the fast spread of disease though the New Worlds. Europe became a powerhouse because of the discovery of new technology such as a written alphabet, new farming equipment, new weapons and firearms, and architecture. Europeans introduced the written alphabet to the natives during the Columbian exchange to improve trade. Not only did they teach them the alphabet for trade, but they taught them it because they wanted to educate the natives about religion. The Europeans wanted the natives to convert their beliefs to Christianity. This discovery of the alphabet was a huge reason for Europeans technological success. One of the biggest technological advancements in the New World was the discovery of the plow. Livestock would drag the plow...
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...In the years 1450-1650 European Exploration and Conquest took a big part in expanding kingdoms and empires in Europe. Today's Americas became a source that allowed new materials to be brought over to Europe that shaped culture and the life of the Europeans. Many things like The Columbian Exchange caused a significant change whereas religion had somewhat remained the same when brought to the new land. While those may believe not much had changed in Europe when Exploration and Conquest rose, there is proof of this era's effect on Europe still existent today and all over the world. The Columbian Exchange, the birth of Global Economy, religion, racism and the slave trade are all things that represent continuity and change in Europe during this...
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... The Columbian Neo-Indian Exchange What have been is what will be, and what has been done, is what will be done and there is nothing that will reverse it. The incipient world as we know it has been undergoing a drastic era for biological globalization since the landing of the Europeans between the fifteen and the eighteen century. This era is known as the Columbian exchange and commenced in the year 1492 when Christopher Columbus and his crew sailed the Atlantic, exploring more advantages. Beckles & Shepherd suggest in his book Liberties lost, “that the European’s instinct was to reach Asia by sailing deep into the Western Atlantic. His quest was to find Asia, craving for the riches of Asia. Lost in the Caribbean Sea, he found indigenous people of Bahamas whose posture of welcome ushered into a global era.” (2004, p.35) Columbus’ first voyage was one of revelation in which he took the prospect to explore much places as he can. As history tells us, he made a series of voyages scooping new discoveries and engagements with the people who he encountered with on his journey. He first landed in the Bahamas. Columbus took with him soldiers, conquistador, murders, farmers and people of all classes who were moved by greed, and thirst for a better future. In this essay we will take an explicit look into the Columbian exchange, how it affect the Indian society, its impact on the old and new world. “The Columbian exchange” can be described as the exchange of plants, increase...
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...Columbus sails the ocean blue in 1492. That is what most people remember when reminded of the voyages of Columbus, that and that he discovered America. When talking about Columbus, not much information is given about his arrival to the Americas, and much of the information that is given is incorrect or inaccurate. Howard Zinn's A People’s History and Charles C. Mann’s 1491 talk about the facts of the before and after of the voyages of Columbus and how they are misinterpreted. Zinn’s and Mann’s views of the Americas before and after Columbus compare to the traditional more vague notions, because they present the idea that the Native Americans were as advanced as the Europeans , and that Columbus and his men oppressed the natives soon after interacting with them. Both Zinn and Mann have written in their texts that before Columbus came into contact with the New World,...
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...Christopher Columbus and Modern World History For centuries, October 12th is the day of the year that all around the country citizens celebrate what the infamous Christopher Columbus had provided for future settlement when he landed in the Americas in 1492. On Columbus Day in 1898, the United States President, George W. Bush, had a simple opinion about Christopher Columbus that stated, “He set an example for us all by showing what monumental feats can be accomplished through perseverance and faith” (Robinson). Columbus is most well known for his discovery of the Americas but with this came so much more. From 1492 many accomplishments, discoveries, and plagues had left a mark in history. Following the discovery, the entire world had been influenced from the Columbian Exchange where a new trade route started between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. From the exchange, the chance to explore new cultures, foods and crops became a major opportunity. Though many people believe Columbus was a hero, there were some negative aspects about his voyages. Native American’s lifestyles changed drastically once the Spanish stepped foot on their territory. African and Native Americans were slaves that were forced to change their religion and culture. Also, the spread of diseases, no one thought existed, disrupted the population all over the world. Christopher Columbus is a controversial figure that impacted Modern World History. Many people debate if he is a hero or a villain. Whether people...
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...Urban Indian North America Mourning Wars – When Europeans came over and started interaction and trades with Indians, they affected Indians by brought diseases, which resulted in deaths of large amounts of Indians. Those deaths were devastating for Indians and resulted in mourning wars. When Indian communities lost members to disease or warfare, they often kidnapped neighboring enemies in mourning wars, adopting the women and children into their own community and torturing the men, enacting a ritual form of grief. As an example of a mourning war might be “Beavers Wars” (17 century - about 1640). The smallpox brought by Dutch and English killed huge amounts of Indians ( probably more than a half of the population of Iroquois). The lost of such a big amount of people set the Iroquois with other tribes on a warpath and resulted in a war between Huron and Iroquois. Columbian Exchange – when Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas it set in motion a movement of people between Old and New World. Europeans got interested in Americas and its goods. Columbian exchange was a transfer of people, plants, animals, and disease between the Americas and the rest of the world that began during the time of Columbus ( XV century- about 1493). The Columbian Exchange had an impact on European and Indian life. Many unknown goods were exchanged between colonialists and Indians, such as plans (corn, potatoes), animals (ships, lamas, horses), tools (weapons), which changed life for...
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...today's society. Most people universally agree, though one can always find those who disagree, that Columbus abused the indigenous peoples of the areas that he explored. Which is why Columbus Day shouldn't be celebrated, because Columbus brought diseases, mistreated natives, and ignored cultures. Death seemed to run rampant wherever Columbus went. Illnesses and the treatment of them weren’t as advanced back then; consequently, more people died. But can there be too much death? Columbus arrived carrying many diseases on his ships. Those illnesses ravaged the natives as is stated by OMRF President Stephen Prescott, M.D. “When explorers from Europe reached America, they brought livestock and they brought diseases and the result was devastating” (About). Wait, we're celebrating a man who killed… well, how many people did this affect? How many were scarred or dead? The answer is a great many people died, “some say the impact was more destructive than the Black Death had been… possibly killing off… 90% of the native populations” (About). Wait, 90%?! When people went to a new place that had different diseases, it was expected for some people to die because medicine wasn't as advanced as it is now. But to kill off 90% of the population...
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...Chapter 1: Colliding Worlds, 1450-1700 Essential Questions: How were the economic systems of the Native Americans and the Europeans the same and how were they different? The economic systems between the Native Americans and the Europeans were the same by the way they were structured both had rulers and they were different by What impact did environment play in the development of Native American cultures? Was the Native American belief system (religion) more similar or different from the European belief system? Explain your answer. What led to the rise of the slave trade? Key People, Concepts, and Ideas: Term Significance Bering Strait A 100 mile wide land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska. Then the glaciers melted and the rising ocean...
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...heliocentrism (p. 410) 3. sacrament (p. 396) 4. Renaissance (p. 405) 5. bourgeoisie (p. 413) 6. republic (p. 422) 7. Protestant Reformation (p. 406) 8. Jesuit (p. 409) 9. joint-stock companies (p. 415) 10. mercantilism (p. 468) Quiz #2 1. caravel (p. 384) 2. conquistadors (p. 394) 3. Columbian Exchange (p. 431) 4. maritime (p. 402) 5. manumission . (p.467) 6. coerced labor systems (p.475) 7. plantation cash crop (p.470) 8. tariffs (p.469) 9. indigenous (p.393) 10. encomiendas (p. 439) 11. serfs (p.529) 12. mestizo (pp. 442 – 45) Historical Thinking Skills: Periodization, Causation, Contextualization Timeline Exercise: Annotate the timeline with two facts about the important effects of each event Unit 3: 1450–1750 (Early Modern) 1453 Ottomans captured Constantinople; end of Byzantine 1450s Gutenberg’s Printing Press; Portuguese expand trade in West Africa: Benin, Kongo 1483 Babur conquered northern India, and founded the Mughal Empire 1492 Reconquista completed; Columbus claimed Americas for Spain 1498 Vasco da Gama attacked Calicut 1517 Martin Luther posted 95 theses...
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...Evolutionary Anthropology 21:50–57 (2012) ISSUES The Science Behind Pre-Columbian Evidence of Syphilis in Europe: Research by Documentary GEORGE J. ARMELAGOS, MOLLY K. ZUCKERMAN, AND KRISTIN N. HARPER This article discusses the presentation of scientific findings by documentary, without the process of peer review. We use, as an example, PBS’s ‘‘The Syphilis Enigma,’’ in which researchers presented novel evidence concerning the origin of syphilis that had never been reviewed by other scientists. These ‘‘findings’’ then entered the world of peer-reviewed literature through citations of the documentary itself or material associated with it. Here, we demonstrate that the case for pre-Columbian syphilis in Europe that was made in the documentary does not withstand scientific scrutiny. We also situate this example from paleopathology within a larger trend of ‘‘science by documentary’’ or ‘‘science by press conference,’’ in which researchers seek to bypass the peer review process by presenting unvetted findings directly to the public. George J. Armelagos is Goodrich C. White Professor of Anthropology at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. His research has focused on diet and disease in prehistory. He was the Viking Medal Medalist (Wenner-Gren Foundation) in 2005, received The Franz Boas Award for Exemplary Service to Anthropology from the American Anthropological Association in 2008, and The Charles Darwin Award for Lifetime Achievement to Biological Anthropology...
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...separation of powers, checks and balances, the Bill of Rights, and the major principles of democracy. SLO6. Evaluate the Jeffersonian dream of expansion and its effect on Native Americans SLO7. Describe Jacksonian democracy and the creation of a two party system SLO8. Explain slavery and associated issues that led to the Civil War and its aftermath. Module Titles Module 1—Early American exploration and colonization (SLO1) Module 2—British colonies (SLO2) Module 3—Road to the Revolution and the American Revolution (SLO3) Module 4—Early Republic (SLO4 and SLO5) Module 5—Jacksonian America (SLO 6 and SLO7) Module 6—Road to the Civil War (SLO8) Module 7—Civil War (SLO8) Module 8—Shaping American history: Signature Assignment (all SLOs) Module 1 Early Exploration and Contact with Native Americans Welcome to HIS 120: U.S. History and the Constitution How to be Successful in the Course Each module has a lecture homepage, reading assignments, required videos, and two threaded discussions. You should can find your required reading articles through the internet and TUW library databases to learn more about the subject matter pertinent to the module. Although there are no textbooks, you are provided with links...
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...Bern University of Applied Sciences Business and Administration Drugwar of Mexico The Mexican drugwar hampers the development of the national economy Final paper for the module "Academic Methods of Working" submitted as part of the degree programme Semester Class Authors Bachelor of science Business Administration 2 2i Ardian Beqiri Kevin Leiser Thomas Zbinden 22th May 2013 Benjamin Spycher Benjamin Spycher Date of submission Supervision Responsible for the module Page 2 Contents 1. 2. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3 Source basis ............................................................................................................. 3 2.1. Research method .................................................................................................. 3 2.2. Documentation of research .................................................................................... 3 2.3. Discussion of the source material .......................................................................... 4 2.4. Summaries ............................................................................................................ 5 2.4.1. 2.4.2. 2.4.3. The Mexican Economy After the Global Financial Crisis ............................................. 5 Inside Mexico’s Drug War ............................................................................................ 5 Drug War...
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